Subjects
Biology
Chemistry
AP Chemistry
English
AP English Literature
Chemistry
Dec 16, 2025
69
4 pages
Yujun Ge @yujunge_jflh
Get ready to explore the essential building blocks that make up living organisms! In this summary, we'll break... Show more
Ever wondered what you're actually made of? You're built from organic compounds that contain carbon and hydrogen. The four main types that power your body are carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids.
Carbohydrates are your body's primary energy source, made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a 12 ratio. They come from foods like bread, beans, corn, and even soda. The basic building block (monomer) is a monosaccharide, which builds into larger structures. Glucose, galactose, and fructose are all monosaccharides with the same formula (C₆H₁₂O₆) but different structures—we call these isomers.
Lipids store energy and form cell membranes. Found in foods like fish, meat, eggs, and cheese, lipids have a unique structure with one water-loving (hydrophilic) end and one water-fearing (hydrophobic) end. The basic components are fatty acids plus glycerol.
💡 Quick Tip When you see diagrams with angles in organic chemistry, those angles often represent carbon atoms (they're not shown explicitly to keep diagrams cleaner).
Saturated fats have carbon atoms bonded to four other atoms (found in animal fats), while unsaturated fats have at least one double bond between carbons (like in vegetable oils). The fewer hydrogen atoms attached, the more unsaturated the fat is!
Phospholipids are special lipids that make up cell membranes. They have that critical structure with a hydrophilic head and hydrophobic tails that allows cells to control what enters and exits.
When lipid monomers join together, they undergo a condensation reaction where a water molecule is removed to create a bond. When one glycerol combines with three fatty acids, it forms a triglyceride—the main form of stored fat in your body.
Proteins are the body's building blocks, containing carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen. They're responsible for growth, maintenance, and acting as catalysts (enzymes) for chemical reactions. Each protein is made from amino acids, which have three key parts a carboxyl group, an amino group, and an "R" group.
💡 Protein Power There are 20 different amino acids that can be combined in endless ways to create all the proteins in your body—like building with 20 different types of Lego pieces!
The "R" group is what makes each amino acid unique—think of it as a variable that can have 20 different values. When two amino acids join, they form a peptide bond, creating a dipeptide. Three or more connected amino acids form polypeptides, which fold into functional proteins that make up your muscles, skin, and enzymes.
When amino acids connect to form proteins, they create peptide bonds through condensation reactions. A water molecule is removed as the amino group of one amino acid bonds to the carboxyl group of another. Two connected amino acids form a dipeptide, while chains of three or more create polypeptides.
Nucleic acids are the information-storage molecules of life. Made of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and phosphorus, they store and transmit genetic information. Each nucleic acid has three distinctive components a 5-carbon sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base.
The basic building block of nucleic acids is the nucleotide. When multiple nucleotides join together, they form the polymers we know as DNA and RNA—the molecules that contain your genetic code and help create proteins.
💡 Memory Hack Think "CHONP" to remember the elements in nucleic acids Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, and Phosphorus!
The structure of a nucleotide includes a phosphate group (which provides the acidic nature), a sugar molecule (deoxyribose in DNA, ribose in RNA), and a nitrogenous base like adenine. This three-part structure allows nucleic acids to form the famous double helix shape of DNA and store the genetic instructions that make you uniquely you.
Our AI companion is specifically built for the needs of students. Based on the millions of content pieces we have on the platform we can provide truly meaningful and relevant answers to students. But its not only about answers, the companion is even more about guiding students through their daily learning challenges, with personalised study plans, quizzes or content pieces in the chat and 100% personalisation based on the students skills and developments.
You can download the app in the Google Play Store and in the Apple App Store.
That's right! Enjoy free access to study content, connect with fellow students, and get instant help – all at your fingertips.
2
Smart Tools NEW
Transform this note into: ✓ 50+ Practice Questions ✓ Interactive Flashcards ✓ Full Mock Exam ✓ Essay Outlines
App Store
Google Play
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
I think it’s very much worth it and you’ll end up using it a lot once you get the hang of it and even after looking at others notes you can still ask your Artificial intelligence buddy the question and ask to simplify it if you still don’t get it!!! In the end I think it’s worth it 😊👍 ⚠️Also DID I MENTION ITS FREEE YOU DON’T HAVE TO PAY FOR ANYTHING AND STILL GET YOUR GRADES IN PERFECTLY❗️❗️⚠️
Thomas R
iOS user
Knowunity is the BEST app I’ve used in a minute. This is not an ai review or anything this is genuinely coming from a 7th grade student (I know 2011 im young) but dude this app is a 10/10 i have maintained a 3.8 gpa and have plenty of time for gaming. I love it and my mom is just happy I got good grades
Brad T
Android user
Not only did it help me find the answer but it also showed me alternative ways to solve it. I was horrible in math and science but now I have an a in both subjects. Thanks for the help🤍🤍
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
I found this app a couple years ago and it has only gotten better since then. I really love it because it can help with written questions and photo questions. Also, it can find study guides that other people have made as well as flashcard sets and practice tests. The free version is also amazing for students who might not be able to afford it. Would 100% recommend
Aubrey
iOS user
Best app if you're in Highschool or Junior high. I have been using this app for 2 school years and it's the best, it's good if you don't have anyone to help you with school work.😋🩷🎀
Marco B
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This app is phenomenal down to the correct info and the various topics you can study! I greatly recommend it for people who struggle with procrastination and those who need homework help. It has been perfectly accurate for world 1 history as far as I’ve seen! Geometry too!
Paul T
iOS user
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
I think it’s very much worth it and you’ll end up using it a lot once you get the hang of it and even after looking at others notes you can still ask your Artificial intelligence buddy the question and ask to simplify it if you still don’t get it!!! In the end I think it’s worth it 😊👍 ⚠️Also DID I MENTION ITS FREEE YOU DON’T HAVE TO PAY FOR ANYTHING AND STILL GET YOUR GRADES IN PERFECTLY❗️❗️⚠️
Thomas R
iOS user
Knowunity is the BEST app I’ve used in a minute. This is not an ai review or anything this is genuinely coming from a 7th grade student (I know 2011 im young) but dude this app is a 10/10 i have maintained a 3.8 gpa and have plenty of time for gaming. I love it and my mom is just happy I got good grades
Brad T
Android user
Not only did it help me find the answer but it also showed me alternative ways to solve it. I was horrible in math and science but now I have an a in both subjects. Thanks for the help🤍🤍
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
I found this app a couple years ago and it has only gotten better since then. I really love it because it can help with written questions and photo questions. Also, it can find study guides that other people have made as well as flashcard sets and practice tests. The free version is also amazing for students who might not be able to afford it. Would 100% recommend
Aubrey
iOS user
Best app if you're in Highschool or Junior high. I have been using this app for 2 school years and it's the best, it's good if you don't have anyone to help you with school work.😋🩷🎀
Marco B
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This app is phenomenal down to the correct info and the various topics you can study! I greatly recommend it for people who struggle with procrastination and those who need homework help. It has been perfectly accurate for world 1 history as far as I’ve seen! Geometry too!
Paul T
iOS user
Yujun Ge
@yujunge_jflh
Get ready to explore the essential building blocks that make up living organisms! In this summary, we'll break down the four main types of organic compounds—carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids—and understand how their structures relate to their functions in... Show more
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Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
Ever wondered what you're actually made of? You're built from organic compounds that contain carbon and hydrogen. The four main types that power your body are carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids.
Carbohydrates are your body's primary energy source, made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a 1:2 ratio. They come from foods like bread, beans, corn, and even soda. The basic building block (monomer) is a monosaccharide, which builds into larger structures. Glucose, galactose, and fructose are all monosaccharides with the same formula (C₆H₁₂O₆) but different structures—we call these isomers.
Lipids store energy and form cell membranes. Found in foods like fish, meat, eggs, and cheese, lipids have a unique structure with one water-loving (hydrophilic) end and one water-fearing (hydrophobic) end. The basic components are fatty acids plus glycerol.
💡 Quick Tip: When you see diagrams with angles in organic chemistry, those angles often represent carbon atoms (they're not shown explicitly to keep diagrams cleaner).
Saturated fats have carbon atoms bonded to four other atoms (found in animal fats), while unsaturated fats have at least one double bond between carbons (like in vegetable oils). The fewer hydrogen atoms attached, the more unsaturated the fat is!
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
Phospholipids are special lipids that make up cell membranes. They have that critical structure with a hydrophilic head and hydrophobic tails that allows cells to control what enters and exits.
When lipid monomers join together, they undergo a condensation reaction where a water molecule is removed to create a bond. When one glycerol combines with three fatty acids, it forms a triglyceride—the main form of stored fat in your body.
Proteins are the body's building blocks, containing carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen. They're responsible for growth, maintenance, and acting as catalysts (enzymes) for chemical reactions. Each protein is made from amino acids, which have three key parts: a carboxyl group, an amino group, and an "R" group.
💡 Protein Power: There are 20 different amino acids that can be combined in endless ways to create all the proteins in your body—like building with 20 different types of Lego pieces!
The "R" group is what makes each amino acid unique—think of it as a variable that can have 20 different values. When two amino acids join, they form a peptide bond, creating a dipeptide. Three or more connected amino acids form polypeptides, which fold into functional proteins that make up your muscles, skin, and enzymes.
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
When amino acids connect to form proteins, they create peptide bonds through condensation reactions. A water molecule is removed as the amino group of one amino acid bonds to the carboxyl group of another. Two connected amino acids form a dipeptide, while chains of three or more create polypeptides.
Nucleic acids are the information-storage molecules of life. Made of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and phosphorus, they store and transmit genetic information. Each nucleic acid has three distinctive components: a 5-carbon sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base.
The basic building block of nucleic acids is the nucleotide. When multiple nucleotides join together, they form the polymers we know as DNA and RNA—the molecules that contain your genetic code and help create proteins.
💡 Memory Hack: Think "CHONP" to remember the elements in nucleic acids: Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, and Phosphorus!
The structure of a nucleotide includes a phosphate group (which provides the acidic nature), a sugar molecule (deoxyribose in DNA, ribose in RNA), and a nitrogenous base like adenine. This three-part structure allows nucleic acids to form the famous double helix shape of DNA and store the genetic instructions that make you uniquely you.
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
Our AI companion is specifically built for the needs of students. Based on the millions of content pieces we have on the platform we can provide truly meaningful and relevant answers to students. But its not only about answers, the companion is even more about guiding students through their daily learning challenges, with personalised study plans, quizzes or content pieces in the chat and 100% personalisation based on the students skills and developments.
You can download the app in the Google Play Store and in the Apple App Store.
That's right! Enjoy free access to study content, connect with fellow students, and get instant help – all at your fingertips.
2
Smart Tools NEW
Transform this note into: ✓ 50+ Practice Questions ✓ Interactive Flashcards ✓ Full Mock Exam ✓ Essay Outlines
App Store
Google Play
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
I think it’s very much worth it and you’ll end up using it a lot once you get the hang of it and even after looking at others notes you can still ask your Artificial intelligence buddy the question and ask to simplify it if you still don’t get it!!! In the end I think it’s worth it 😊👍 ⚠️Also DID I MENTION ITS FREEE YOU DON’T HAVE TO PAY FOR ANYTHING AND STILL GET YOUR GRADES IN PERFECTLY❗️❗️⚠️
Thomas R
iOS user
Knowunity is the BEST app I’ve used in a minute. This is not an ai review or anything this is genuinely coming from a 7th grade student (I know 2011 im young) but dude this app is a 10/10 i have maintained a 3.8 gpa and have plenty of time for gaming. I love it and my mom is just happy I got good grades
Brad T
Android user
Not only did it help me find the answer but it also showed me alternative ways to solve it. I was horrible in math and science but now I have an a in both subjects. Thanks for the help🤍🤍
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
I found this app a couple years ago and it has only gotten better since then. I really love it because it can help with written questions and photo questions. Also, it can find study guides that other people have made as well as flashcard sets and practice tests. The free version is also amazing for students who might not be able to afford it. Would 100% recommend
Aubrey
iOS user
Best app if you're in Highschool or Junior high. I have been using this app for 2 school years and it's the best, it's good if you don't have anyone to help you with school work.😋🩷🎀
Marco B
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This app is phenomenal down to the correct info and the various topics you can study! I greatly recommend it for people who struggle with procrastination and those who need homework help. It has been perfectly accurate for world 1 history as far as I’ve seen! Geometry too!
Paul T
iOS user
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
I think it’s very much worth it and you’ll end up using it a lot once you get the hang of it and even after looking at others notes you can still ask your Artificial intelligence buddy the question and ask to simplify it if you still don’t get it!!! In the end I think it’s worth it 😊👍 ⚠️Also DID I MENTION ITS FREEE YOU DON’T HAVE TO PAY FOR ANYTHING AND STILL GET YOUR GRADES IN PERFECTLY❗️❗️⚠️
Thomas R
iOS user
Knowunity is the BEST app I’ve used in a minute. This is not an ai review or anything this is genuinely coming from a 7th grade student (I know 2011 im young) but dude this app is a 10/10 i have maintained a 3.8 gpa and have plenty of time for gaming. I love it and my mom is just happy I got good grades
Brad T
Android user
Not only did it help me find the answer but it also showed me alternative ways to solve it. I was horrible in math and science but now I have an a in both subjects. Thanks for the help🤍🤍
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
I found this app a couple years ago and it has only gotten better since then. I really love it because it can help with written questions and photo questions. Also, it can find study guides that other people have made as well as flashcard sets and practice tests. The free version is also amazing for students who might not be able to afford it. Would 100% recommend
Aubrey
iOS user
Best app if you're in Highschool or Junior high. I have been using this app for 2 school years and it's the best, it's good if you don't have anyone to help you with school work.😋🩷🎀
Marco B
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This app is phenomenal down to the correct info and the various topics you can study! I greatly recommend it for people who struggle with procrastination and those who need homework help. It has been perfectly accurate for world 1 history as far as I’ve seen! Geometry too!
Paul T
iOS user
Algebra
Calculus 1
Algebra 1
Overige