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AP Chemistry
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Nov 30, 2025
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Ivy
@ivy_zbah
Organic chemistry explores compounds containing carbon, with a focus on... Show more
Carbon is the star of organic chemistry because it forms 4 bonds and creates diverse compounds. The simplest organic compounds, hydrocarbons, contain only carbon and hydrogen atoms bonded together.
Carbon forms different types of bonds by sharing electrons. It creates single bonds (sharing 2 electrons), double bonds (sharing 4 electrons), or triple bonds (sharing 6 electrons). Remember that carbon always needs 4 bonds total, hydrogen needs 1 bond, and oxygen needs 2 bonds.
Hydrocarbons are classified by their bond types into three main groups: alkanes (all single bonds), alkenes (at least one double bond), and alkynes (at least one triple bond). The type of bonds determines both the properties and names of these compounds.
⚡ Think of carbon bonds like different types of handshakes - single bonds are like a regular handshake (less commitment), while double and triple bonds are like increasingly tight grips (stronger commitment)!
Alkanes are saturated hydrocarbons with only single bonds. They follow the general formula CₙH₂ₙ₊₂, making them predictable. For example, a 7-carbon alkane (heptane) would have 16 hydrogens (C₇H₁₆).
Naming alkanes follows a simple pattern: count the carbon atoms and add the prefix to the suffix "-ane." Common examples include methane (CH₄) and ethane (C₂H₆).
Alkenes contain at least one double bond, making them unsaturated. They follow the formula CₙH₂ₙ. For instance, a 6-carbon alkene would be C₆H₁₂. To name alkenes, use the same number prefixes but with an "-ene" ending.
When drawing structural formulas, notice that carbon atoms with double or triple bonds have fewer hydrogen atoms attached. This is because each bond type uses up a specific number of the carbon's bonding capacity.
🔍 Notice the pattern in formulas! Each time you go from alkane to alkene to alkyne, you lose two hydrogen atoms (CₙH₂ₙ₊₂ → CₙH₂ₙ → CₙH₂ₙ₋₂).
Alkynes contain at least one triple bond and follow the formula CₙH₂ₙ₋₂. For example, a 2-carbon alkyne (ethyne) has just 2 hydrogens (C₂H₂). The naming follows the same pattern as the others, but with the "-yne" ending.
Triple bonds significantly reduce the number of hydrogen atoms in the molecule. This is because the triple bond uses up 3 of the 4 available bonding sites for each carbon involved, leaving only 1 site for hydrogen or other atoms.
You can identify the hydrocarbon type just by looking at its formula. For instance, C₄H₈ must be an alkene (follows CₙH₂ₙ), C₅H₈ is an alkyne (follows CₙH₂ₙ₋₂), and C₃H₈ is an alkane (follows CₙH₂ₙ₊₂).
💡 Think of it as a hydrocarbon detective game! If you know the formula, you can determine whether it's an alkane, alkene, or alkyne by comparing it to the general formulas.
Alcohols contain the -OH functional group attached to a hydrocarbon chain. They're created when one hydrogen in a hydrocarbon is replaced with an -OH group, and have the general formula R-OH (where R represents the hydrocarbon chain).
Naming alcohols is straightforward - just take the base name of the alkane and replace the "-e" with "-ol." For example, ethane becomes ethanol and heptane becomes heptanol. If the -OH is not on the first carbon, include the number .
Ethers have an oxygen atom connecting two hydrocarbon chains . To name them, identify both hydrocarbon chains, replace their endings with "-yl," arrange them alphabetically, and add the word "ether." For example, CH₃-O-CH₂CH₃ is methyl ethyl ether.
🧪 Alcohols like ethanol are found in beverages, but ethers are commonly used as solvents in labs and industrial processes. These functional groups completely change how molecules behave!
The carboxyl group is central to several important functional groups. These molecules include ketones, carboxylic acids, and esters - all containing carbon-oxygen bonds but arranged differently.
Ketones have two hydrocarbon chains connected by a -CO- group . To name ketones, name the parent hydrocarbon chain and change the ending from "-e" to "-one." For example, butane becomes butanone. Include a number to show the carbon position of the CO group if it's not obvious.
Carboxylic acids contain the -COOH group at the end of a hydrocarbon chain . Name them by changing the "-e" ending of the parent hydrocarbon to "-oic acid." For instance, methane becomes methanoic acid, and ethane becomes ethanoic acid.
🍋 Carboxylic acids are responsible for the sour taste in many foods! Citric acid in lemons, acetic acid in vinegar, and lactic acid in sour milk are all examples of carboxylic acids you encounter regularly.
Esters feature two hydrocarbon chains linked by a -COO- group . These compounds often have pleasant, fruity smells and are found in many natural flavors and fragrances.
When naming esters, you need to identify both parts of the molecule. First name the hydrocarbon attached to the single-bonded oxygen , then name the part attached to the carbonyl carbon .
For example, CH₃CH₂-COO-CH₂CH₃ is named ethyl propanoate. The first part (ethyl) comes from the R' group attached to the oxygen, and the second part (propanoate) comes from the acid portion (propanoic acid).
🍓 The next time you smell artificial fruit flavoring, you're likely smelling esters! Ethyl butanoate smells like pineapple, pentyl acetate like banana, and octyl acetate like orange. Esters make chemistry delicious!
Our AI companion is specifically built for the needs of students. Based on the millions of content pieces we have on the platform we can provide truly meaningful and relevant answers to students. But its not only about answers, the companion is even more about guiding students through their daily learning challenges, with personalised study plans, quizzes or content pieces in the chat and 100% personalisation based on the students skills and developments.
You can download the app in the Google Play Store and in the Apple App Store.
That's right! Enjoy free access to study content, connect with fellow students, and get instant help – all at your fingertips.
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The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
I think it’s very much worth it and you’ll end up using it a lot once you get the hang of it and even after looking at others notes you can still ask your Artificial intelligence buddy the question and ask to simplify it if you still don’t get it!!! In the end I think it’s worth it 😊👍 ⚠️Also DID I MENTION ITS FREEE YOU DON’T HAVE TO PAY FOR ANYTHING AND STILL GET YOUR GRADES IN PERFECTLY❗️❗️⚠️
Thomas R
iOS user
Knowunity is the BEST app I’ve used in a minute. This is not an ai review or anything this is genuinely coming from a 7th grade student (I know 2011 im young) but dude this app is a 10/10 i have maintained a 3.8 gpa and have plenty of time for gaming. I love it and my mom is just happy I got good grades
Brad T
Android user
Not only did it help me find the answer but it also showed me alternative ways to solve it. I was horrible in math and science but now I have an a in both subjects. Thanks for the help🤍🤍
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
I found this app a couple years ago and it has only gotten better since then. I really love it because it can help with written questions and photo questions. Also, it can find study guides that other people have made as well as flashcard sets and practice tests. The free version is also amazing for students who might not be able to afford it. Would 100% recommend
Aubrey
iOS user
Best app if you're in Highschool or Junior high. I have been using this app for 2 school years and it's the best, it's good if you don't have anyone to help you with school work.😋🩷🎀
Marco B
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This app is phenomenal down to the correct info and the various topics you can study! I greatly recommend it for people who struggle with procrastination and those who need homework help. It has been perfectly accurate for world 1 history as far as I’ve seen! Geometry too!
Paul T
iOS user
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
I think it’s very much worth it and you’ll end up using it a lot once you get the hang of it and even after looking at others notes you can still ask your Artificial intelligence buddy the question and ask to simplify it if you still don’t get it!!! In the end I think it’s worth it 😊👍 ⚠️Also DID I MENTION ITS FREEE YOU DON’T HAVE TO PAY FOR ANYTHING AND STILL GET YOUR GRADES IN PERFECTLY❗️❗️⚠️
Thomas R
iOS user
Knowunity is the BEST app I’ve used in a minute. This is not an ai review or anything this is genuinely coming from a 7th grade student (I know 2011 im young) but dude this app is a 10/10 i have maintained a 3.8 gpa and have plenty of time for gaming. I love it and my mom is just happy I got good grades
Brad T
Android user
Not only did it help me find the answer but it also showed me alternative ways to solve it. I was horrible in math and science but now I have an a in both subjects. Thanks for the help🤍🤍
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
I found this app a couple years ago and it has only gotten better since then. I really love it because it can help with written questions and photo questions. Also, it can find study guides that other people have made as well as flashcard sets and practice tests. The free version is also amazing for students who might not be able to afford it. Would 100% recommend
Aubrey
iOS user
Best app if you're in Highschool or Junior high. I have been using this app for 2 school years and it's the best, it's good if you don't have anyone to help you with school work.😋🩷🎀
Marco B
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This app is phenomenal down to the correct info and the various topics you can study! I greatly recommend it for people who struggle with procrastination and those who need homework help. It has been perfectly accurate for world 1 history as far as I’ve seen! Geometry too!
Paul T
iOS user
Ivy
@ivy_zbah
Organic chemistry explores compounds containing carbon, with a focus on how carbon forms bonds with other atoms. In this introduction to organic chemistry, we'll explore the basics of carbon bonding, hydrocarbon chains, and functional groups - the building blocks that... Show more
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Carbon is the star of organic chemistry because it forms 4 bonds and creates diverse compounds. The simplest organic compounds, hydrocarbons, contain only carbon and hydrogen atoms bonded together.
Carbon forms different types of bonds by sharing electrons. It creates single bonds (sharing 2 electrons), double bonds (sharing 4 electrons), or triple bonds (sharing 6 electrons). Remember that carbon always needs 4 bonds total, hydrogen needs 1 bond, and oxygen needs 2 bonds.
Hydrocarbons are classified by their bond types into three main groups: alkanes (all single bonds), alkenes (at least one double bond), and alkynes (at least one triple bond). The type of bonds determines both the properties and names of these compounds.
⚡ Think of carbon bonds like different types of handshakes - single bonds are like a regular handshake (less commitment), while double and triple bonds are like increasingly tight grips (stronger commitment)!
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Alkanes are saturated hydrocarbons with only single bonds. They follow the general formula CₙH₂ₙ₊₂, making them predictable. For example, a 7-carbon alkane (heptane) would have 16 hydrogens (C₇H₁₆).
Naming alkanes follows a simple pattern: count the carbon atoms and add the prefix to the suffix "-ane." Common examples include methane (CH₄) and ethane (C₂H₆).
Alkenes contain at least one double bond, making them unsaturated. They follow the formula CₙH₂ₙ. For instance, a 6-carbon alkene would be C₆H₁₂. To name alkenes, use the same number prefixes but with an "-ene" ending.
When drawing structural formulas, notice that carbon atoms with double or triple bonds have fewer hydrogen atoms attached. This is because each bond type uses up a specific number of the carbon's bonding capacity.
🔍 Notice the pattern in formulas! Each time you go from alkane to alkene to alkyne, you lose two hydrogen atoms (CₙH₂ₙ₊₂ → CₙH₂ₙ → CₙH₂ₙ₋₂).
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Alkynes contain at least one triple bond and follow the formula CₙH₂ₙ₋₂. For example, a 2-carbon alkyne (ethyne) has just 2 hydrogens (C₂H₂). The naming follows the same pattern as the others, but with the "-yne" ending.
Triple bonds significantly reduce the number of hydrogen atoms in the molecule. This is because the triple bond uses up 3 of the 4 available bonding sites for each carbon involved, leaving only 1 site for hydrogen or other atoms.
You can identify the hydrocarbon type just by looking at its formula. For instance, C₄H₈ must be an alkene (follows CₙH₂ₙ), C₅H₈ is an alkyne (follows CₙH₂ₙ₋₂), and C₃H₈ is an alkane (follows CₙH₂ₙ₊₂).
💡 Think of it as a hydrocarbon detective game! If you know the formula, you can determine whether it's an alkane, alkene, or alkyne by comparing it to the general formulas.
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Alcohols contain the -OH functional group attached to a hydrocarbon chain. They're created when one hydrogen in a hydrocarbon is replaced with an -OH group, and have the general formula R-OH (where R represents the hydrocarbon chain).
Naming alcohols is straightforward - just take the base name of the alkane and replace the "-e" with "-ol." For example, ethane becomes ethanol and heptane becomes heptanol. If the -OH is not on the first carbon, include the number .
Ethers have an oxygen atom connecting two hydrocarbon chains . To name them, identify both hydrocarbon chains, replace their endings with "-yl," arrange them alphabetically, and add the word "ether." For example, CH₃-O-CH₂CH₃ is methyl ethyl ether.
🧪 Alcohols like ethanol are found in beverages, but ethers are commonly used as solvents in labs and industrial processes. These functional groups completely change how molecules behave!
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The carboxyl group is central to several important functional groups. These molecules include ketones, carboxylic acids, and esters - all containing carbon-oxygen bonds but arranged differently.
Ketones have two hydrocarbon chains connected by a -CO- group . To name ketones, name the parent hydrocarbon chain and change the ending from "-e" to "-one." For example, butane becomes butanone. Include a number to show the carbon position of the CO group if it's not obvious.
Carboxylic acids contain the -COOH group at the end of a hydrocarbon chain . Name them by changing the "-e" ending of the parent hydrocarbon to "-oic acid." For instance, methane becomes methanoic acid, and ethane becomes ethanoic acid.
🍋 Carboxylic acids are responsible for the sour taste in many foods! Citric acid in lemons, acetic acid in vinegar, and lactic acid in sour milk are all examples of carboxylic acids you encounter regularly.
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Improve your grades
Join milions of students
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Esters feature two hydrocarbon chains linked by a -COO- group . These compounds often have pleasant, fruity smells and are found in many natural flavors and fragrances.
When naming esters, you need to identify both parts of the molecule. First name the hydrocarbon attached to the single-bonded oxygen , then name the part attached to the carbonyl carbon .
For example, CH₃CH₂-COO-CH₂CH₃ is named ethyl propanoate. The first part (ethyl) comes from the R' group attached to the oxygen, and the second part (propanoate) comes from the acid portion (propanoic acid).
🍓 The next time you smell artificial fruit flavoring, you're likely smelling esters! Ethyl butanoate smells like pineapple, pentyl acetate like banana, and octyl acetate like orange. Esters make chemistry delicious!
Our AI companion is specifically built for the needs of students. Based on the millions of content pieces we have on the platform we can provide truly meaningful and relevant answers to students. But its not only about answers, the companion is even more about guiding students through their daily learning challenges, with personalised study plans, quizzes or content pieces in the chat and 100% personalisation based on the students skills and developments.
You can download the app in the Google Play Store and in the Apple App Store.
That's right! Enjoy free access to study content, connect with fellow students, and get instant help – all at your fingertips.
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This is a reviewer covering the topics under benzene and aromatic compounds which includes naming of aromatic compounds, and descriptions of benzene
ChemistryBasic study guide for unit 2, not detailed.
AP ChemistryThis is a reviewer on Benzene & Aromatic Compounds including the Typical uses of benzene and Aromatic compounds and Rules in Naming
Chemistryhonors chemistry chemical bonding notes
Chemistrypolyatomic ions to know, ionic & covalent & acids bonding and naming, lewis structures & VSEPR theory (shapes and electron domains), polarity, IMFs
AP ChemistryAlkanes-Definition and Explanation. Types of Alkanes and General Formula of Alkanes
AP ChemistryApp Store
Google Play
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
I think it’s very much worth it and you’ll end up using it a lot once you get the hang of it and even after looking at others notes you can still ask your Artificial intelligence buddy the question and ask to simplify it if you still don’t get it!!! In the end I think it’s worth it 😊👍 ⚠️Also DID I MENTION ITS FREEE YOU DON’T HAVE TO PAY FOR ANYTHING AND STILL GET YOUR GRADES IN PERFECTLY❗️❗️⚠️
Thomas R
iOS user
Knowunity is the BEST app I’ve used in a minute. This is not an ai review or anything this is genuinely coming from a 7th grade student (I know 2011 im young) but dude this app is a 10/10 i have maintained a 3.8 gpa and have plenty of time for gaming. I love it and my mom is just happy I got good grades
Brad T
Android user
Not only did it help me find the answer but it also showed me alternative ways to solve it. I was horrible in math and science but now I have an a in both subjects. Thanks for the help🤍🤍
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
I found this app a couple years ago and it has only gotten better since then. I really love it because it can help with written questions and photo questions. Also, it can find study guides that other people have made as well as flashcard sets and practice tests. The free version is also amazing for students who might not be able to afford it. Would 100% recommend
Aubrey
iOS user
Best app if you're in Highschool or Junior high. I have been using this app for 2 school years and it's the best, it's good if you don't have anyone to help you with school work.😋🩷🎀
Marco B
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This app is phenomenal down to the correct info and the various topics you can study! I greatly recommend it for people who struggle with procrastination and those who need homework help. It has been perfectly accurate for world 1 history as far as I’ve seen! Geometry too!
Paul T
iOS user
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
I think it’s very much worth it and you’ll end up using it a lot once you get the hang of it and even after looking at others notes you can still ask your Artificial intelligence buddy the question and ask to simplify it if you still don’t get it!!! In the end I think it’s worth it 😊👍 ⚠️Also DID I MENTION ITS FREEE YOU DON’T HAVE TO PAY FOR ANYTHING AND STILL GET YOUR GRADES IN PERFECTLY❗️❗️⚠️
Thomas R
iOS user
Knowunity is the BEST app I’ve used in a minute. This is not an ai review or anything this is genuinely coming from a 7th grade student (I know 2011 im young) but dude this app is a 10/10 i have maintained a 3.8 gpa and have plenty of time for gaming. I love it and my mom is just happy I got good grades
Brad T
Android user
Not only did it help me find the answer but it also showed me alternative ways to solve it. I was horrible in math and science but now I have an a in both subjects. Thanks for the help🤍🤍
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
I found this app a couple years ago and it has only gotten better since then. I really love it because it can help with written questions and photo questions. Also, it can find study guides that other people have made as well as flashcard sets and practice tests. The free version is also amazing for students who might not be able to afford it. Would 100% recommend
Aubrey
iOS user
Best app if you're in Highschool or Junior high. I have been using this app for 2 school years and it's the best, it's good if you don't have anyone to help you with school work.😋🩷🎀
Marco B
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This app is phenomenal down to the correct info and the various topics you can study! I greatly recommend it for people who struggle with procrastination and those who need homework help. It has been perfectly accurate for world 1 history as far as I’ve seen! Geometry too!
Paul T
iOS user
Algebra
Calculus 1
Algebra 1
Overige