Solubility rules help you predict whether ionic compounds will dissolve... Show more
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Solubility Rules for Ionic Compounds
Ever wondered why some substances dissolve in water while others don't? These solubility rules will help you predict what happens when ionic compounds enter water (at 25°C and 1 atm pressure).
Soluble compounds include those containing Group IA ions (like Na⁺, K⁺) and ammonium (NH₄⁺) - these will always dissolve in water. Also reliably soluble are compounds with nitrate (NO₃⁻), acetate (C₂H₃O₂⁻), chlorate (ClO₃⁻), perchlorate (ClO₄⁻), and bicarbonate (HCO₃⁻) ions.
Most compounds with halide ions (Cl⁻, Br⁻, I⁻) dissolve readily, except when paired with silver (Ag⁺), lead (Pb²⁺), mercury(I) (Hg₂²⁺), or copper(I) (Cu⁺). Similarly, sulfate (SO₄²⁻) compounds are typically soluble except when combined with calcium, strontium, barium, silver, mercury(I) or lead ions.
Chemistry Tip: When two solutions are mixed and you need to predict if a precipitate forms, check if any potential compound would be insoluble according to these rules. If yes, that's your precipitate!
Insoluble compounds generally include metal hydroxides and sulfides, except those with Group IA metals, ammonium, or barium. Compounds containing carbonate (CO₃²⁻), phosphate (PO₄³⁻), sulfite (SO₃²⁻), oxide (O²⁻), chromate (CrO₄²⁻), and oxalate (C₂O₄²⁻) ions are typically insoluble as well, with Group IA and ammonium compounds as the main exceptions.
Solubility Reference Chart
This handy chart lets you quickly identify whether common ionic compounds will dissolve in water. It's arranged by cations (positively charged ions) and anions (negatively charged ions).
Looking at the chart, you can see patterns emerge. Notice how compounds containing sodium (Na⁺), potassium (K⁺), and ammonium (NH₄⁺) ions are almost always soluble. On the other hand, most metal hydroxides, sulfides, carbonates, and phosphates tend to be insoluble.
The empty boxes indicate combinations that are soluble in water (≥0.05 M at room temperature), while filled boxes represent insoluble compounds. Remember that "insoluble" doesn't necessarily mean absolutely nothing dissolves - it means less than 0.05 molar concentration will dissolve.
Study Strategy: Rather than memorizing this entire chart, focus on learning the general solubility rules from page 1. Then use this chart as a quick reference when solving specific problems or doing lab work.
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This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
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I think it’s very much worth it and you’ll end up using it a lot once you get the hang of it and even after looking at others notes you can still ask your Artificial intelligence buddy the question and ask to simplify it if you still don’t get it!!! In the end I think it’s worth it 😊👍 ⚠️Also DID I MENTION ITS FREEE YOU DON’T HAVE TO PAY FOR ANYTHING AND STILL GET YOUR GRADES IN PERFECTLY❗️❗️⚠️
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Not only did it help me find the answer but it also showed me alternative ways to solve it. I was horrible in math and science but now I have an a in both subjects. Thanks for the help🤍🤍
David K
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Best app if you're in Highschool or Junior high. I have been using this app for 2 school years and it's the best, it's good if you don't have anyone to help you with school work.😋🩷🎀
Marco B
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THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE Knowunity AI. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
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This app is phenomenal down to the correct info and the various topics you can study! I greatly recommend it for people who struggle with procrastination and those who need homework help. It has been perfectly accurate for world 1 history as far as I’ve seen! Geometry too!
Paul T
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The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
I think it’s very much worth it and you’ll end up using it a lot once you get the hang of it and even after looking at others notes you can still ask your Artificial intelligence buddy the question and ask to simplify it if you still don’t get it!!! In the end I think it’s worth it 😊👍 ⚠️Also DID I MENTION ITS FREEE YOU DON’T HAVE TO PAY FOR ANYTHING AND STILL GET YOUR GRADES IN PERFECTLY❗️❗️⚠️
Thomas R
iOS user
Knowunity is the BEST app I’ve used in a minute. This is not an ai review or anything this is genuinely coming from a 7th grade student (I know 2011 im young) but dude this app is a 10/10 i have maintained a 3.8 gpa and have plenty of time for gaming. I love it and my mom is just happy I got good grades
Brad T
Android user
Not only did it help me find the answer but it also showed me alternative ways to solve it. I was horrible in math and science but now I have an a in both subjects. Thanks for the help🤍🤍
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
I found this app a couple years ago and it has only gotten better since then. I really love it because it can help with written questions and photo questions. Also, it can find study guides that other people have made as well as flashcard sets and practice tests. The free version is also amazing for students who might not be able to afford it. Would 100% recommend
Aubrey
iOS user
Best app if you're in Highschool or Junior high. I have been using this app for 2 school years and it's the best, it's good if you don't have anyone to help you with school work.😋🩷🎀
Marco B
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE Knowunity AI. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This app is phenomenal down to the correct info and the various topics you can study! I greatly recommend it for people who struggle with procrastination and those who need homework help. It has been perfectly accurate for world 1 history as far as I’ve seen! Geometry too!
Paul T
iOS user
Comprehensive Solubility Rules Explained
Solubility rules help you predict whether ionic compounds will dissolve in water or form precipitates. Understanding these patterns is essential for success in chemistry lab work and for solving reaction prediction problems on exams.
Solubility Rules for Ionic Compounds
Ever wondered why some substances dissolve in water while others don't? These solubility rules will help you predict what happens when ionic compounds enter water (at 25°C and 1 atm pressure).
Soluble compounds include those containing Group IA ions (like Na⁺, K⁺) and ammonium (NH₄⁺) - these will always dissolve in water. Also reliably soluble are compounds with nitrate (NO₃⁻), acetate (C₂H₃O₂⁻), chlorate (ClO₃⁻), perchlorate (ClO₄⁻), and bicarbonate (HCO₃⁻) ions.
Most compounds with halide ions (Cl⁻, Br⁻, I⁻) dissolve readily, except when paired with silver (Ag⁺), lead (Pb²⁺), mercury(I) (Hg₂²⁺), or copper(I) (Cu⁺). Similarly, sulfate (SO₄²⁻) compounds are typically soluble except when combined with calcium, strontium, barium, silver, mercury(I) or lead ions.
Chemistry Tip: When two solutions are mixed and you need to predict if a precipitate forms, check if any potential compound would be insoluble according to these rules. If yes, that's your precipitate!
Insoluble compounds generally include metal hydroxides and sulfides, except those with Group IA metals, ammonium, or barium. Compounds containing carbonate (CO₃²⁻), phosphate (PO₄³⁻), sulfite (SO₃²⁻), oxide (O²⁻), chromate (CrO₄²⁻), and oxalate (C₂O₄²⁻) ions are typically insoluble as well, with Group IA and ammonium compounds as the main exceptions.
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Solubility Reference Chart
This handy chart lets you quickly identify whether common ionic compounds will dissolve in water. It's arranged by cations (positively charged ions) and anions (negatively charged ions).
Looking at the chart, you can see patterns emerge. Notice how compounds containing sodium (Na⁺), potassium (K⁺), and ammonium (NH₄⁺) ions are almost always soluble. On the other hand, most metal hydroxides, sulfides, carbonates, and phosphates tend to be insoluble.
The empty boxes indicate combinations that are soluble in water (≥0.05 M at room temperature), while filled boxes represent insoluble compounds. Remember that "insoluble" doesn't necessarily mean absolutely nothing dissolves - it means less than 0.05 molar concentration will dissolve.
Study Strategy: Rather than memorizing this entire chart, focus on learning the general solubility rules from page 1. Then use this chart as a quick reference when solving specific problems or doing lab work.
We thought you’d never ask...
What is the Knowunity AI companion?
Our AI companion is specifically built for the needs of students. Based on the millions of content pieces we have on the platform we can provide truly meaningful and relevant answers to students. But its not only about answers, the companion is even more about guiding students through their daily learning challenges, with personalised study plans, quizzes or content pieces in the chat and 100% personalisation based on the students skills and developments.
Where can I download the Knowunity app?
You can download the app in the Google Play Store and in the Apple App Store.
Is Knowunity really free of charge?
That's right! Enjoy free access to study content, connect with fellow students, and get instant help – all at your fingertips.
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The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
I think it’s very much worth it and you’ll end up using it a lot once you get the hang of it and even after looking at others notes you can still ask your Artificial intelligence buddy the question and ask to simplify it if you still don’t get it!!! In the end I think it’s worth it 😊👍 ⚠️Also DID I MENTION ITS FREEE YOU DON’T HAVE TO PAY FOR ANYTHING AND STILL GET YOUR GRADES IN PERFECTLY❗️❗️⚠️
Thomas R
iOS user
Knowunity is the BEST app I’ve used in a minute. This is not an ai review or anything this is genuinely coming from a 7th grade student (I know 2011 im young) but dude this app is a 10/10 i have maintained a 3.8 gpa and have plenty of time for gaming. I love it and my mom is just happy I got good grades
Brad T
Android user
Not only did it help me find the answer but it also showed me alternative ways to solve it. I was horrible in math and science but now I have an a in both subjects. Thanks for the help🤍🤍
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
I found this app a couple years ago and it has only gotten better since then. I really love it because it can help with written questions and photo questions. Also, it can find study guides that other people have made as well as flashcard sets and practice tests. The free version is also amazing for students who might not be able to afford it. Would 100% recommend
Aubrey
iOS user
Best app if you're in Highschool or Junior high. I have been using this app for 2 school years and it's the best, it's good if you don't have anyone to help you with school work.😋🩷🎀
Marco B
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE Knowunity AI. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This app is phenomenal down to the correct info and the various topics you can study! I greatly recommend it for people who struggle with procrastination and those who need homework help. It has been perfectly accurate for world 1 history as far as I’ve seen! Geometry too!
Paul T
iOS user
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
I think it’s very much worth it and you’ll end up using it a lot once you get the hang of it and even after looking at others notes you can still ask your Artificial intelligence buddy the question and ask to simplify it if you still don’t get it!!! In the end I think it’s worth it 😊👍 ⚠️Also DID I MENTION ITS FREEE YOU DON’T HAVE TO PAY FOR ANYTHING AND STILL GET YOUR GRADES IN PERFECTLY❗️❗️⚠️
Thomas R
iOS user
Knowunity is the BEST app I’ve used in a minute. This is not an ai review or anything this is genuinely coming from a 7th grade student (I know 2011 im young) but dude this app is a 10/10 i have maintained a 3.8 gpa and have plenty of time for gaming. I love it and my mom is just happy I got good grades
Brad T
Android user
Not only did it help me find the answer but it also showed me alternative ways to solve it. I was horrible in math and science but now I have an a in both subjects. Thanks for the help🤍🤍
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
I found this app a couple years ago and it has only gotten better since then. I really love it because it can help with written questions and photo questions. Also, it can find study guides that other people have made as well as flashcard sets and practice tests. The free version is also amazing for students who might not be able to afford it. Would 100% recommend
Aubrey
iOS user
Best app if you're in Highschool or Junior high. I have been using this app for 2 school years and it's the best, it's good if you don't have anyone to help you with school work.😋🩷🎀
Marco B
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE Knowunity AI. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This app is phenomenal down to the correct info and the various topics you can study! I greatly recommend it for people who struggle with procrastination and those who need homework help. It has been perfectly accurate for world 1 history as far as I’ve seen! Geometry too!
Paul T
iOS user