The law-making process in UKinvolves three key institutions working... Show more
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Bethany Bispham
8/21/2025
Criminology
ac1.1 law making unit 4
315
•
Aug 21, 2025
•
Bethany Bispham
@bethanybispham_svoe
The law-making process in UKinvolves three key institutions working... Show more
The law-making process in the UK follows a structured path known as the Parliamentary stages of a bill. This process ensures thorough scrutiny and debate of proposed legislation before it becomes law.
A bill can originate in either the House of Commons or the House of Lords and must be approved in identical form by both Houses before it can receive Royal Assent and become an Act of Parliament (law). The 7 steps of law-making in the UK are:
Highlight: If the two Houses disagree on the content of a bill, it may go back and forth between them until a consensus is reached. This process is known as "ping pong."
Example: The Committee stage of a Bill involves detailed examination of the proposed legislation by a smaller group of MPs or Lords, who may suggest amendments.
In addition to the parliamentary process, judges also play a role in shaping the law through two main processes:
Judicial Precedent, also known as common law, is based on the principle of following decisions made in previous similar cases. This system promotes certainty, consistency, and fairness in the legal system.
Definition: Binding precedent occurs when a decision made by a higher court automatically becomes binding for all lower courts in similar future cases.
There are exceptions to judicial precedent, including:
The case of R v R (1992) is a landmark example of how judicial decisions can change the law and societal norms. This case challenged the long-standing notion that a husband could not be guilty of raping his wife.
Key details of the case:
Quote: "The court upheld his convictions for attempted rape. There was no marital rape exception under English law, and this was a common law fiction that existed. The concept of irrevocable consent of a wife to her husband was classed as an unacceptable concept."
This case effectively abolished the marital rape exemption in England and Wales, marking a significant change in the law's approach to sexual offenses within marriage.
Statutory interpretation is another way judges can influence the law. This process involves interpreting the meaning of words in statutes (Acts of Parliament) and applying them to specific cases.
Judges use three main interpretation rules:
Example: In R v Maginnis (1987), a case involving illegal drugs, different judges had varying interpretations of the word 'supply'.
The Golden Rule: This allows the court to modify the literal meaning of a word if it creates an absurd result.
The Mischief Rule: (Not explicitly mentioned in the transcript, but commonly included as the third main rule of statutory interpretation)
These rules help judges navigate the complexities of applying written law to real-world situations, ensuring that the law remains relevant and just.
Highlight: Statutory interpretation plays a crucial role in adapting and applying laws to contemporary contexts, allowing the legal system to evolve without constant legislative changes.
Judges employ three main rules for interpreting statutes:
Definition: Statutory interpretation involves judges determining the meaning of written laws and applying them to cases.
The interpretation rules include:
Highlight: Different interpretations can arise from the same statutory language, as demonstrated in R v Maginnis (1987) regarding the word 'supply'.
Judges employ three main rules for interpreting statutes: the Literal Rule, the Golden Rule, and the Mischief Rule. These interpretation methods help apply written laws to specific cases.
Definition: The Literal Rule requires judges to use the everyday meaning of words in statutes.
Example: In R v Maginnis (1987), judges had different interpretations of the word 'supply' in a drug-related case.
The UK Parliament is the cornerstone of the British legislative system, comprising three key components: the House of Commons, the House of Lords, and the Monarchy. Each plays a distinct role in how laws are made in the UK.
The House of Commons is arguably the most influential part of Parliament, consisting of 650 elected Members of Parliament (MPs) representing constituencies across the country. These MPs are chosen during general elections, making the Commons the primary representative body of the people.
Highlight: The government is formed by the political party with the majority of MPs in the Commons, with the Prime Minister leading this party.
The House of Lords, on the other hand, serves as a crucial check and balance in the legislative process. It is composed of approximately 800 peers, including:
Definition: Life peers are individuals appointed to the House of Lords for their lifetime, but the position is not inherited by their descendants.
The main function of the Lords is to scrutinize and debate bills that have been approved by the House of Commons, ensuring thorough examination of proposed laws.
The Monarch's role in the legislative process is largely ceremonial, primarily providing Royal Assent to bills that have passed through both Houses of Parliament.
Vocabulary: Royal Assent is the formal approval given by the Monarch to a bill, transforming it into an Act of Parliament and thus into law.
The UK government, formed by the majority party in the Commons, is the primary source of new legislative proposals. These proposals, known as bills, must navigate a complex process before becoming law.
Example: Before a bill is formally introduced, the government may publish a Green Paper (a consultation document for policy proposals) or a White Paper (a more detailed policy document that may include a draft version of the bill).
Our AI companion is specifically built for the needs of students. Based on the millions of content pieces we have on the platform we can provide truly meaningful and relevant answers to students. But its not only about answers, the companion is even more about guiding students through their daily learning challenges, with personalised study plans, quizzes or content pieces in the chat and 100% personalisation based on the students skills and developments.
You can download the app in the Google Play Store and in the Apple App Store.
That's right! Enjoy free access to study content, connect with fellow students, and get instant help – all at your fingertips.
App Store
Google Play
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
I think it’s very much worth it and you’ll end up using it a lot once you get the hang of it and even after looking at others notes you can still ask your Artificial intelligence buddy the question and ask to simplify it if you still don’t get it!!! In the end I think it’s worth it 😊👍 ⚠️Also DID I MENTION ITS FREEE YOU DON’T HAVE TO PAY FOR ANYTHING AND STILL GET YOUR GRADES IN PERFECTLY❗️❗️⚠️
Thomas R
iOS user
Knowunity is the BEST app I’ve used in a minute. This is not an ai review or anything this is genuinely coming from a 7th grade student (I know 2011 im young) but dude this app is a 10/10 i have maintained a 3.8 gpa and have plenty of time for gaming. I love it and my mom is just happy I got good grades
Brad T
Android user
Not only did it help me find the answer but it also showed me alternative ways to solve it. I was horrible in math and science but now I have an a in both subjects. Thanks for the help🤍🤍
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
I found this app a couple years ago and it has only gotten better since then. I really love it because it can help with written questions and photo questions. Also, it can find study guides that other people have made as well as flashcard sets and practice tests. The free version is also amazing for students who might not be able to afford it. Would 100% recommend
Aubrey
iOS user
Best app if you're in Highschool or Junior high. I have been using this app for 2 school years and it's the best, it's good if you don't have anyone to help you with school work.😋🩷🎀
Marco B
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This app is phenomenal down to the correct info and the various topics you can study! I greatly recommend it for people who struggle with procrastination and those who need homework help. It has been perfectly accurate for world 1 history as far as I’ve seen! Geometry too!
Paul T
iOS user
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
I think it’s very much worth it and you’ll end up using it a lot once you get the hang of it and even after looking at others notes you can still ask your Artificial intelligence buddy the question and ask to simplify it if you still don’t get it!!! In the end I think it’s worth it 😊👍 ⚠️Also DID I MENTION ITS FREEE YOU DON’T HAVE TO PAY FOR ANYTHING AND STILL GET YOUR GRADES IN PERFECTLY❗️❗️⚠️
Thomas R
iOS user
Knowunity is the BEST app I’ve used in a minute. This is not an ai review or anything this is genuinely coming from a 7th grade student (I know 2011 im young) but dude this app is a 10/10 i have maintained a 3.8 gpa and have plenty of time for gaming. I love it and my mom is just happy I got good grades
Brad T
Android user
Not only did it help me find the answer but it also showed me alternative ways to solve it. I was horrible in math and science but now I have an a in both subjects. Thanks for the help🤍🤍
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
I found this app a couple years ago and it has only gotten better since then. I really love it because it can help with written questions and photo questions. Also, it can find study guides that other people have made as well as flashcard sets and practice tests. The free version is also amazing for students who might not be able to afford it. Would 100% recommend
Aubrey
iOS user
Best app if you're in Highschool or Junior high. I have been using this app for 2 school years and it's the best, it's good if you don't have anyone to help you with school work.😋🩷🎀
Marco B
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This app is phenomenal down to the correct info and the various topics you can study! I greatly recommend it for people who struggle with procrastination and those who need homework help. It has been perfectly accurate for world 1 history as far as I’ve seen! Geometry too!
Paul T
iOS user
Bethany Bispham
@bethanybispham_svoe
The law-making process in UK involves three key institutions working together to create and implement legislation, with distinct roles and responsibilities throughout the process.
Key points:
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
The law-making process in the UK follows a structured path known as the Parliamentary stages of a bill. This process ensures thorough scrutiny and debate of proposed legislation before it becomes law.
A bill can originate in either the House of Commons or the House of Lords and must be approved in identical form by both Houses before it can receive Royal Assent and become an Act of Parliament (law). The 7 steps of law-making in the UK are:
Highlight: If the two Houses disagree on the content of a bill, it may go back and forth between them until a consensus is reached. This process is known as "ping pong."
Example: The Committee stage of a Bill involves detailed examination of the proposed legislation by a smaller group of MPs or Lords, who may suggest amendments.
In addition to the parliamentary process, judges also play a role in shaping the law through two main processes:
Judicial Precedent, also known as common law, is based on the principle of following decisions made in previous similar cases. This system promotes certainty, consistency, and fairness in the legal system.
Definition: Binding precedent occurs when a decision made by a higher court automatically becomes binding for all lower courts in similar future cases.
There are exceptions to judicial precedent, including:
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
The case of R v R (1992) is a landmark example of how judicial decisions can change the law and societal norms. This case challenged the long-standing notion that a husband could not be guilty of raping his wife.
Key details of the case:
Quote: "The court upheld his convictions for attempted rape. There was no marital rape exception under English law, and this was a common law fiction that existed. The concept of irrevocable consent of a wife to her husband was classed as an unacceptable concept."
This case effectively abolished the marital rape exemption in England and Wales, marking a significant change in the law's approach to sexual offenses within marriage.
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
Statutory interpretation is another way judges can influence the law. This process involves interpreting the meaning of words in statutes (Acts of Parliament) and applying them to specific cases.
Judges use three main interpretation rules:
Example: In R v Maginnis (1987), a case involving illegal drugs, different judges had varying interpretations of the word 'supply'.
The Golden Rule: This allows the court to modify the literal meaning of a word if it creates an absurd result.
The Mischief Rule: (Not explicitly mentioned in the transcript, but commonly included as the third main rule of statutory interpretation)
These rules help judges navigate the complexities of applying written law to real-world situations, ensuring that the law remains relevant and just.
Highlight: Statutory interpretation plays a crucial role in adapting and applying laws to contemporary contexts, allowing the legal system to evolve without constant legislative changes.
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
Judges employ three main rules for interpreting statutes:
Definition: Statutory interpretation involves judges determining the meaning of written laws and applying them to cases.
The interpretation rules include:
Highlight: Different interpretations can arise from the same statutory language, as demonstrated in R v Maginnis (1987) regarding the word 'supply'.
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
Judges employ three main rules for interpreting statutes: the Literal Rule, the Golden Rule, and the Mischief Rule. These interpretation methods help apply written laws to specific cases.
Definition: The Literal Rule requires judges to use the everyday meaning of words in statutes.
Example: In R v Maginnis (1987), judges had different interpretations of the word 'supply' in a drug-related case.
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
The UK Parliament is the cornerstone of the British legislative system, comprising three key components: the House of Commons, the House of Lords, and the Monarchy. Each plays a distinct role in how laws are made in the UK.
The House of Commons is arguably the most influential part of Parliament, consisting of 650 elected Members of Parliament (MPs) representing constituencies across the country. These MPs are chosen during general elections, making the Commons the primary representative body of the people.
Highlight: The government is formed by the political party with the majority of MPs in the Commons, with the Prime Minister leading this party.
The House of Lords, on the other hand, serves as a crucial check and balance in the legislative process. It is composed of approximately 800 peers, including:
Definition: Life peers are individuals appointed to the House of Lords for their lifetime, but the position is not inherited by their descendants.
The main function of the Lords is to scrutinize and debate bills that have been approved by the House of Commons, ensuring thorough examination of proposed laws.
The Monarch's role in the legislative process is largely ceremonial, primarily providing Royal Assent to bills that have passed through both Houses of Parliament.
Vocabulary: Royal Assent is the formal approval given by the Monarch to a bill, transforming it into an Act of Parliament and thus into law.
The UK government, formed by the majority party in the Commons, is the primary source of new legislative proposals. These proposals, known as bills, must navigate a complex process before becoming law.
Example: Before a bill is formally introduced, the government may publish a Green Paper (a consultation document for policy proposals) or a White Paper (a more detailed policy document that may include a draft version of the bill).
Our AI companion is specifically built for the needs of students. Based on the millions of content pieces we have on the platform we can provide truly meaningful and relevant answers to students. But its not only about answers, the companion is even more about guiding students through their daily learning challenges, with personalised study plans, quizzes or content pieces in the chat and 100% personalisation based on the students skills and developments.
You can download the app in the Google Play Store and in the Apple App Store.
That's right! Enjoy free access to study content, connect with fellow students, and get instant help – all at your fingertips.
App Store
Google Play
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
I think it’s very much worth it and you’ll end up using it a lot once you get the hang of it and even after looking at others notes you can still ask your Artificial intelligence buddy the question and ask to simplify it if you still don’t get it!!! In the end I think it’s worth it 😊👍 ⚠️Also DID I MENTION ITS FREEE YOU DON’T HAVE TO PAY FOR ANYTHING AND STILL GET YOUR GRADES IN PERFECTLY❗️❗️⚠️
Thomas R
iOS user
Knowunity is the BEST app I’ve used in a minute. This is not an ai review or anything this is genuinely coming from a 7th grade student (I know 2011 im young) but dude this app is a 10/10 i have maintained a 3.8 gpa and have plenty of time for gaming. I love it and my mom is just happy I got good grades
Brad T
Android user
Not only did it help me find the answer but it also showed me alternative ways to solve it. I was horrible in math and science but now I have an a in both subjects. Thanks for the help🤍🤍
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
I found this app a couple years ago and it has only gotten better since then. I really love it because it can help with written questions and photo questions. Also, it can find study guides that other people have made as well as flashcard sets and practice tests. The free version is also amazing for students who might not be able to afford it. Would 100% recommend
Aubrey
iOS user
Best app if you're in Highschool or Junior high. I have been using this app for 2 school years and it's the best, it's good if you don't have anyone to help you with school work.😋🩷🎀
Marco B
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This app is phenomenal down to the correct info and the various topics you can study! I greatly recommend it for people who struggle with procrastination and those who need homework help. It has been perfectly accurate for world 1 history as far as I’ve seen! Geometry too!
Paul T
iOS user
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
I think it’s very much worth it and you’ll end up using it a lot once you get the hang of it and even after looking at others notes you can still ask your Artificial intelligence buddy the question and ask to simplify it if you still don’t get it!!! In the end I think it’s worth it 😊👍 ⚠️Also DID I MENTION ITS FREEE YOU DON’T HAVE TO PAY FOR ANYTHING AND STILL GET YOUR GRADES IN PERFECTLY❗️❗️⚠️
Thomas R
iOS user
Knowunity is the BEST app I’ve used in a minute. This is not an ai review or anything this is genuinely coming from a 7th grade student (I know 2011 im young) but dude this app is a 10/10 i have maintained a 3.8 gpa and have plenty of time for gaming. I love it and my mom is just happy I got good grades
Brad T
Android user
Not only did it help me find the answer but it also showed me alternative ways to solve it. I was horrible in math and science but now I have an a in both subjects. Thanks for the help🤍🤍
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
I found this app a couple years ago and it has only gotten better since then. I really love it because it can help with written questions and photo questions. Also, it can find study guides that other people have made as well as flashcard sets and practice tests. The free version is also amazing for students who might not be able to afford it. Would 100% recommend
Aubrey
iOS user
Best app if you're in Highschool or Junior high. I have been using this app for 2 school years and it's the best, it's good if you don't have anyone to help you with school work.😋🩷🎀
Marco B
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This app is phenomenal down to the correct info and the various topics you can study! I greatly recommend it for people who struggle with procrastination and those who need homework help. It has been perfectly accurate for world 1 history as far as I’ve seen! Geometry too!
Paul T
iOS user