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Criminology Unit 3 AC 3.1 - Validity Info, Quizlet, Questions & Answers

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Criminology Unit 3 AC 3.1 - Validity Info, Quizlet, Questions & Answers
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The Criminology Unit 3 AC 3.1 focuses on examining information for validity in crime scene investigations and courtroom proceedings. This unit explores various sources of information and their reliability in criminal justice processes.

Key points:

  • Validity refers to information that is true, correct, and legally authoritative
  • Sources examined include evidence, trial transcripts, media, court judgments, and law reports
  • Information is evaluated for bias, opinion, circumstances, currency, and accuracy
  • Types of evidence include eye-witness testimonies, expert evidence, and forensic/physical evidence
  • The Crown Prosecution Service (CPS) checks evidence for admissibility, reliability, and credibility

3/5/2023

2683

Overview of Information Validity in Criminology

This section introduces the concept of information validity in criminology, specifically for Unit 3 AC 3.1. It outlines the key sources of information that need to be examined for validity in criminal investigations and court proceedings.

Validity in criminology refers to information that is true, correct, and can be relied upon as having legal force and authority. The main sources of information that need to be examined include:

  1. Evidence
  2. Trial transcripts
  3. Media reports
  4. Court judgments
  5. Law reports

When assessing the validity of these information sources, they need to be examined for:

  1. Bias
  2. Opinion
  3. Circumstances
  4. Currency
  5. Accuracy

Definition: Validity in criminology refers to information that is true, correct, and has legal force and authority.

Highlight: The key aspects to examine for validity are bias, opinion, circumstances, currency, and accuracy of information.

CRIMINOLOGY UNIT 3: CRIME SCENE COURTROOM TO AC 3.1: Examine information for validity WHAT SOURCES OF INFORMATION DO I NEED TO LOOK AT? For

Expert Evidence

This section discusses the role and validity of expert evidence in criminal proceedings, highlighting its importance in complex cases and potential issues that can arise.

Expert witnesses play a crucial role in complex cases, often heavily influencing verdicts due to their ability to explain complex evidence to juries. Their evidence is generally considered credible and accurate due to their specialized knowledge.

Key points about expert evidence:

  1. Experts help juries make informed decisions in complex cases.
  2. Their opinions are often seen as highly credible and accurate.
  3. Relying too heavily on experts can lead to miscarriages of justice if their evidence is inaccurate or biased.
  4. Currency of information can be an issue if experts use outdated research.

Notable case: The cases of Sally Clarke, Angela Cannings, and Donna Anthony highlight the potential for miscarriages of justice when expert evidence is flawed. Sir Roy Meadow, an expert witness in these cases, provided inaccurate statistics that significantly influenced the verdicts.

Example: Sir Roy Meadow claimed that the chance of two cot deaths in one family was 1 in 73 million, which was later proven to be false and led to wrongful convictions.

Highlight: Expert witnesses are generally a valid source of evidence due to their high level of credibility and reliability, but it's important to recognize that they may not always be impartial.

CRIMINOLOGY UNIT 3: CRIME SCENE COURTROOM TO AC 3.1: Examine information for validity WHAT SOURCES OF INFORMATION DO I NEED TO LOOK AT? For

View

Eye-Witness Testimonies

This section examines the validity of eye-witness testimonies in criminal proceedings, highlighting potential issues and factors that can affect their reliability.

Eye-witness testimonies are often perceived as highly reliable by juries, significantly influencing verdicts. However, research indicates that these testimonies may not always be valid due to various factors:

  1. Time elapsed since the event
  2. Discussion of the event with others
  3. The way questions are asked in court
  4. Memory recall accuracy decreasing over time
  5. Potential bias or stereotypes influencing witness accounts
  6. Weapon focus affecting memory formation

Notable cases and research findings:

  • Loftus et al. found that eye-witness testimony can be impacted by various factors, including time and questioning methods.
  • The Damilola Taylor case highlighted issues with witness credibility.
  • Ronald Cotton's case demonstrated how inaccurate eye-witness identification can lead to wrongful convictions.

Example: In the Ronald Cotton case, an eye-witness incorrectly identified him in a lineup, leading to a false conviction for rape. DNA evidence later exonerated him.

Highlight: Many convictions based on eye-witness testimony have been overturned when more accurate evidence, such as DNA, has emerged.

CRIMINOLOGY UNIT 3: CRIME SCENE COURTROOM TO AC 3.1: Examine information for validity WHAT SOURCES OF INFORMATION DO I NEED TO LOOK AT? For

View

Forensic and Physical Evidence

This section introduces the concept of forensic and physical evidence in criminal investigations and court proceedings, highlighting its perceived objectivity and reliability.

Forensic and physical evidence is often viewed as unbiased and highly reliable in criminal cases. This type of evidence is tangible and based on scientific analysis, which contributes to its perceived objectivity.

Key points about forensic and physical evidence:

  1. It is considered less susceptible to bias compared to other forms of evidence.
  2. Scientific analysis provides a foundation for its reliability.
  3. It can include various types of physical evidence collected from crime scenes.

Vocabulary: Forensic evidence refers to physical evidence analyzed using scientific methods to aid in criminal investigations.

Highlight: The perceived objectivity of forensic evidence makes it a crucial component in many criminal cases.

CRIMINOLOGY UNIT 3: CRIME SCENE COURTROOM TO AC 3.1: Examine information for validity WHAT SOURCES OF INFORMATION DO I NEED TO LOOK AT? For

View

Evidence in Criminal Proceedings

This section discusses the role and validity of evidence in criminal court proceedings, focusing on the requirements set by the Crown Prosecution Service (CPS) for evidence to be considered valid.

Evidence plays a crucial role in criminal courts, with both prosecution and defense presenting their cases. The jury or magistrates are responsible for determining the validity of evidence when reaching a verdict. The CPS checks evidence before prosecution to ensure its validity.

Types of evidence that need to be examined for validity include:

  • Eye-witness testimonies
  • Expert evidence
  • Physical/forensic evidence

The CPS requires evidence to meet the following criteria:

  1. Admissible: Hearsay evidence and forced confessions are considered invalid by courts.
  2. Reliable: The accuracy of evidence, authenticity of documents, and honesty of witnesses are assessed.
  3. Credible: The believability of evidence in given circumstances is evaluated.

Vocabulary: Admissible evidence refers to evidence that is allowed to be presented in court.

Example: Hearsay evidence, such as a witness reporting what someone else told them about a crime, is generally not admissible in court.

CRIMINOLOGY UNIT 3: CRIME SCENE COURTROOM TO AC 3.1: Examine information for validity WHAT SOURCES OF INFORMATION DO I NEED TO LOOK AT? For

View

CRIMINOLOGY UNIT 3: CRIME SCENE COURTROOM TO AC 3.1: Examine information for validity WHAT SOURCES OF INFORMATION DO I NEED TO LOOK AT? For

View

CRIMINOLOGY UNIT 3: CRIME SCENE COURTROOM TO AC 3.1: Examine information for validity WHAT SOURCES OF INFORMATION DO I NEED TO LOOK AT? For

View

CRIMINOLOGY UNIT 3: CRIME SCENE COURTROOM TO AC 3.1: Examine information for validity WHAT SOURCES OF INFORMATION DO I NEED TO LOOK AT? For

View

CRIMINOLOGY UNIT 3: CRIME SCENE COURTROOM TO AC 3.1: Examine information for validity WHAT SOURCES OF INFORMATION DO I NEED TO LOOK AT? For

View

CRIMINOLOGY UNIT 3: CRIME SCENE COURTROOM TO AC 3.1: Examine information for validity WHAT SOURCES OF INFORMATION DO I NEED TO LOOK AT? For

View

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iOS User

I love this app so much [...] I recommend Knowunity to everyone!!! I went from a C to an A with it :D

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Subjects

/

Criminology

/

Overview

/

Overview

/

Secrets to get a good grade in this subject

/

Criminology Unit 3 AC 3.1 - Validity Info, Quizlet, Questions & Answers

View

Criminology Unit 3 AC 3.1 - Validity Info, Quizlet, Questions & Answers
user profile picture

Saffron

@saffron

·

3,092 Followers

Follow

Criminology Unit 3 AC 3.1 - Validity Info, Quizlet, Questions & Answers

The Criminology Unit 3 AC 3.1 focuses on examining information for validity in crime scene investigations and courtroom proceedings. This unit explores various sources of information and their reliability in criminal justice processes.

Key points:

  • Validity refers to information that is true, correct, and legally authoritative
  • Sources examined include evidence, trial transcripts, media, court judgments, and law reports
  • Information is evaluated for bias, opinion, circumstances, currency, and accuracy
  • Types of evidence include eye-witness testimonies, expert evidence, and forensic/physical evidence
  • The Crown Prosecution Service (CPS) checks evidence for admissibility, reliability, and credibility

3/5/2023

2683

Overview of Information Validity in Criminology

This section introduces the concept of information validity in criminology, specifically for Unit 3 AC 3.1. It outlines the key sources of information that need to be examined for validity in criminal investigations and court proceedings.

Validity in criminology refers to information that is true, correct, and can be relied upon as having legal force and authority. The main sources of information that need to be examined include:

  1. Evidence
  2. Trial transcripts
  3. Media reports
  4. Court judgments
  5. Law reports

When assessing the validity of these information sources, they need to be examined for:

  1. Bias
  2. Opinion
  3. Circumstances
  4. Currency
  5. Accuracy

Definition: Validity in criminology refers to information that is true, correct, and has legal force and authority.

Highlight: The key aspects to examine for validity are bias, opinion, circumstances, currency, and accuracy of information.

CRIMINOLOGY UNIT 3: CRIME SCENE COURTROOM TO AC 3.1: Examine information for validity WHAT SOURCES OF INFORMATION DO I NEED TO LOOK AT? For

Sign up

Sign up to get unlimited access to thousands of study materials. It's free!

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Join milions of students

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By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy

Expert Evidence

This section discusses the role and validity of expert evidence in criminal proceedings, highlighting its importance in complex cases and potential issues that can arise.

Expert witnesses play a crucial role in complex cases, often heavily influencing verdicts due to their ability to explain complex evidence to juries. Their evidence is generally considered credible and accurate due to their specialized knowledge.

Key points about expert evidence:

  1. Experts help juries make informed decisions in complex cases.
  2. Their opinions are often seen as highly credible and accurate.
  3. Relying too heavily on experts can lead to miscarriages of justice if their evidence is inaccurate or biased.
  4. Currency of information can be an issue if experts use outdated research.

Notable case: The cases of Sally Clarke, Angela Cannings, and Donna Anthony highlight the potential for miscarriages of justice when expert evidence is flawed. Sir Roy Meadow, an expert witness in these cases, provided inaccurate statistics that significantly influenced the verdicts.

Example: Sir Roy Meadow claimed that the chance of two cot deaths in one family was 1 in 73 million, which was later proven to be false and led to wrongful convictions.

Highlight: Expert witnesses are generally a valid source of evidence due to their high level of credibility and reliability, but it's important to recognize that they may not always be impartial.

CRIMINOLOGY UNIT 3: CRIME SCENE COURTROOM TO AC 3.1: Examine information for validity WHAT SOURCES OF INFORMATION DO I NEED TO LOOK AT? For

Sign up

Sign up to get unlimited access to thousands of study materials. It's free!

Access to all documents

Join milions of students

Improve your grades

By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy

Eye-Witness Testimonies

This section examines the validity of eye-witness testimonies in criminal proceedings, highlighting potential issues and factors that can affect their reliability.

Eye-witness testimonies are often perceived as highly reliable by juries, significantly influencing verdicts. However, research indicates that these testimonies may not always be valid due to various factors:

  1. Time elapsed since the event
  2. Discussion of the event with others
  3. The way questions are asked in court
  4. Memory recall accuracy decreasing over time
  5. Potential bias or stereotypes influencing witness accounts
  6. Weapon focus affecting memory formation

Notable cases and research findings:

  • Loftus et al. found that eye-witness testimony can be impacted by various factors, including time and questioning methods.
  • The Damilola Taylor case highlighted issues with witness credibility.
  • Ronald Cotton's case demonstrated how inaccurate eye-witness identification can lead to wrongful convictions.

Example: In the Ronald Cotton case, an eye-witness incorrectly identified him in a lineup, leading to a false conviction for rape. DNA evidence later exonerated him.

Highlight: Many convictions based on eye-witness testimony have been overturned when more accurate evidence, such as DNA, has emerged.

CRIMINOLOGY UNIT 3: CRIME SCENE COURTROOM TO AC 3.1: Examine information for validity WHAT SOURCES OF INFORMATION DO I NEED TO LOOK AT? For

Sign up

Sign up to get unlimited access to thousands of study materials. It's free!

Access to all documents

Join milions of students

Improve your grades

By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy

Forensic and Physical Evidence

This section introduces the concept of forensic and physical evidence in criminal investigations and court proceedings, highlighting its perceived objectivity and reliability.

Forensic and physical evidence is often viewed as unbiased and highly reliable in criminal cases. This type of evidence is tangible and based on scientific analysis, which contributes to its perceived objectivity.

Key points about forensic and physical evidence:

  1. It is considered less susceptible to bias compared to other forms of evidence.
  2. Scientific analysis provides a foundation for its reliability.
  3. It can include various types of physical evidence collected from crime scenes.

Vocabulary: Forensic evidence refers to physical evidence analyzed using scientific methods to aid in criminal investigations.

Highlight: The perceived objectivity of forensic evidence makes it a crucial component in many criminal cases.

CRIMINOLOGY UNIT 3: CRIME SCENE COURTROOM TO AC 3.1: Examine information for validity WHAT SOURCES OF INFORMATION DO I NEED TO LOOK AT? For

Sign up

Sign up to get unlimited access to thousands of study materials. It's free!

Access to all documents

Join milions of students

Improve your grades

By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy

Evidence in Criminal Proceedings

This section discusses the role and validity of evidence in criminal court proceedings, focusing on the requirements set by the Crown Prosecution Service (CPS) for evidence to be considered valid.

Evidence plays a crucial role in criminal courts, with both prosecution and defense presenting their cases. The jury or magistrates are responsible for determining the validity of evidence when reaching a verdict. The CPS checks evidence before prosecution to ensure its validity.

Types of evidence that need to be examined for validity include:

  • Eye-witness testimonies
  • Expert evidence
  • Physical/forensic evidence

The CPS requires evidence to meet the following criteria:

  1. Admissible: Hearsay evidence and forced confessions are considered invalid by courts.
  2. Reliable: The accuracy of evidence, authenticity of documents, and honesty of witnesses are assessed.
  3. Credible: The believability of evidence in given circumstances is evaluated.

Vocabulary: Admissible evidence refers to evidence that is allowed to be presented in court.

Example: Hearsay evidence, such as a witness reporting what someone else told them about a crime, is generally not admissible in court.

CRIMINOLOGY UNIT 3: CRIME SCENE COURTROOM TO AC 3.1: Examine information for validity WHAT SOURCES OF INFORMATION DO I NEED TO LOOK AT? For

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CRIMINOLOGY UNIT 3: CRIME SCENE COURTROOM TO AC 3.1: Examine information for validity WHAT SOURCES OF INFORMATION DO I NEED TO LOOK AT? For

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CRIMINOLOGY UNIT 3: CRIME SCENE COURTROOM TO AC 3.1: Examine information for validity WHAT SOURCES OF INFORMATION DO I NEED TO LOOK AT? For

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CRIMINOLOGY UNIT 3: CRIME SCENE COURTROOM TO AC 3.1: Examine information for validity WHAT SOURCES OF INFORMATION DO I NEED TO LOOK AT? For

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CRIMINOLOGY UNIT 3: CRIME SCENE COURTROOM TO AC 3.1: Examine information for validity WHAT SOURCES OF INFORMATION DO I NEED TO LOOK AT? For

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CRIMINOLOGY UNIT 3: CRIME SCENE COURTROOM TO AC 3.1: Examine information for validity WHAT SOURCES OF INFORMATION DO I NEED TO LOOK AT? For

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Knowunity is the # 1 ranked education app in five European countries

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Ranked #1 Education App

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Knowunity is the # 1 ranked education app in five European countries

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Students uploaded study notes

Still not sure? Look at what your fellow peers are saying...

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I love this app so much [...] I recommend Knowunity to everyone!!! I went from a C to an A with it :D

Stefan S, iOS User

The application is very simple and well designed. So far I have found what I was looking for :D

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Love this App ❤️, I use it basically all the time whenever I'm studying