Psychoanalysis and Operant Learning in Crime Control
This page explores the application of psychoanalytic and operant learning theories in developing crime control policies and rehabilitation programs for offenders.
Psychoanalysis in Offender Treatment
Psychoanalytic theory, based on Freud's work, has been used to inform some approaches to treating offenders. The theory posits that criminal behavior may result from a weak superego, which fails to curb selfish instincts.
Definition: The superego is the part of the personality that represents internalized moral standards and ideals.
Aichhorn applied psychoanalytic concepts to policies for young offenders, focusing on creating positive environments to develop the superego in those who lacked proper socialization.
Example: Aichhorn rejected harsh treatment of young offenders and instead provided a pleasant environment to foster superego development.
However, psychoanalysis has shown limited effectiveness in treating offenders:
- Studies indicate low success rates compared to other treatments
- It is costly and time-consuming, limiting large-scale implementation
- There are concerns about potential abuse of power by analysts in labeling normal/abnormal behavior
Operant Learning and Token Economies
Operant learning theory, or behaviorism, has been applied in prisons through token economies.
Definition: A token economy is a behavior modification program where desired behaviors are reinforced with tokens that can be exchanged for rewards.
How token economies work in prisons:
- Desirable behaviors are identified (e.g., obeying rules, positive interactions)
- Offenders earn tokens for exhibiting these behaviors
- Tokens can be exchanged for rewards like treats or phone calls
Highlight: Token economies use selective reinforcement to increase the likelihood of desired behaviors and decrease undesirable ones.
Effectiveness of token economies:
- Some studies show improved behavior while in prison
- Behavior changes may not persist after leaving prison
- Critics argue that withholding basic needs as part of the system violates human rights
Aversion Therapy and Eysenck's Theory
Aversion therapy, based on Eysenck's personality theory, has been used to treat sex offenders:
- Offenders are asked to think about unacceptable sexual fantasies
- An aversive stimulus (e.g., electric shock, nausea-inducing drug) is applied
- The process is repeated to create a negative association with deviant thoughts
Vocabulary: Aversive stimulus - An unpleasant or painful experience used to discourage a behavior.
Effectiveness of aversion therapy:
- Limited success, usually short-term
- Ethical concerns, especially regarding its historical use to "cure" homosexuality
