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J
James Darill G. Reginaldo
12/8/2025
Earth and Space Science
Earth Science Q1 11 STEM
49
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Dec 8, 2025
•
Exploring Earth Science for Grade 11 STEM: Q1 Insights
J
James Darill G. Reginaldo
@jamesdarillg.re
1 / 3
Weathering of Rocks
Weathering refers to the breaking down of large rock masses into smaller particles like pebbles, sand, clay, and even dust. These processes gradually transform solid rock into the materials that form soil and sediments.
Physical weathering (mechanical weathering) physically breaks rocks into smaller pieces without changing their composition. Frost wedging occurs when water seeps into rock cracks, freezes and expands, forcing the cracks to widen until the rock breaks apart. Abrasion happens when rocks collide with each other due to water currents or waves, wearing down sharp edges.
Other factors causing physical weathering include pressure release (when overlying materials erode, reducing pressure on rocks below), organic activity (plant roots growing into cracks), temperature changes (expansion and contraction), and human activities like quarrying.
💡 The next time you see rounded river rocks, remember they weren't always smooth—abrasion from constant movement against other rocks has worn away their sharp edges over time!
Chemical Weathering and Earth's Internal Heat
Chemical weathering actually changes the mineral composition of rocks through chemical reactions. This happens in response to Earth's surface conditions: low pressure, low temperature, and the presence of water and oxygen.
Three key chemical weathering processes include dissolution (where minerals like halite and calcite dissolve in water, forming features like stalactites), hydrolysis (when minerals react with water to form clay), and oxidation (when oxygen reacts with minerals, causing decomposition—like rusting).
Earth's interior is surprisingly hot—about 1000°C at the crust's base, 3500°C at the mantle's base, and an estimated 6000°C at Earth's center! This heat comes from two main sources: primordial heat (formed during Earth's early formation through impacts and accretion) and radioactive heat (generated by the decay of isotopes like K40, Th232, U235, and U238).
💡 Think of Earth like a giant onion with layers of different temperatures—the deeper you go, the hotter it gets!
Heat Transfer in Earth's Interior
Earth's internal heat doesn't stay in one place—it moves through different mechanisms that help redistribute energy throughout our planet's layers.
Radiation transfers energy through space at the speed of light. While it's the least important heat transfer method within Earth, radiation controls temperature exchange between the Sun and Earth's surface. This process affects surface temperatures that we experience daily.
Conduction occurs throughout Earth's solid portions, especially in the lithosphere. This process transfers heat when atoms or molecules collide with each other, allowing heat from Earth's core to gradually move toward the surface. It's similar to how a metal spoon heats up when placed in hot soup.
Convection happens in fluid materials like the molten outer core and mantle. This process creates slow-moving currents as hot material rises and cooler material sinks. These convection currents in the mantle actually drive the movement of tectonic plates on Earth's surface, affecting everything from earthquake activity to mountain formation.
💡 The same convection process that moves tectonic plates is similar to what you see when boiling water—hot material rises, cools, and then sinks back down in a continuous cycle!
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The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
I think it’s very much worth it and you’ll end up using it a lot once you get the hang of it and even after looking at others notes you can still ask your Artificial intelligence buddy the question and ask to simplify it if you still don’t get it!!! In the end I think it’s worth it 😊👍 ⚠️Also DID I MENTION ITS FREEE YOU DON’T HAVE TO PAY FOR ANYTHING AND STILL GET YOUR GRADES IN PERFECTLY❗️❗️⚠️
Thomas R
iOS user
Knowunity is the BEST app I’ve used in a minute. This is not an ai review or anything this is genuinely coming from a 7th grade student (I know 2011 im young) but dude this app is a 10/10 i have maintained a 3.8 gpa and have plenty of time for gaming. I love it and my mom is just happy I got good grades
Brad T
Android user
Not only did it help me find the answer but it also showed me alternative ways to solve it. I was horrible in math and science but now I have an a in both subjects. Thanks for the help🤍🤍
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
I found this app a couple years ago and it has only gotten better since then. I really love it because it can help with written questions and photo questions. Also, it can find study guides that other people have made as well as flashcard sets and practice tests. The free version is also amazing for students who might not be able to afford it. Would 100% recommend
Aubrey
iOS user
Best app if you're in Highschool or Junior high. I have been using this app for 2 school years and it's the best, it's good if you don't have anyone to help you with school work.😋🩷🎀
Marco B
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This app is phenomenal down to the correct info and the various topics you can study! I greatly recommend it for people who struggle with procrastination and those who need homework help. It has been perfectly accurate for world 1 history as far as I’ve seen! Geometry too!
Paul T
iOS user
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
I think it’s very much worth it and you’ll end up using it a lot once you get the hang of it and even after looking at others notes you can still ask your Artificial intelligence buddy the question and ask to simplify it if you still don’t get it!!! In the end I think it’s worth it 😊👍 ⚠️Also DID I MENTION ITS FREEE YOU DON’T HAVE TO PAY FOR ANYTHING AND STILL GET YOUR GRADES IN PERFECTLY❗️❗️⚠️
Thomas R
iOS user
Knowunity is the BEST app I’ve used in a minute. This is not an ai review or anything this is genuinely coming from a 7th grade student (I know 2011 im young) but dude this app is a 10/10 i have maintained a 3.8 gpa and have plenty of time for gaming. I love it and my mom is just happy I got good grades
Brad T
Android user
Not only did it help me find the answer but it also showed me alternative ways to solve it. I was horrible in math and science but now I have an a in both subjects. Thanks for the help🤍🤍
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
I found this app a couple years ago and it has only gotten better since then. I really love it because it can help with written questions and photo questions. Also, it can find study guides that other people have made as well as flashcard sets and practice tests. The free version is also amazing for students who might not be able to afford it. Would 100% recommend
Aubrey
iOS user
Best app if you're in Highschool or Junior high. I have been using this app for 2 school years and it's the best, it's good if you don't have anyone to help you with school work.😋🩷🎀
Marco B
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This app is phenomenal down to the correct info and the various topics you can study! I greatly recommend it for people who struggle with procrastination and those who need homework help. It has been perfectly accurate for world 1 history as far as I’ve seen! Geometry too!
Paul T
iOS user
Exploring Earth Science for Grade 11 STEM: Q1 Insights
J
James Darill G. Reginaldo
@jamesdarillg.re
Weathering is the breakdown of rocks into smaller pieces through various natural processes. This vital Earth Science concept explains how mountains, cliffs, and landscapes change over time, and connects to larger geological cycles that shape our planet's surface.
Weathering of Rocks
Weathering refers to the breaking down of large rock masses into smaller particles like pebbles, sand, clay, and even dust. These processes gradually transform solid rock into the materials that form soil and sediments.
Physical weathering (mechanical weathering) physically breaks rocks into smaller pieces without changing their composition. Frost wedging occurs when water seeps into rock cracks, freezes and expands, forcing the cracks to widen until the rock breaks apart. Abrasion happens when rocks collide with each other due to water currents or waves, wearing down sharp edges.
Other factors causing physical weathering include pressure release (when overlying materials erode, reducing pressure on rocks below), organic activity (plant roots growing into cracks), temperature changes (expansion and contraction), and human activities like quarrying.
💡 The next time you see rounded river rocks, remember they weren't always smooth—abrasion from constant movement against other rocks has worn away their sharp edges over time!
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Chemical Weathering and Earth's Internal Heat
Chemical weathering actually changes the mineral composition of rocks through chemical reactions. This happens in response to Earth's surface conditions: low pressure, low temperature, and the presence of water and oxygen.
Three key chemical weathering processes include dissolution (where minerals like halite and calcite dissolve in water, forming features like stalactites), hydrolysis (when minerals react with water to form clay), and oxidation (when oxygen reacts with minerals, causing decomposition—like rusting).
Earth's interior is surprisingly hot—about 1000°C at the crust's base, 3500°C at the mantle's base, and an estimated 6000°C at Earth's center! This heat comes from two main sources: primordial heat (formed during Earth's early formation through impacts and accretion) and radioactive heat (generated by the decay of isotopes like K40, Th232, U235, and U238).
💡 Think of Earth like a giant onion with layers of different temperatures—the deeper you go, the hotter it gets!
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Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
Heat Transfer in Earth's Interior
Earth's internal heat doesn't stay in one place—it moves through different mechanisms that help redistribute energy throughout our planet's layers.
Radiation transfers energy through space at the speed of light. While it's the least important heat transfer method within Earth, radiation controls temperature exchange between the Sun and Earth's surface. This process affects surface temperatures that we experience daily.
Conduction occurs throughout Earth's solid portions, especially in the lithosphere. This process transfers heat when atoms or molecules collide with each other, allowing heat from Earth's core to gradually move toward the surface. It's similar to how a metal spoon heats up when placed in hot soup.
Convection happens in fluid materials like the molten outer core and mantle. This process creates slow-moving currents as hot material rises and cooler material sinks. These convection currents in the mantle actually drive the movement of tectonic plates on Earth's surface, affecting everything from earthquake activity to mountain formation.
💡 The same convection process that moves tectonic plates is similar to what you see when boiling water—hot material rises, cools, and then sinks back down in a continuous cycle!
We thought you’d never ask...
What is the Knowunity AI companion?
Our AI companion is specifically built for the needs of students. Based on the millions of content pieces we have on the platform we can provide truly meaningful and relevant answers to students. But its not only about answers, the companion is even more about guiding students through their daily learning challenges, with personalised study plans, quizzes or content pieces in the chat and 100% personalisation based on the students skills and developments.
Where can I download the Knowunity app?
You can download the app in the Google Play Store and in the Apple App Store.
Is Knowunity really free of charge?
That's right! Enjoy free access to study content, connect with fellow students, and get instant help – all at your fingertips.
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4.8/5
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The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
I think it’s very much worth it and you’ll end up using it a lot once you get the hang of it and even after looking at others notes you can still ask your Artificial intelligence buddy the question and ask to simplify it if you still don’t get it!!! In the end I think it’s worth it 😊👍 ⚠️Also DID I MENTION ITS FREEE YOU DON’T HAVE TO PAY FOR ANYTHING AND STILL GET YOUR GRADES IN PERFECTLY❗️❗️⚠️
Thomas R
iOS user
Knowunity is the BEST app I’ve used in a minute. This is not an ai review or anything this is genuinely coming from a 7th grade student (I know 2011 im young) but dude this app is a 10/10 i have maintained a 3.8 gpa and have plenty of time for gaming. I love it and my mom is just happy I got good grades
Brad T
Android user
Not only did it help me find the answer but it also showed me alternative ways to solve it. I was horrible in math and science but now I have an a in both subjects. Thanks for the help🤍🤍
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
I found this app a couple years ago and it has only gotten better since then. I really love it because it can help with written questions and photo questions. Also, it can find study guides that other people have made as well as flashcard sets and practice tests. The free version is also amazing for students who might not be able to afford it. Would 100% recommend
Aubrey
iOS user
Best app if you're in Highschool or Junior high. I have been using this app for 2 school years and it's the best, it's good if you don't have anyone to help you with school work.😋🩷🎀
Marco B
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This app is phenomenal down to the correct info and the various topics you can study! I greatly recommend it for people who struggle with procrastination and those who need homework help. It has been perfectly accurate for world 1 history as far as I’ve seen! Geometry too!
Paul T
iOS user
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
I think it’s very much worth it and you’ll end up using it a lot once you get the hang of it and even after looking at others notes you can still ask your Artificial intelligence buddy the question and ask to simplify it if you still don’t get it!!! In the end I think it’s worth it 😊👍 ⚠️Also DID I MENTION ITS FREEE YOU DON’T HAVE TO PAY FOR ANYTHING AND STILL GET YOUR GRADES IN PERFECTLY❗️❗️⚠️
Thomas R
iOS user
Knowunity is the BEST app I’ve used in a minute. This is not an ai review or anything this is genuinely coming from a 7th grade student (I know 2011 im young) but dude this app is a 10/10 i have maintained a 3.8 gpa and have plenty of time for gaming. I love it and my mom is just happy I got good grades
Brad T
Android user
Not only did it help me find the answer but it also showed me alternative ways to solve it. I was horrible in math and science but now I have an a in both subjects. Thanks for the help🤍🤍
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
I found this app a couple years ago and it has only gotten better since then. I really love it because it can help with written questions and photo questions. Also, it can find study guides that other people have made as well as flashcard sets and practice tests. The free version is also amazing for students who might not be able to afford it. Would 100% recommend
Aubrey
iOS user
Best app if you're in Highschool or Junior high. I have been using this app for 2 school years and it's the best, it's good if you don't have anyone to help you with school work.😋🩷🎀
Marco B
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This app is phenomenal down to the correct info and the various topics you can study! I greatly recommend it for people who struggle with procrastination and those who need homework help. It has been perfectly accurate for world 1 history as far as I’ve seen! Geometry too!
Paul T
iOS user