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Kyara Patterson
11/16/2025
Earth and Space Science
Marine Science Seafloors
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Nov 16, 2025
•
Dive into Earth's fascinating structure and dynamic systems that shape... Show more
The Earth's outer layer, called the lithosphere, sits on top of the plastic-like asthenosphere and is constantly on the move. While scientists once believed in the Land Bridge theory (connecting all continents), German geophysicist Alfred Wegner challenged this with his revolutionary "Continental Drift" theory.
Today, we understand that plate tectonics explains how Earth's surface is covered by crustal plates that spread from centers, sink at edges, and continuously regenerate. These plates interact at boundaries in three main ways: divergent boundaries where plates pull apart creating ridges, convergent boundaries where plates collide forming mountains and volcanoes, and transform boundaries where plates slide against each other.
The ocean floor features incredible formations like the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, the world's longest mountain range stretching from Greenland to the Indian Ocean. When oceanic plates bend under continental plates (subduction), they create deep trenches and the "Ring of Fire" - a zone of intense volcanic activity around the Pacific Ocean.
Fun Fact: The deepest part of the ocean is found in a trench formed by plate tectonics! The Mariana Trench plunges nearly 36,000 feet below sea level - deeper than Mount Everest is tall!
Other fascinating ocean features include seamounts (underwater mountains), atolls , abyssal plains (flat deep ocean floors), and submarine canyons (steep valleys on the continental slope). These features connect to the continental shelf - the relatively shallow seabed surrounding continents.
When you step off the continental shelf, you'll encounter the steep continental slope that descends into the deep ocean, followed by the continental rise that gradually connects to the abyssal plain. This underwater landscape is part of Earth's vast ocean coverage - a whopping 71% of our planet is covered in liquid water!
Earth's oceans are divided into five main bodies: the Pacific (deepest point: Mariana Trench at 36,163 ft), Atlantic (Puerto Rico Trench at 28,233 ft), Indian (Java Trench at 25,344 ft), Arctic (Molloy Deep at 18,400 ft), and Southern oceans. Each has unique features and depths that scientists continue to explore.
To understand these oceans, we need to know about Earth's internal structure. Our planet has three main layers: the core (innermost 29% of Earth's volume), the mantle (middle 70%), and the crust (thin outermost layer). The core itself has a solid inner core surrounded by a liquid outer core, where swirling iron-rich material likely creates Earth's magnetic field.
Did you know? The continental crust you're standing on is different from oceanic crust! Continental crust is less dense and "floats" higher on the mantle, which is why land rises above sea level while the denser oceanic crust sits lower.
The mantle connects the core to the crust and has lower (hotter) and upper (cooler) sections. Finally, the thin crust comes in two types: continental crust (making up continents and mountains) and oceanic crust (forming the ocean floor). This difference in density explains why oceans exist where they do!
Our AI companion is specifically built for the needs of students. Based on the millions of content pieces we have on the platform we can provide truly meaningful and relevant answers to students. But its not only about answers, the companion is even more about guiding students through their daily learning challenges, with personalised study plans, quizzes or content pieces in the chat and 100% personalisation based on the students skills and developments.
You can download the app in the Google Play Store and in the Apple App Store.
That's right! Enjoy free access to study content, connect with fellow students, and get instant help – all at your fingertips.
App Store
Google Play
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
I think it’s very much worth it and you’ll end up using it a lot once you get the hang of it and even after looking at others notes you can still ask your Artificial intelligence buddy the question and ask to simplify it if you still don’t get it!!! In the end I think it’s worth it 😊👍 ⚠️Also DID I MENTION ITS FREEE YOU DON’T HAVE TO PAY FOR ANYTHING AND STILL GET YOUR GRADES IN PERFECTLY❗️❗️⚠️
Thomas R
iOS user
Knowunity is the BEST app I’ve used in a minute. This is not an ai review or anything this is genuinely coming from a 7th grade student (I know 2011 im young) but dude this app is a 10/10 i have maintained a 3.8 gpa and have plenty of time for gaming. I love it and my mom is just happy I got good grades
Brad T
Android user
Not only did it help me find the answer but it also showed me alternative ways to solve it. I was horrible in math and science but now I have an a in both subjects. Thanks for the help🤍🤍
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
I found this app a couple years ago and it has only gotten better since then. I really love it because it can help with written questions and photo questions. Also, it can find study guides that other people have made as well as flashcard sets and practice tests. The free version is also amazing for students who might not be able to afford it. Would 100% recommend
Aubrey
iOS user
Best app if you're in Highschool or Junior high. I have been using this app for 2 school years and it's the best, it's good if you don't have anyone to help you with school work.😋🩷🎀
Marco B
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This app is phenomenal down to the correct info and the various topics you can study! I greatly recommend it for people who struggle with procrastination and those who need homework help. It has been perfectly accurate for world 1 history as far as I’ve seen! Geometry too!
Paul T
iOS user
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
I think it’s very much worth it and you’ll end up using it a lot once you get the hang of it and even after looking at others notes you can still ask your Artificial intelligence buddy the question and ask to simplify it if you still don’t get it!!! In the end I think it’s worth it 😊👍 ⚠️Also DID I MENTION ITS FREEE YOU DON’T HAVE TO PAY FOR ANYTHING AND STILL GET YOUR GRADES IN PERFECTLY❗️❗️⚠️
Thomas R
iOS user
Knowunity is the BEST app I’ve used in a minute. This is not an ai review or anything this is genuinely coming from a 7th grade student (I know 2011 im young) but dude this app is a 10/10 i have maintained a 3.8 gpa and have plenty of time for gaming. I love it and my mom is just happy I got good grades
Brad T
Android user
Not only did it help me find the answer but it also showed me alternative ways to solve it. I was horrible in math and science but now I have an a in both subjects. Thanks for the help🤍🤍
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
I found this app a couple years ago and it has only gotten better since then. I really love it because it can help with written questions and photo questions. Also, it can find study guides that other people have made as well as flashcard sets and practice tests. The free version is also amazing for students who might not be able to afford it. Would 100% recommend
Aubrey
iOS user
Best app if you're in Highschool or Junior high. I have been using this app for 2 school years and it's the best, it's good if you don't have anyone to help you with school work.😋🩷🎀
Marco B
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This app is phenomenal down to the correct info and the various topics you can study! I greatly recommend it for people who struggle with procrastination and those who need homework help. It has been perfectly accurate for world 1 history as far as I’ve seen! Geometry too!
Paul T
iOS user
Dive into Earth's fascinating structure and dynamic systems that shape our planet's surface. From continental drift to ocean depths, understanding these geological features helps us see how our world is constantly changing beneath our feet.
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The Earth's outer layer, called the lithosphere, sits on top of the plastic-like asthenosphere and is constantly on the move. While scientists once believed in the Land Bridge theory (connecting all continents), German geophysicist Alfred Wegner challenged this with his revolutionary "Continental Drift" theory.
Today, we understand that plate tectonics explains how Earth's surface is covered by crustal plates that spread from centers, sink at edges, and continuously regenerate. These plates interact at boundaries in three main ways: divergent boundaries where plates pull apart creating ridges, convergent boundaries where plates collide forming mountains and volcanoes, and transform boundaries where plates slide against each other.
The ocean floor features incredible formations like the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, the world's longest mountain range stretching from Greenland to the Indian Ocean. When oceanic plates bend under continental plates (subduction), they create deep trenches and the "Ring of Fire" - a zone of intense volcanic activity around the Pacific Ocean.
Fun Fact: The deepest part of the ocean is found in a trench formed by plate tectonics! The Mariana Trench plunges nearly 36,000 feet below sea level - deeper than Mount Everest is tall!
Other fascinating ocean features include seamounts (underwater mountains), atolls , abyssal plains (flat deep ocean floors), and submarine canyons (steep valleys on the continental slope). These features connect to the continental shelf - the relatively shallow seabed surrounding continents.
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
When you step off the continental shelf, you'll encounter the steep continental slope that descends into the deep ocean, followed by the continental rise that gradually connects to the abyssal plain. This underwater landscape is part of Earth's vast ocean coverage - a whopping 71% of our planet is covered in liquid water!
Earth's oceans are divided into five main bodies: the Pacific (deepest point: Mariana Trench at 36,163 ft), Atlantic (Puerto Rico Trench at 28,233 ft), Indian (Java Trench at 25,344 ft), Arctic (Molloy Deep at 18,400 ft), and Southern oceans. Each has unique features and depths that scientists continue to explore.
To understand these oceans, we need to know about Earth's internal structure. Our planet has three main layers: the core (innermost 29% of Earth's volume), the mantle (middle 70%), and the crust (thin outermost layer). The core itself has a solid inner core surrounded by a liquid outer core, where swirling iron-rich material likely creates Earth's magnetic field.
Did you know? The continental crust you're standing on is different from oceanic crust! Continental crust is less dense and "floats" higher on the mantle, which is why land rises above sea level while the denser oceanic crust sits lower.
The mantle connects the core to the crust and has lower (hotter) and upper (cooler) sections. Finally, the thin crust comes in two types: continental crust (making up continents and mountains) and oceanic crust (forming the ocean floor). This difference in density explains why oceans exist where they do!
Our AI companion is specifically built for the needs of students. Based on the millions of content pieces we have on the platform we can provide truly meaningful and relevant answers to students. But its not only about answers, the companion is even more about guiding students through their daily learning challenges, with personalised study plans, quizzes or content pieces in the chat and 100% personalisation based on the students skills and developments.
You can download the app in the Google Play Store and in the Apple App Store.
That's right! Enjoy free access to study content, connect with fellow students, and get instant help – all at your fingertips.
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this lesson contains a summarized lesson regarding the origin and structures of the earthnas well as its 4 subsystems.
Earth and Space Sciencea study notes about magma and the process of magmatism
Earth and Space ScienceThis talks about the earth's interior, earth's composition and earth's mechanism.
Earth and Space ScienceThis talks about the atmosphere, layers of the atmosphere, climate and weather, hydrosphere, lithosphere and theories about changes in the earth's atmosphere.
Earth and Space ScienceThis talks about motion, work, energy and power and fluids motion.
Earth and Space ScienceThis talks about the bigbang theory, formation of solar system, plate tectonics , active and non-active volcanoes and earthquakes.
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The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
I think it’s very much worth it and you’ll end up using it a lot once you get the hang of it and even after looking at others notes you can still ask your Artificial intelligence buddy the question and ask to simplify it if you still don’t get it!!! In the end I think it’s worth it 😊👍 ⚠️Also DID I MENTION ITS FREEE YOU DON’T HAVE TO PAY FOR ANYTHING AND STILL GET YOUR GRADES IN PERFECTLY❗️❗️⚠️
Thomas R
iOS user
Knowunity is the BEST app I’ve used in a minute. This is not an ai review or anything this is genuinely coming from a 7th grade student (I know 2011 im young) but dude this app is a 10/10 i have maintained a 3.8 gpa and have plenty of time for gaming. I love it and my mom is just happy I got good grades
Brad T
Android user
Not only did it help me find the answer but it also showed me alternative ways to solve it. I was horrible in math and science but now I have an a in both subjects. Thanks for the help🤍🤍
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
I found this app a couple years ago and it has only gotten better since then. I really love it because it can help with written questions and photo questions. Also, it can find study guides that other people have made as well as flashcard sets and practice tests. The free version is also amazing for students who might not be able to afford it. Would 100% recommend
Aubrey
iOS user
Best app if you're in Highschool or Junior high. I have been using this app for 2 school years and it's the best, it's good if you don't have anyone to help you with school work.😋🩷🎀
Marco B
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This app is phenomenal down to the correct info and the various topics you can study! I greatly recommend it for people who struggle with procrastination and those who need homework help. It has been perfectly accurate for world 1 history as far as I’ve seen! Geometry too!
Paul T
iOS user
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
I think it’s very much worth it and you’ll end up using it a lot once you get the hang of it and even after looking at others notes you can still ask your Artificial intelligence buddy the question and ask to simplify it if you still don’t get it!!! In the end I think it’s worth it 😊👍 ⚠️Also DID I MENTION ITS FREEE YOU DON’T HAVE TO PAY FOR ANYTHING AND STILL GET YOUR GRADES IN PERFECTLY❗️❗️⚠️
Thomas R
iOS user
Knowunity is the BEST app I’ve used in a minute. This is not an ai review or anything this is genuinely coming from a 7th grade student (I know 2011 im young) but dude this app is a 10/10 i have maintained a 3.8 gpa and have plenty of time for gaming. I love it and my mom is just happy I got good grades
Brad T
Android user
Not only did it help me find the answer but it also showed me alternative ways to solve it. I was horrible in math and science but now I have an a in both subjects. Thanks for the help🤍🤍
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
I found this app a couple years ago and it has only gotten better since then. I really love it because it can help with written questions and photo questions. Also, it can find study guides that other people have made as well as flashcard sets and practice tests. The free version is also amazing for students who might not be able to afford it. Would 100% recommend
Aubrey
iOS user
Best app if you're in Highschool or Junior high. I have been using this app for 2 school years and it's the best, it's good if you don't have anyone to help you with school work.😋🩷🎀
Marco B
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This app is phenomenal down to the correct info and the various topics you can study! I greatly recommend it for people who struggle with procrastination and those who need homework help. It has been perfectly accurate for world 1 history as far as I’ve seen! Geometry too!
Paul T
iOS user
