Refracting microscopes use a lens to focus light, and reflecting telescopes use a mirror to focus light (usually 2 mirrors)

	Understand the differences between refracting and reflecting telescopes

Refracting: Used to view wide fields if view (stars, galaxies)
Reflecting: Has tighter field of view, getting close up of deep space objects, used to explore the electromagnetic spectrum 

Understand when to use refracting and reflecting telescopes

Radio waves can transmit sound and images

Hubble: Visible light and some frequencies of UV and IR
James Webb: Infrared (near and mid wavelengths)
Spitzer: Infrared

Know what kind on EM waves the Hubble, James Webb, and Spitzer telescopes collect

Hubble: 1990
James Webb: 2021
Spitzer: 2003

Know the relative dates of the EM  the Hubble, James Webb, and Spitzer telescopes

This is because the wavelengths of radio waves are long. If they have to go through too many obstacles they get distorted due to diffraction, reflection, and absorption

Understand why radio telescopes need open areas to collect information

Understanding space more can help us understand Earth better. Many projects are being held on Mars to see the effects of climate change. This can also help us map the weather and prepare for natural disasters. Etc….

Explain why space telescopes are important and what there impacts are

Orbiter: This fly into the orbit of a planet or a moon and are also a satellite
Lander: These land on planet/moon surfaces. They can sometimes carry rovers. 
Flyby: To scout out far away objects and to make a cheaper and faster way to observe space.

Understand the 3 different types of space probes and their different uses

A satellite is a smaller object that orbits around a larger object

Examples: The moon, artificial satellites, orbiter

Know what a satellite is and give examples

Rockets happen by burning fuel inside the rocket and and thus thrusting it against gravity

		Explain the importance of rockets and have a brief understanding of how they work

Space transportation systems allow us to move cargo and people around space. It is also reusable. Transportation systems are connected with a space shuttle and aid space shuttles on where they need to go.

Explain the importance of space transportation systems and have a brief understanding of how they work

The International Space station studies the effect of microgravity on plants and people.

Understand the research on the ISS testing microgravity

JFK challenged the Apollo project. This resulted in us landing on the moon with the Apollo 11 mission in 1969.

Be able to explain the Apollo Project, who challenged it, and what it resulted in

Astrobiology is the study of life outside of Earth. By studying planets like Mars, you can study what past life may have looked like and what caused its possible demise. You can also study planets with similar atmospheres and extraterrestrials.

Understand how astrobiology helps us know more about the conditions of Earth

The Earth moves via rotation on its axis and revolution around the sun

Explain the two ways that Earth moves in space.

	•	Day and night: The rotation of the Earth (24 hours)
	•	Seasons: The tilt of the Earth (23.5o) and the revolution around the sun
	•	Years:Revolution of the Earth around the sun

	1	Explain in detail what causes the following:
	•	Day and night:
•Seasons: Years:

Solstices: Winter and Summer
Equinox: Autumn and Spring

Describe the solstices and equinoxes and how they affect the seasons in BOTH hemispheres.

This is in reference to the Northern Hemisphere. For the Summer Hemisphere everything would be flipped.

Summer: Majority of Sun’s rays hitting the tropic of Cancer
Winter: Majority of Sun’s rays hitting the tropic of capricorn
Autumn/Spring: Majority of Sun’s rays hitting the equator

	1	Label the Tropic of Cancer, Tropic of Capricorn, and Equator on the Earth. Understand how they relate to the seasons.

Summer: June 21st, longest day of the year/shortest night
Winter: December 21st, shortest day of the year/longest night
Autumn/Spring: Equal night and day (12 hours)

Know the approximate dates and lengths of days for the solstices and the equinoxes. 

1st Law: The planets revolve in orbits
2nd Law: The Sun is one of the focus points of the ellipse. A planet moves faster when it is closest to the sun and slowest when it is furthest from the sun.

The equation for eccentricity is e=ca 
e:eccentricity
c: is the distance from the center to the focus point
a: is the semi-major axis (from the center to the perihelion or aphelion)

Be able to calculate eccentricity (you will be given the equation but you need to know what each letter means)

In reference to the northern hemisphere

The closer the Earth is to the Sun the faster it orbits. This means during the winter months the Earth is moving its fastest.
The further the Earth is to the Sun the slower it moves. This means that the Sun moves slowest during the Summer months.

Understand the relationship between Earth’s distance from the sun and the seasons/speed of revolution

The shape of the orbits is an ellipse because the Sun is one of the focus points.

Label the sun in an ellipse as well as the perihelion and aphelion

In reference to the northern hemisphere

The closer the Earth is to the Sun the faster it orbits. This means during the winter months the Earth is moving its fastest and when it is at the perihelion
The further the Earth is to the Sun the slower it moves. This means that the Sun moves slowest during the Summer months and when it is at the aphelion

Explain the relationship between the seasons, perihelion, aphelion, and the speed of orbit

We have moon phases due to the relative positions of the moon, sun and the Earth. The moon is illuminated because of the Sun.

This is because the time for the moon’s revolution and rotation are almost the same
27 days	: 29.5 days

Understand why we have the dark side of the moon•	Know the time for the Moon’s rotation:
Know the time for the Moon’s revolution

Be able to look at a picture and determine the Moon phase

Waning means losing wich happens after a full moon
Waxing is gaining wich happens after a new moon

When a celestial body casts a shadow on another celestial body

In a lunar eclipse the Earth casts a shadow on the moon. This happens during a full moon and has a larger umbra than a solar eclipse. Anywhere where it is night time they will be in the umbra of a lunar eclipse.                    In a solar eclipse the moon casts a shadow on Earth. This has a very small umbra and a bigger penumbra. Solar eclipses happen during the daytime

Know the difference between a Lunar and Solar Eclipse

A total solar eclipse is when you are in the umbra of either a solar/lunar eclipse. A partial solar eclipse occurs when you are in the penumbra of a solar/lunar eclipse.

	1	Understand the difference between a partial and total solar eclipse

Umbra: Area where there is a complete shadow and a total solar eclipse can be seen
Penumbra: Area where there is a partial shadow and a partial solar eclipse can be seen

Know and define the terms umbra and penumbra

Lunar eclipse: Happens during a full moon
Solar Eclipse:Happens during s new moon

Know what Moon phases are happening during specific eclipses

This is because the moons orbit is 5 degrees off of the Earth’s orbit

Understand why we do not have eclipses every month

Tides occur because of the gravitational pull of the sun and moon on the Earth
The moon provides the strongest gravitational pull because it is closer to the Earth, the Sun still provides a gravitational pull because of its large mass. 

Understand why tides occur and what forces are acting on them

A spring tide is when there is the highest difference between low and high tides. This happens because the Sun, moon, and the Earth are completely lined up. 

Neap tides occur when the Sun cancels out a part of the moon's pull on the Earth. This results in lower high tides and higher low tides.

Know the difference between a spring and a neap tide

Due to Earth’s rotation we have 2 high/low tides a day. The Moon pulls on the water of the Earth as well as the Earth itself. This causes tidal building on either side of the moon. 

Know why we have 2 high tides and 2 low tides a day

Neap tides occur during the 1st and last/third quarter moons.

Spring tides occur at both lunar/solar eclipses and full/new moon phases.

Relate tides with moon phases and eclipses

Newton’s Law of Universal Gravitation explains why objects in space move the way they do. It governs everything from planetary orbits to the motion of galaxies, ensuring that celestial bodies interact through the fundamental force of gravity.

Explain the Law of Universal Gravitation and its role on how objects move in space (think about orbits).  Include the following in your explanation

Distance: Inverse relationship the greater the distance the smaller the pull of gravity
Mass: Direct relationship, the larger the mass the stronger the pull of gravity

	•	What are the two factors that affect gravity, and how do they work?

Geocentric (384-322 BCE): Earth is in the middle of the solar system
Heliocentric: The sun is in the middle of the solar system

Know the difference between geocentric and heliocentric 

Geocentric:
	1	Aristotle: Earth at the center, everything orbits in perfect circles
	2	Ptolemy (140 CE/AD): Earth is at the center

Heliocentric:
	1	Aristarchus (310-230 BCE): Presented first known model with the sun in the center
	2	Galileo(late 1500s - early 1600s): Offered proof to Copernicus’ heliocentric model. 
	3	Copernicus (1473-1543): Sun is at the center but everything still moves in perfect circles
	4	Kepler
	5	Newton

Understand what specific scientists added to geocentric and heliocentric 

Comets have a highly elliptical orbit, they are found in the Kuiper belt and the Oort cloud. They have long tails and are made up of gas, ice and dust. 

Asteroids are found in the asteroid belt, and are made out of rocky materials

	1	Know the difference between comets and asteroids and where to find them

Meteoroids, meteors, and meteorites are all small pieces of asteroids and comets

Meteors (shooting stars) are when meteoroids enter Earth’s atmosphere
Meteorites are meteors that reach the Earth’s surface. (Space Rock)

Understand the differences between meteors, meteoroids, and meteorites

Using your notes know the basic timeline of how our solar system was created

The inner planets are made of heavier elements 
The outer planets are made of the majority Hydrogen and Helium (lighter elements)

Know why the planets are arranged they are

kuiper belt- after neptune. asteroid belt- after mars oort cloud- after kuiper belt

	1	Label the planets, Kuiper belt, Oort cloud, and asteroid belt on a diagram

	1	The core: this is where nuclear fusion occurs (H+H=He)
	2	Radiative Zone: This is where the gamma rays from the nuclear fusion travel through (very dense)
	3	Convection Zone: This is the outer layer of the Sun and where convection occurs. 
	4	Photosphere: The first layer of the Sun’s atmosphere and the innermost visible part of the Sun
	5	Chromosphere: Reddish middle layer of the Sun’s atmosphere
	6	Corona: Outermost layer of the Sun’s atmosphere, seen during a solar eclipse 

Be able to label the layers of the sun and layers of the Sun’s atmosphere and what is going on in each

Where 2 elements combine to form a larger nucleus. This happens in places of intense temperature and pressure (the Sun’s core)

Know what nuclear fusion is and where it is happening

Understand the differences between sunspots, prominences, solar flares, and solar winds

Hydrogen and Helium due to nuclear fusion

Know the chemical makeup of our Sun and why

the Sun makes all kinds of energy, but most of what reaches Earth is visible light, infrared (heat), and some ultraviolet rays.

Relate the EM spectrum with the Sun’s layers

Size (diameter), luminosity, temperature, composition type

Understand how color of a star is related to the temperature of a star (know the approximate ranges)

The larger the star the shorter the lifespan (inverse)

	Know the correlation between size of star and life span of star

Be able to read and take information from a Hertzsprung Russell diagram

A star in its stable phase in life, nuclear fusion is still occurring in its core

the distance between light can travel in a year

Apparent brightness is how bright a star appears to be in Earth, absolute brightness is the actual brightness of a star regardless of distance

Be able to differentiate between apparent brightness and absolute brightness

Each element emits a difference frequency of EM wave, spectrographs map these EM waves

Understand how spectrographs help us find the chemical composition of stars

all stars start out as nevulas and protostars 

The very beginning of a star where a nuclear fusion is initiating

small stars live longer because they dont produce as much fuel as larger stars might need

Know how long a small, medium, or large will live and why

	1	Medium/average star: stellular nebula > protostar (where nuclear fusion begins) > Main sequence star (where nuclear fusion is occurring) > red giant > planetary nebula> white dwarf > black dwarf (when all energy is gone, almost at absolute 0)
Massive starstellular nebula > protostar (where nuclear fusion begins) > Main sequence star (where nuclear fusion is occurring) > red super giant > supernova> black hole or neutron star

		Be able to diagram and explain the life cycles of a small/medium star and a large star. (know what is happening in each step

single stars, star systems, star clusters, dust, gas

Elliptical galaxy: Have an elliptical shape
Spiral Galaxies: Spin like a pinwheel (EX: the Milky Way)

List and know the differences between a elliptical, spiral and irregular galaxy

Brightest objects in the galaxy, have massive black holes and millions of new stars are forming

Edward Hubble- the further away a galaxy is the faster it is moving away from us. Vera Rubin- the rest exists in dark matter

	Know the discoveries of scientists that have helped us figure things out about our Universe

English

Flashcards

Emma

United States of America

DEFAULT (US)

Earth and Space Science

Physical Science

Quarter 3 Test

Study note

studywithnessa

DEFAULT

Algebra

AFAR NOTES- CPM

FAR NOTES- CPM

TAX NOTES - CPM

Photosynthesis-Importance, Formula, Plant Cell.

Presentation

Meru Evergarden

AP Biology

Biology

Photosynthesis

Gizmo lab with questions about the carbon cycle. 

Worksheet

Katie Whitson

Carbon Cycle Gizmo

AFAR NOTES- HERCULES 

This includes formulas for algebra, analytic geometry, soldi geometry, integral calculus, differential calculus and statistics and probability.

Drizzle Hinata

Calculus 1

Trigonometry

Basic Formulas in Algebra, Geometry, Trigonometry and Calculus

The square root of a number means the given number is raised to the power ½, and it is denoted by the symbol '√' called the radical sign.

annaijh

Algebra 1

Square Roots And Cube Roots

Nederlands

Zusammenfassung

Cidem Ibryam

Overige

Levensloop eco

kenna 

Psychology

Psychology 101 Notes

This tackles the continental drift theory and the Evidences for continental drift theory.

Evidences of Plate Tectonics

Carlos Ruiz

Biochemistry 

Describing the Stage and Reactions of the Calvin Cycle.

Charlene Notes

Physics

The Calvin Cycle 

Lernzettel

equinox

Sustainable Development Goals Reviewer

Classification 

This is about astronomy, the solar system, planets and the different theories of universe.

ASTRONOMY AND SOLAR SYSTEM

This includes discussion about the pre-cambrian time, geologic time scale, paleozoic era and mesozoic era.