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Sentences (Sentence Fragment) (Complete Sentence) A big fat hen sat on the fence. (Complete Sentence) Both sentences contain Two complete thoughts. For Run-On e.g. the 2 thoughts are seperated by comma splice" (,) For Fused sentence, no punctuation is made between the 2 thoughts. went skating he loves to ice skate. ( Fused) Micheal went skating, he loves to ice skate. (Run-on ) Period (.) & Semicolon (;) can also be put between the 2 thoughts to fix the problem. > P.O.S Micheal 11 Misplaced & Dangling Modifiers Misplaced modifiers : Eg. P.O.S How to modify Move the modifier as close as possible to the word it modifies. Leaves fell gently down on the grass with bright autumn colors. (Misplaced) Leaves with bright autumn colors fell gently down on the grass. (Correct) Dangling modifiers : How to modify? seem to modify no word at all. Therefore, must supply a word that the dangling phrase can logically modify. Eg. Following their trail closely, the Lions were located. ( Dangling) Following their trail closely, the safari leader located the lions. (Correct) (added words) A Improving Awkward Sentences The idea is to ✓ fix the poorly arranged words create less awkwardness V be able to express the meaning of the sentence well Example. Shout for joy was she won. 1st what Racheal did after the first prize The expression is so unclear in the above sentence. Therefore, we can rewrite it in two possible ways. way Racheal shouted for joy after she won the first prize. 2nd way After she won the first prize, Racheal shouted for joy. Parallel Structure Components of a sentence must be in parallel (or in the same form. Eg. It is more important to be healthy than to have wealthy. (not parallel) It is more important to be healthy than wealthy. (parallel) 2 Anne helped her mom by cooking, cleaning and to water the plants. (not parallel) Anne helped her mom by cooking, cleaning and wo the plants. Parallel) watering Verb Tenses Simple Future Tense E.g. I will take a ride to town. You will find the book interesting. Simple Past Tense For regular verbs end in 'e' For verbs end in 'y' to insert will before the verb. P.O.S add 'ed' or 'd' change 'y' to 'i' & add 'ed'. E.g. I walked home through the woods. (walk) studied till 2 o'clock last night. (study) I Continuous Tense An action that is happening in the past, present, or future. E.g. Marco Polo was bringing treasures from China to Italy. (Past) She is watering the plants in the garden. ( Continuous Present) They will be going to the art gallery on Friday. ( Continuous Future) Present 1 Øs Perfect Tense To express an action that occurred at some indefinite time in the past. Can also use to express an action which began in the past and continues into the present. Past participal of a verb. Use has' or 'have' Eg. Past Perfect Tense To indicate before another Use We have washed the car. My bank account 'had ' + Use Future Perfect Tense + one past action or condition began & ended past action started. Past participal of a verb E.g. By the time the ticket office opened, a will have' has grown all year. P.O.S + Past participal of a verb E.g. By December I will have lived here six months. Long line had formed Subject Verb Agreement Must know whether the subject is - Singular Plural (one person/thing) (more than one 07 If subject is singular, put 's/es' at the end of the verb. eg. The bird spreads its wings. (Singular) => For Prepositional Phrases ☆ If Subject is plural, verb stays the same. ( no need to put s/es) eg. The birds spread their wings. ед. (plural) e.g Here, stories' is not the subject. 'Author' is the subject. person / thing) Verb The author of the stories (uses) a pen name. (singular) Agreement with linking Verbs Noun + Linking Verb -> P.O.S Predicate nominative eg. The first act (was * Do not change the linking verb to agree nominative, clowns doing funny tricks. (predicate nominative) with predicate => Agreement with Compound Subjects must pay attention to the conjunction that joins compound parts E.g. The shark and the porpoise are diving. Ĵ Compound subject takes a plural verb. * if joined by ☆ or, nor, either...or, neither... nor the verb must always agree with the Subject nearest to verb. E.g. Neither the shark nor the porpoises are diving. Neither the sharks nor the porpoise (singular) Clauses => Agreement with Adjective E.g. Opera is the only one of the entertainment forms that is quite unfamiliar to me. Agreement with Collective Nouns Consider is diving. * The verb in the adjective clause must agree with its subject. group Individual P.O.S The committees preporing a plan are a collective noun is singular if refers to a group as a whole ( "a collective noun is plural if refers ->> each member of a group adividually Apostrophes & Possessive Pronouns Nouns not ending in 's' (use apostrophet's') E.g. boy's desk > Plural Nouns Ending in 's' (use an apostrophe alone) Eg. the teachers" s' association women's department Picasso's painting L L the Beatles album > Singular Nouns Ending in 's' I depends on the number of syllables one vowel sound if the Noun has 1 syllable, use an apostrophe & s if more than 1 syllable can use apostrophe alone. ဘရစ် 1 E.g. the bus's tires the Fox's paws Dickens novels the duchess piano Sophocles tragedies P.O.S 3F2D > Compound Nouns DS L put only the last word of a compound noun in the possessive form. his sister-in-law's birthday Eg. the court of law's my great-grandfather's rule > Joint Possession when two or more persons possess item or items jointly, last person named. use the possessive form for the coat E.g. Johnson & Johnson's laboratory Rodgers and Hammerstein's musicals Beethoven's and > Seperate Possession Lif two or more persons possess an item / items individually, put each one's name in the possessive form. E.g. Keat's and Shelly's poetry P.O.S Mozart's music ✰ 13 4 Transitional Words & Expressions create a smooth coherence in a sentence show the relationship between two ideas. For order or time Keywords > meanwhile, so far, finally, at last, then, lastly, first, when, next Eg. It was a four-hour hike; finally we reached the lake. For contrast or comparison Keywords - but, however, in contrast, on the other hand, Similarly, unlike P.O.S Eg. We were late to the concert, but Jim and Katie were early. For cause and effect. Keywords => as a result, consequently, therefore, since, thus, because Eg. The grill was out of gas; consequently, we did not I have a cookout. For example or emphasis Keywords => in fact, for example, specifically, of course, that is, for instance Eg. The fish were really jumping; for example, I caught one in two minutes. For adding to an idea P.O.S Eg. Keywords => also, additionally, besides, furthermore, in addition This product is an effective cream; additionally, it is affordable. 4 4 Pronoun usage takes the place of a noun Personal pronoun -> → singular subject singular object plural subject plural object First Person I me We us Second person Third person refers to a specific person or thing either singular or plural Second Person You you Possessive Pronouns * take the place of possessive forms of nouns First person my, mine (singular) our, ours (plural) his You hers you your, yours (singular) your, yours cplural) his, 2 singular her, its their, theirs (plural) P.O.S Third Person He, She him, her They them Reflexive and Intensive Pronouns L refers to a し indicate B that the same person or thing is involved. * formed by adding - self (or) - selves Singular myself yourself himself noun or another pronoun herself itself Relative Pronoun used to begin a Plural 6 ourselves yourselves themselves Subordinate clause. special subject - verb word group. P.O.S Subject who, which, that Eg. The teacher who is teaching the course was late. Object whom Eg. The man for whom the award was named was waiting in the hallway. Posessive whose E.g. That dog, whose owner was on vacation, wouldn't eat food.