World Literature Notes

Alternative transcript:

side-by-side with a contrasting effect O Ex: Local language spoken by people in a certain region or group, with unique pronunciation, vocabulary, and sentence structure. O Ex: Simile ● Using 'like' or 'as' to compare two apparently dissimilar items Ex: O ● O Point of View • Perspective or vantage point from which a story is told O O ■ A butler spends his days in a beautiful mansion but returns home to a closet-size, rundown apartment. ■ "Reckon I have. Almost died first year I come to school and et them pecans - folks say he pizened 'em and put 'em over on the school side of the fence." (To Kill a Mockingbird) Poetic Structure ■ Soldiers are as brave as lions. O Sound Devices First Person: A character in the story tells the story. I, me, my Inference ● A conclusion reached on the basis of evidence and reasoning Third Person Limited: A narrator sees the world through one character's eyes and reveals only that character's thoughts. Third Person Omniscient: A voice outside the story narrates and is all-knowing, with full access to the minds of all characters. ● The way in which a poem is organized. O Line: group of words arranged in a row O Stanza: a group of lines, separated by space O Meter: arrangement of stressed and unstressed syllables Rhyme: repetition of sounds at the ends of words ■ Rhyme Scheme: a regular pattern of rhyme, identified by letters Tools used in poems to convey and reinforce meaning through sound O Alliteration: repeating consonant sounds at the beginning of words O Assonance: repeating vowel sounds within words Figurative Language ● Writing or speech not meant to be interpreted literally Imagery ● Descriptive language used to create word pictures for the reader Tragedy ● o Repetition: using the same words, phrases, or lines multiple times Exact Rhyme v.s. Slant Rhyme O ● O Metaphor: one thing is spoken as if it were something else O Personification: a nonhuman subject is given human characteristics o Symbol: one thing that stands for something else O Allusion: reference to a well-known person, place, event, or literary work Chorus Diction ● Author's choice of words, with an effect on style, tone, or theme ● O O O Taste O Touch O Smell Movement Sight Sound A work of literature that depicts the sufferings of a great hero O Romeo & Juliet O Hamlet O The Great Gatsby The Fault in Our Stars Titanic, Lion King O Tragic Flaw ● A weakness of character in the hero of a tragedy that ultimately brings about his downfall O Ambition (Macbeth) O Rage (Achilles) Hubris: excessive pride O O Odysseus (The Odyssey) Group of several performers who comment on the action of the play through song, chant, and dance O Offer sense of rick spectacle to the drama O O O O To provide time for scene changes To offer important background information To offer commentary about main themes To model an ideal audience's response Mood (or Atmosphere) • Feeling created in the reader by a literary work or passage Tone: author's speaker or attitude: playful or sarcastic, serious, etc. (tone helps to create the mood) Mood: reader's feelings or emotions: humorous, scared, etc. O Positive: amused, contemplative, content, empowered, dreamy, warm, welcoming O Negative: aggravated, apathetic, suspenseful, tense, uncomfortable, confused Foreshadowing Use of clues that suggest events that have yet to occur O Future event is mentioned earlier in story Tragic Hero ● O A symbolic item (gun in drawer, storm clouds, etc.) o Worry or apprehension from a character O Narration O Predictions, omens, or prophecies A renowned or prosperous person who experiences a downfall. Protagonist of a tragedy. O Hamartia: tragic flaw or mistake O Peripeteia: reversal of fortune, sudden turning point (The moment where everything goes bad) Catharsis: audience's sympathy, feeling pity or fear Victor Frankenstein O ● Odysseus Julius Caesar Hamartia A terrible mistake, an error in judgement, or bad decision that contributes to a tragic hero's downfall O Tragic Flaw: Hero has an innate tendency O Tragic Error: Hero makes a bad decision O Divine Intervention: Downfall caused by the gods Dynamic Character A character who learns and develops over time Dramatic Irony ● Form of irony where the reader or audience knows something that one or more characters in the drama do not O Macbeth: acts loyal toward King but we know he is plotting an assassination Anaphora ● Repetition of a word or a group of words at the beginnings of two or more successive clauses or sentences (words and phrases are repeated at beginning of sentences) O "It was the best of times, it was the worst of times, it was the age of wisdom, it was the age of foolishness..." (A Tale of Two Cities) Symbolism • A person, place, thing, idea, etc. that means something O Dove →→ Peace O Rose Love or Romance O Blood in Macbeth → guilt O Eyes in Oedipus →→ knowledge or ignorance Allegory ● A literary work with two levels of meaning - a literal meaning and a symbolic meaning O Parts of story represent abstract ideas (virtue, tyranny) ■ Characters ■ Plot Elements ■ Setting O O Grotesque ● Every narrative detail has an equivalent symbolic meaning Surface meaning & deeper meaning at the same time O Absurdity o Symbolism ● ● ● Modernism • A literary movement that emphasizes elements of ambiguity, blurred boundaries between reality and fantasy, and themes of alienation O Early 20th century movement in art & literature ■ Response to industrialization, urbanization, & war O Break with tradition O Individualism (alienation) O Experimentation ("Make it new") ■ ● Animal Farm by George Orwell → Russian Revolution The Sneetches by Dr. Seuss → prejudice & racism The Lion, the Witch, & the Wardrobe →→ Christianity The Wizard of Oz →→ American politics/society of the 1890's A type of literature, character, or subject that contains bizarre, unnatural, absurd, extreme, or fantastic elements O Distortions of striking incongruities O Characters who have become bizarre & twisted O Between real & fantastic O Between funny & frightening Connotation & Denotation Connotation is the set of ideas or emotions associated with the word, while denotation is the dictionary definition O "Vintage" Denotation: made a long time ago Connotation: nostalgic, desirable quality Magical Realism • Incorporates elements of fantasy and myth into otherwise realistic narratives. Associated with Latin American authors of the 20th century. o Recognizable characters who feel, and, and react in customary ways O Realistic settings that include ordinary details of everyday life O Fantastic events that coexist with realistic characters and actions O An accepting or unimpressed narrative tone, or attitude, that presents fantastic events as logical parts of life. Ambiguity ● Setting ● An idea or situation that can be understood in more than one way; often used with endings to stories. Give the reader an opportunity to formulate own ending O ■ Every reader reads it differently Make a story more interesting O Accentuate themes of mystery or unknown O The time and place of the action of a literary work. O Time O ■ Place ■ ■ 1. Alliteration 2. Repetition 3. Personification 8. Analogy 9. Irony 10. Assonance 11. Consonance 12. Hyperbole 13. Allusion Poetic Devices List: 4. Onomatopoeia 5. Rhyme (abab) 6. Simile 7. Metaphor Historical period (past, present, future) Specific year, season, or time of day Geographical (region, country, state, or town) Social, Economical, or Cultural environment 14. Oxymoron 15. Connotation vs Denotation 16. Symbolism Grammar 9.17.20 1. Noun a. person, place, thing, idea b. proper nouns: names of people, places, things, ideas (Chicago, Bella, etc.) C. can be subject of sentence (thing doing action) d. can be object of sentence (thing action is done to) e. Appositive 2. Verb a. action verbs b. linking verbs: is, am, are c. helping verbs: helps action (he is running) 3. Conjunction a. combine phrases b. FANBOYS: for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so (Coordinating) c. subordinating conjunctions 4. Adjectives a. describe nouns b. colors, personality traits, heights, sizes, etc. C. ex: large, short, smart, green, purple d. 2 adj in a row, put comma between them (The stupid, lazy student failed English.) 5. Adverb a. b. describe verbs describe other adverbs C. describe adjectives d. 'ly' words (quickly) answers 'how' question e. 6. Pronouns a. words used to replace nouns b. he, she, him, her, etc. c. I, me, you d. antecedents: noun pronoun is replacing 7. Preposition a. i. ii. Nathan cut his finger. He was hurt. Antecedent is Nathan. Words that indicate location in time or place. b. in, on, under, over, around, etc. c. before, after, during d. Preposition + Object of Prep = Prepositional Phrase i. Under the bridge, the man went fishing. 8. Interjection a. Wow, hey, etc. b. i. Hey, that's a good idea. c. Always have a comma with them 9. Phrases Adds emotion to sentence a. Group of words 10. Clauses a. i. Appositive Phrases: noun/noun phrase that clarifies a noun next to it 1. Ex. The insect, an ant, crawled on the floor. a. Put commas before and after them. Group of words that have a subject and verb Independent Clause i. 1. Can stand alone as a sentence a. Ex. He ran. Subordinate Clause (Dependent Clause) 1. Cannot stand alone as a sentence 2. Subordinating Conjunction ii. iii. iv. a. Because, unless, while, if, since, although, until Adjective Clause 11. Types of Sentences 1. Clause functions as an adjective a. When, where, why b. Ex. The city where I grew up is gone. c. Ex. The reason why he left is the nuke. d. The time when I go to work is early. Relative Clause: form of subordinate clause 1. Relative Pronouns: a. Who, which, that, (whom, whose are uncommon but still are relative) b. The student, who bites people, has rabies. c. The table, which is a mimic, has rabies. d. The student, that bites people, has rabies. Who → people Which objects e. f. g. That → both h. Relative pronouns are the subject. i. Tells more about a person or object. a. Simple Sentence: 1 independent clause i. b. Mariella did not run. (Mariella-subject & run-verb) Compound Sentence: 2 independent clauses (& FANBOYS conjunction) i. Mariella did not run, but she rode a scooter. c. Complex Sentence: 1 independent clause & 1+ dependent clause i. Mr. Oas danced in class because he is a silly goose. ii. Nathan, who enjoys Shrekfest, cried. 12. Trantisions a. Single word transitions i. Also, next, first, second, then Phrase or Clause b. Talk about the previous paragraph, and the next paragraph. i. Ex. While was a good idea, is another way to go. 13. Comma Rules a. Listing i. Specific Uses i. Letters, dates, cities & states Introductory Prepositional Phrase (beginning of sentence) i. After school, I went to prison. Introductory Subordinate Clause i. Because it rained, I brought an umbrella. Appositive Phrase i. Always surrounded by commas. ii. The teacher, Mr. Oas, killed again. f. Between 2 Independent Clauses (compound sentence) i. He ran, and she swam. b. c. d. e. Red, white, and blue. (oxford comma) g. 2 adjectives in a row Between adjectives i. ii. The shiny, red, button... h. After Transition Word (introductory adjective) i. First, I killed. Then, I killed again. ii. However, Therefore, etc. 14. Misplaced Modifiers a. Adjectives that are misplaced modifiers i. He saw a green child's backpack. 15. Passive Voice & Active Voice He saw a child's green backpack. a. Active Voice = subject doing the action (verb) i. Rowan slaughtered that quiz. b. Passive Voice = subject is acted upon by action (verb) i. The quiz was slaughtered by Rowan. c. If you can add "by zombies" after verb, = Passive voice. i. The boy kicked by zombies the ball. (NO) ii. The ball was kicked by zombies. (YES) 16. Parallel Structure a. Repetition of grammatical form to make everything in a sentence follow the same pattern i. Verb tense same ii. List of words iii. 17. Semicolons (:) & Colons(:) a. Semicolons connect two related independent clauses ", and" i. ONLY when two clauses are closely related. b. Colons i. ii. Multiple clauses 1. While John crashed the car, he was spilling his drink on his lap. ii. 19. Usage a. While John was crashing the car, he was spilling his drink on his lap. b. While John crashed the car, he spilled his drink on his lap. 18. Conjunctive Adverbs Essay Writing 1. Owen east drywall, and his favorite is apple-flavored. (comma version) 2. Owen eats drywall; his favorite is apple-flavored. (semicolon verb) In lists that already have commas. 1. I visited Kenosha, Wisconsin; Springfield, Nebraska; and Orlando, Florida. Introduce a list, additional information. "As follows", "Which are" Can never separate subject/verb, verb/object, preposition. 1. There are three primary colors: red, yellow, and blue. 2. You have two options: study or fail. a. Adverb that connects ideas b. Always set off by commas i. However, therefore, furthermore, nonetheless, hence, thus, instead, similarly, meanwhile 1. The Grinch hated Christmas; therefore, he stole all the presents. 2. The elves went on strike. Meanwhile, Santa had to make all the gifts on his own. 3. Frosty the Snowman hated the heat. He went on vacation, however. 4. The Bumble seemed scary. He helped put a star on the tree, nonetheless. a. Using the proper words, avoiding proper mistakes their/there/they're i. ii. your/you're iii. its/it's iv. affect/effect V. accept/except vi. capital/capitol vii. principle/principal viii. another/a whole nother Introduction Paragraph • Background Information 1. Thesis 2. Hook/Attention Getter (Opening Statement) a. Statistic/Fact, NO questions or quotes 3. Focus Statement Informative Essay ● ● ● 5 Paragraph Essay ● Inverted Triangle: General information (opening), a little less general information (focus), specific information (thesis statement) ● Formal Essay Tips (Don'ts) No 'I', 'me', 'you' ----> 'one' No slang/cliches No rhetorical questions Avoid using contractions: 'don't', 'won't' ----> do not, will not Intro 2-4 - Body: O O O Conclusion O O O Shakespeare ● O Background Topic Sentence ----> first sentence Evidence & Explanation: Quotes cannot stand alone as a sentence. (In the book, "...") Concluding statement or transition. Macbeth (The Scottish Play) Start specific, end general. Restate thesis (in new words) Restate topic sentences (in new words) ----> focus on best points Closer (not necessary, but helps create good essay) • Scotland, in the Middle Ages ● Violence to war ● Cursed →witches Historical Context ● Before her reign, theater was not upper-class; considered vulgar and low-class. Queen Elizabeth Reign → Globe - brought more awareness and appreciation to theater. O James - new king of England, former king of Scotland (Banquo is supposedly an ancestor of James) Shakespearean Terms 'Tis = it is ● ● ● ● ● ● ● Wanted certain amount of syllables, and so he shortened words to make it sound better. Ne'er = never O' of, on (most likely of) l' = in I'the in the T's and th's O Dialogue O Aside ● ■ Written as a way of "sucking up" to the new king to continue to make plays appreciated. Art, dost, hath O Soliloquy Characters talking together Talking to audience rather than another character - characters don't hear this O Important speech that are like long asides O Some of the most important speeches of the entire Shakespeare play Monologue O Ways to Remember Jump = jumpeth, jumpest, jump'd, jumpst Dialogue and Asides are short ● Soliloquy and Monologues are long • Asides and soliloquy are only heard by audience ● Dialogue and monologue are heard by other characters Literary Devices Part 6 Couplet O Long speeches that can be heard by other characters O Pair of rhyming lines, usually of the same length and meter ■ Often comes at the end of a speech or scene in a play Can be completed by two different characters' lines ■ Shakespearean sonnets have three stanzas with an ABAB rhyme scheme, but end with a couplet ● Comic Relief Technique used to interrupt a serious part of a literary work by introducing a humorous character or a humorous line. ■ For sweetest things turn sourest by their deeds; Lilies that fester smell far worse than weeds. Middle of the Revolutionary War: "We must, indeed, all hang together, or most assuredly we shall all hang separately." • Apostrophe ● Literary Terms Part 7 ● o A speaker directly addresses an absent person or a personified object, idea, or quality ● Dramatic Speeches & Lines O The different ways that characters speak in a play ■ "Death be not proud, though some have called thee Mighty and dreadful, for thou are not so" (John Donne) O Stage Directions O ■ Dialogue: shorter lines between characters; public ■ Aside: shorter lines, one character; private ■ ■ Notes included in a drama to describe how the work is to be performed. Usually in italics and not meant to be spoken aloud. Purposes: Monologue: long speech, one character to another; public Soliloquy: long speech, one character alone, private ■ Describe set ■ ■ Internal Rhyme O Rhyme that occurs within a line of poetry. Distinct from end rhyme, in which the rhyming words occur at the end of lines. lambic Pentameter Literary Devices in Poetry Poetic Form O Poetic meter in which each line of verse has five iambs, which is a foot with one unstressed syllable followed by a stressed syllable. Lighting and sound effects Characters' appearance and personality Important movements or actions Metonymy o Figure of speech that uses something closely related to a thing to stand for the thing itself. ■ O A set pattern of poetic elements, such as a fixed number of lines or a particular pattern of rhyme or meter I Sonnet: 14 line poem, written in iambic pentameter • Rhyme Scheme: abab cdcd efef gg Haiku: traditional Japanese 3-line poem ● Lines have 5,7, and 5 syllables respectively ■ Concrete Poem: poem whose visual shape matches the topic ■ Free verse: poetry that doesn't follow any set pattern ● Carefully crafted lines Recreate the rhythms of natural speech, or emphasize meaning Prose Poem: poetic form that looks like a prose, but reads like poetry Regular running text like prose ● ● End-Stopped O ● Enjambment O Without the line breaks most often found in poetry Contain other poetic techniques (imagery, repetition, symbolism) Lines that complete a sentence or other grammatical unit; they usually end with a punctuation mark (comma, period, etc.) Lines that do not end with a grammatical break, and do not make full sense without the line that follows.