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of the Renaissance, wealth depended on the wealth earned by its textile merchants and bankers Italian Renaissance makes transition between Medieval and Early Modern Europe Medici family O O Banker family who financed libraries, built churches, sponsored the Platonic Academy of Philosophy, commissioned artworks Renaissance peaked with Lorenzo the Magnificent The Great Schism o Fragments Europe in the late 1300s Vernacular bibles O Luther Bible Gutenberg Bible due to PP • Corruption in the church O Less trust in Church officials, no understanding of Church rituals b/c of Latin, so public starts relying on scholars Pope vs king power struggle Control over learning Pluralism, Absenteeism O O O O Indulgences • Literacy rates increased, leading to better education O Focus on humanist education, though . Social life O Life revolving around seasons, village or manor, misogyny, leisure guided by religious calendar, communal norms enforced by humiliation Black Death O Allowed farmers to have more favorable rent and ways of Intellectual Artistic ● ● Printing press Petrarch O O O marketing Erasmus O O O Father of humanism: lawyer and priest Humanism: secular learning + religious learning with emphasis on classics to help Europeans reach their human potential O Individualism Father of Christian Humanism Same study of Greek and Roman works but with an added element of Christian beliefs Emphasized inner piety rather and de-emphasized external religion Everyone should reach their potential and exercise their ability to live an ideal life EX: Beginning to see success due to merit instead of hereditary (Italian merchants) Bruni influenced by Cicero O Civic humanism O Humanist thinking applied to the state Increase of secularism O Rewards in the present and emphasis on human rather than JUST religion O Not necessarily against Christianity, but argued for more variety outside of church ● Italian Renaissance Art reflects ideals of the Renaissance (the "perfect"), studying perspective, exploring mythical settings Northern Renaissance reflects Use of portrait painting and autobiography, emphasizing individualism EX: Donatello's "David," Van Eyck's "Arnolfini Portrait," Gozzoli's "Magi Chapel," Da Vinci's "Vitruvian Man" 1492: Unit 1 (The Exploration) Date -1492 Theme Political Economic Start of Habsburg-Valois Wars O O ● • Ferdinand and Isabella of Spain (New Monarchs) O Unified Spain through marriage O O • Treaty of Tordesillas "Last Italian War": Henry II of France declared war against the HRE with the intent of recapturing Italy and ensuring French domination of Europe Resulted in Habsburgs dominating Italy, but power shift fromItaly to NW Europe Notes Events Completed the Reconquista by funding through taxes ■ Christian reconquest of territories taken by Muslim powers Reduced noble involvement in council, appointed bishops (national church) O 1494: Spain and Portugal divide the New World of the Americas Spain got most of the Western Hemisphere O O Other: Pope no longer held the supreme religious and political authority in Europe, European nations stopped looking for new ways to get to India Christopher Columbus O O Discovered the New World for Spain while looking for a way to get to China O With the native population weakened by disease, the monarchy was able to conquer and colonize the Americas Prince Henry the Navigator O Columbian exchange O Prince of Portugal who established an observatory and school of navigation and directed voyages, spurring the growth of Portugal's colonial empire From Europe: Wheat, cattle, horses, pigs, sheep, smallpox, measles From New World: Tomatoes, potatoes, squash, corn, tobacco, turkeys Spice trade Religious Social Intellectual Artistic O Shortage in NA laborers and decline in indentured servants in American plantations, leading to an increase in slave importation Use of the Middle Passage: close quarters, given little food, subject to disease on the ship o Slaves were converted to Christianity Commercial revolution O O Reform of Europe's economic system centering around trade New mechanisms for organizing large-scale economic activity ■ See Bank of Amsterdam, Dutch East India Company . Christopher Columbus o Brought luxuries like gold, tobacco, coffee, corn, cotton, sugar O Boosted slave trade as it moved into the New World Vasco De Gama ● Arab traders controlled spice trade between the East, until the Age of Exploration where Europeans began seeking out different ways to get to Asia Slave trade O ● O ● Spanish inquisition O O Gains spice trade for Portugal by leading the first naval expedition from Europe to India and opening a commercial sea route ● Mass conversion of natives to Catholicism Created to control the church and religion in Spain more, leading to eventual persecution of Jews and Muslims Increased literacy (continued) Moving to the New World Cultural blend with exploration Jews expelled from Spain (See Spanish inquisition) • Age of exploration High Renaissance (Italy) Influence from New World ● Guicciardini writes history about Italy ● Michelangelo's "David" Date -1517 Theme Political Economic Religious ● Da Vinci's "Mona Lisa" 1517: Unit 2 (The Reformation) Machiavelli O O Father of political science Grew up seeing war and political upheaval in Florence (POV), making him realize that a good prince is one who can keep factions from destroying state (through fear). ● King Henry III's creation of Anglicanism + separation from Catholic Church Notes Events ● Less money goes to the Catholic Church French Wars of Religion ($$$) O Battles in France between the Huguenots (+ House of Bourbon) and House of Valois, resulting in Catholicism becoming the official religion of France O Huguenots would still be accepted Price revolution o O High rate of inflation from late 15th-17th century Due to influx of precious metals in Spain, where demand for foreign products exceeded exports to foreign markets // increased money supply and drove up price levels Martin Luther's 95 Theses O Concern of the abuse in sale of indulgences and criticising the powers of the papacy Calvinism O Main differing teaching was predestination Anabaptism O Belief that true Christian church was a voluntary association of believers who were reborn and baptized into the church, and Social Intellectual • Zwinglianism O Leads Calvinism o Created by the leader of the Reformation in Switzerland ● . Creation of the Church of England ● O ● ● followed democracy More radical form of protestantism; thought human law had no power over them o Result of political dispute between Henry VIII and the Pope, since the Pope wouldn't let him divorce his wife Peasant rebellions O 1524: inspired by ML's justification idea, peasants launch rebellions against their lords, though seeing no support from Luther Questioning of the Catholic Church o Pope changed scripture and sold indulgences, people were tired of dishonesty and the Church taking money Made it easier for Protestant movements to spread o Peasant revolt in Germany o Inspired by changed from the reformation O Worked to invoke divine law and demand agrarian rights and O freedom from oppression by nobles and landlords Smallpox in the New World (result of Exploration) o Wiped out huge populations Exclusion of women O Banned from some professions, allowed in some artisan guilds, noblewomen had tutors, small increase in lay-literacy Machiavelli's "The Prince" O Advice for the Medici as they fell out of power and tried to work back, early realpolitik user Separated Christian values and politics, valued idea of being feared than loved Thomas More's "Utopia" o Everyone works for the common good, working to ensure equal resources Date ~1555 Artistic Theme Political • Copernicus' heliocentrism O ● O **not everyone is treated the same, there are enslaved people in Utopia ● Contrasts geocentrism, which thought the earth was the center of the world o Helps the start of the Scientific Revolution Castiglione's "Book of the Courtier" O Mix of ideals of the medieval knight and humanist education; tells how a gentleman should act O Castiglione helps raise the question of women (La Querelle des Femmes) Erasmus' "The Praise of Folly" o Argued that the church lost sight of its mission and made fun of corruption O Influenced Martin Luther Christian humanists vs Protestant reformers O Christian: education, scripture O Protestant: Lutheranisms' faith, Calvinism's predestination, Anabaptists' adult baptism ● Michelangelo's "Sistine Chapel" O Depicts book of Genesis, but figures are very Greek-like and have emphasis of female Greek prophets ● Raphael's "School of Athens" O Not religious, but near pope's library of secular works and focused on intellectual figures like Plato and Aristotle Leonardo's "The Last Supper" o Moment when Christ announces someone will betray him 1555: Unit 2 (Scientific Revolution and Religious Wars) Notes Events Schmalkaldic War O Charles demands that the princes return to Catholicism, making a civil war between Catholic southerners and Protestant northerners Economic Schmalkaldic League O All Lutheran alliances against Charles V and Catholicism Peace of Augsburg O Due to the Ottoman Turks invading Europe O Treaty between Charles V and the Lutheran princes, ending the struggle between the two groups and allowing princes in the HRE to choose which religion they would reign in the principality Exclusion of Calvinists, leads to... O • Dutch Revolt O O • 80 Years War (1568-1648) O O ВОР O 1566-1588: Dutch Revolt of the Low Countries against Philip II of Spain One of the most successful secessions, lead to one of the first European republics of the modern era O Due to resentment to the Spanish authority and religious tension Spanish policies designed to crush Protestant heresies, raise taxes, and strengthen the crown's power resulting War of Netherlands independence from Spain, lead to the separation of the northern and southern Netherlands and the formation of the Dutch Republic Changed between 1550-1648 with economies of Southern Europe declining and those of the NW emerging Mercantilism O Responsibility of the government to promote the economy to improve tax revenue and limit imports to prevent profit from outsiders Governments interfered in colonies' economies to benefit the mother country, so goods and services from the mother country could only be sent to the colonies and the colonial exports went to the mother country • Spain loses money from Philip II's attempt to control the Dutch Protestants • Joint Stock companies O Companies that organized commercial ventures on a large scale Religious Social Intellectual ● by allowing investors to buy and sell shares Council of Trent O ● Part of the Counter Reformation: to make changes in response to the Protestant Reformation o Meeting held to discuss and reform the Church Counter Reformation (Catholic Reformation) O Measures taken by the church: more education of priests, improved disciple and admin, indulgences were banned, created 7 sacraments instead of 2, idea of free will (no predestination), idea of needing faith and good works for salvation Act of Supremacy (Britain) O 1534: Parliament passes the act which allowed Henry VIII to be supreme head on earth of the Church of England, instead of the pope • Jesuits O Founded by Loyola and supported by the Pope O Known for strict code, worldwide missionary work, and school ● Mary I of England tries to restore Catholicism in England Witchcraft phase O Prominence of women linked to poverty, folk healing, and stereotyping O Due to crises like the Plague, famine, war, and economic issues O EX: Southern Germany, Scotland, Denmark Ivan the Terrible O Acquired lots of land, imposed centralized Russian state dominated by military power Encomienda system in New World O Form of native labor organization o Imposed inheritance, trading, and relocation restrictions Scientific Revolution O Era of scientific thought where careful observations of the natural world, and people began to question accepted beliefs ● Vesalius' "On the Fabric of the Human Body" Date ~1588 Artistic Theme Political • Copernicus' "Revolution of heavenly bodies" O (See Heliocentric) O Changed medical training, anatomical knowledge, and artistic representations of bodies ● Titian's Equestrian portrait of Charles V O Civic humanism ● ● Mannerism O O O • Peter Bruegal Stepping stone to Baroque: no focal point, rebellion against classical, elongation of bodies and features O Use of Christian Humanism, and since the best Christians are the commoners, he painted peasant life O Elegant, refined, sophisticated, distortion, complex, exaggerated, difficult, unnatural color, psychological tension EX: El Greco Baroque O Ornate, religious, and emotional (used by the O O Counter-Reformation) Time, chiaroscuro, space Italian Baroque: religious and emotional, influenced by Counter Reformation as the art was to help ordinary people connect with Catholicism with patronage by the Church, Royalty, and Nobility Dutch Baroque: Holland is Protestant, so they forbid religious images in the church // painted still lifes, landscapes, and scenes of everyday life with patronage by middle class EX: Bernini **Donatello, Michelangelo, and Bernini's David 1588: Unit 2 (Religious Wars) Notes + Events ● St. Bartholomew's day massacre (1572) Economic Religious ● O ● Queen Elizabeth defeats the Spanish Armada O Spanish Armada: group of ships sent by Philip II to invade England in 1588 Defeated by more maneuverable English ships in the Channel, marking the beginning of English naval dominance and the fall of Spanish dominance O • 30 Years War (1618-1648) O Cause: failure of the Peace of Augsburg, Cardinal Richelieu became the regent of France after Henry IV died Bohemian Phase: Bohemia chose to be Calvinist, and HRE Ferdinand II wanted a return to Catholicism (Ferdinand wins) Danish Phase: Northern Germans and Denmark's Christian IV (Protestant League) lose Ferdinand's Catholic League while negates the Peace of Augsburg (Edict of Restitution) Swedish Phase: Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden invades Northern Germany with military tactics and pushes back the Catholic League under Wallenstein o Franco-Swedish Phase: France fought Spain/HRE for BOP, results in Austrian Habsburgs losing power Beginning of the Dutch Golden Age O Time when Dutch trade, science, art, and military were one of the most acclaimed in the world O Attack by Catholics authorized by on Protestant minority from Paris to other French cities O O Bank of Amsterdam O Created as a deposit and transfer institution Dutch East-India trading company O Joint-stock company specializing in the spice and luxury trade with the East Indies Gained control of Dutch trading in the Pacific and looked to expand to the African slave trade in the 17th century O Severe inflation Edict of Nantes O 1598: French royal decree establishing toleration for Huguenots Social Intellectual Artistic (Protestants). It granted freedom of worship and legal equality for Huguenots within limits, and ended the Wars of Religion. Increased population British increase of coal and iron . Increase of serfdom ● The Little Ice Age O ● 1600-1850: glaciers advanced, temperatures dropped, and winters were severe Galileo O Conflict with the Roman Catholic Church who placed him under house arrest for the last years of his life, marking a dramatic disagreement between church and science • Kepler o Theory that planets rotate around the sun in elliptical orbits Astronomy o Kepler, Copernicus ● Mannerism + Baroque cont. Shakespeare