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81% of England's exports - hugely profitable Price increased as demand for woollen cloth grew Farming sheep was profitable ● Sheep farming took land that had been used for growing crops or as common land Enclosures ● Did not require much labour as growing crops so rural unemployment rose • Feeding sheep over winter meant some crops grown only for animals to eat Angered many when large numbers of people were going hungry or could not afford bread Becomes more efficient Farming techniques improving • Controlling animals breeding for better livestock so needed enclosured fields new techniques for arabe (crop) Draining and fertiliser produced more crops easily in enclosed fields • Ordinary farmers of those who could not afford the larger farms suffered New techniques required less labouring so less jobs People wanted jobs but less available Common land a village was recused so villagers lost common land could use to graze animals and grow crops Land values and rents • Farming becoming more profitable Landowners put up rent of tenant farmers Those who could not pay lost their land livelihood People criticised those who turned to sheep farming over producing crops - feeding people should be priority Only 2-3% of England was enclosed but where it did happen it had a huge effect on the population Rural depopulation and urban poor ● People left home and villages to look for work in towns and cities Outside london's walls poor built shacks which were tightly packed together Outside if authority of government officials Crime and disorder rose Number of urban poor grew fast Government realised unemployment was a problem How did Elizabeth tackle poverty Poverty increased during Elizabethan England as there was a large increase in England's population, this increase caused a decrease in job availability Two categories of poor: Impotent/deserving poor - unable to work due to age, illness. Poor relief was available, paid by tax known as poor rate which was organised by JPs. People felt it was a Christian duty to help Able-bodied/idle poor - fit to work but did not. Known as vagabonds or sturdy beggars. Wandered from place to place. Treated harshly if caught - whipping, imprisonment. Increased when bad trade Types of vagabonds: Angler - used long stick to steal clothes of washing lines Counterfeit Crank - pretended to have a fit by swallowing soap and foaming at the mouth Clapper dudgeon - arsenic on skin to make it bleed and wrapped bandages on it Doxy carried a bag where she things she stole; knitted while begging needle in hat 1563 Statute of Artificers Aim to ensure that poor relief was collected 1572 - Vagabonds Act Aim to deter vagrancy Act stated that vagrants were to be whipped and a hole drilled through each ear Vagrants were to be imprisioned if arrested a second time for vagrancy and given death penalty for third Also ● Anyone who refused to pay poor rate could be imprisoned Officials failing to organise poor relief could be fined up to £20 ● Established the national poor rate for first time - sheltered the impotent poor JPS were to keep a register of the poor Town and cities given responsibility to find work for able bodied poor 1576 Poor Relief Act Aim to distinguish between able bodied and impotent poor, to help able bodied poor find work JPs provided the able bodied poor with wool and raw materials to enable them to work by making thing to sell Those who refused to work where they were given help to be sent to a special prison by poor rates - houses of correction Improvements for the poor: 1563- statute of artificers refused to pay poor rate then imprisoned, fined up to £20 ● 1572 - Vagabonds Act, national poor rate, sheltered impotent poor. JPs kept a register, Towns had to find work for able bodied poor Limitations for the poor: ● 1572 - Vagabonds act, vagrants whipped and hole drilled through each ear. Imprisioned if arrested second time, death penalty for third 1576 - poor relief act, house of correction for those who refused to work