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of 'Supreme Governor' of Church of England, rather than 'Supreme Head' All clergy and royal officials had to swear oath of allegiance to show acceptance of title An ecclesiatical High Commision was established to ensure that changes were implemented at parish level and those whose loyalty was in doubt could be punished Act of Uniformity: 1559 ● Book of Common Prayers (first introduced in 1552) had to be used in all churches, Clergy who refused would be punished Wording of communion service was deliberately unclear - both meanings ● Everyone had to attend church on Sunday and other holy days e.g Good Fridays Royal injunctions: 1559 Set of instructions to enforce Act of Supremacy and Uniformity, issued by William Cecil (Elizabeth's Chief minister) Clergy instructed to observe and teach Royal Supremacy and denounce papal (Pope) supremacy Catholics practices e.g processions, pilgrimages and monuments to 'fake' miracles were banned Images allowed in churches Recusants were to be denounced and reported to Privy Council or JPs Unlicensed preaching was forbidden Each parish was to possess an English Bible Clergy were to wear distinctive clerical dress (vestments) ● ● ● People who refused to attend church (recusants) had to pay a fine of one shilling (12 pence equivalent to a weeks wages) Like Dislike Catholic ● Title of 'supreme governor' ● Communion ● service unclear therefore open to interpretation Images allowed in churches preaching forbidden • Clergy wears distinctive clerical dress (vestment) ● (decoration) Unlicensed Bible in english Book of Common Prayers in English Had to attend church or fined Catholic practices banned e.g processions Denounces papal supremacy Protestants ● ● ● Everyone had to attend church Book of Common Prayers in English Recusants were to be denounced and reported to JPs ● Bible in english Clergy and royal officials swore on oath High commission to establish and ensure that changes were implemented ● ● Images allowed in church/decorations ● Clergy were to wear distinctive clerical dress (vestment) Puritans The Clergy - vicars and priests (work for the church): ● Bible in English and Book of Common Prayers Denounce papal supremacy Everyone had to attend church What was the impact of the Religious Settlement? 'Supreme Governor' - no leader ● Decorated churches/images were allowed ● Clergy were to wear distinctive clerical dress (vestment) ● • • Take oath of supremacy (8000 parishes priests did so) If refused 3 times → head cut off • Only 250 priests lost their job (not killed) for not doing oath Only 1 bishop took oath, 27 others stepped down - priests = loyal, bishops = disloyal Put people who are loyal to her in power The people - peasants and workers: Majority accept it and attend services Wording of prayer book was vague enough for most people to accept it Catholic areas for slower to accept it, but few are punished. Area of concern Head of church and Bishops Church decoration and music Bible and church services Clergy Elizabeth's order in Religious Settlement Elizabeth, now head of Church - gave self title of Supreme Governor. Judges, government officials, MPs and clergy had taken an oath accepting Elizabeth's title; if refused - imprisoned, if refused three times - executed. Bishops would run church Ornaments and decoration allowed, singing of hymns continued Bible and church services had to be written in English New Protestant Prayer Book had to be used in every church. Bread and wine offered during Holy Communion but offerings vague All clergy had to take an oath - recognise title and agree to use new Prayer Book Clergy wear a surplice and allowed to marry Preachers have a licence - had to Impact ● Acceptable to all but a few Ordinary Catholics accepted tell selves Pope still Head of Church . All but one of Mary's Catholics bishops resigned Appearance of church very important . Making no changes Elizabeth winning many over Puritan bishops complained that new Church looked too Catholic Omission of Latin Mass unacceptable to Catholics Going to new Church on Sundays and taking Mass secretly later ● Government knew about this did nothing as Catholics appeared to be loyal ● Most churchman took oath of loyalty to new Church Only 250 out of 9000 priests refused and lost their jobs preach once a month Role of the Church of England: Controlling what was preached, priests need special licences from the government. Elizabeth could ensure clergy preached her religious/political messages Gave guidance to communities people turned to their parish church in times of hardships and uncertainty Enforced religious settlement Legitimised power to the monarch Ran the church courts ● Enforcement of the Religious Settlement: Fines - everyone who attends church on Sunday and other holy days if not would be fined a shilling (12p) - act of Uniformity. Recusancy fines - approximately a week's wages of ordinary workers. Nobility can afford the fine so they remained Catholic ● Royal injunctions - set of laws to help enforce and ensure the church remain protestant, enforcing the acts of supremacy and uniformity e.g: O Recusants were reported to Privy Council O Each parish had to have copy of bible in English O No-one was allowed to preach without a licence from the government O Clergy were to wear special vestment Visitations - inspecting of churches and clergy by bishops to ensure that everyone took the oath of supremacy and followed the terms of religious settlement O First visitations in 1559 and resulted in up to 400 clergy being dismissed O Most people would go to usual church on Sunday and hear services conducted by same member of clergy O Some carrying out the visitations cause destruction by breaking statues and decorations (more than Elizabeth wanted) O Didn't want people's religious beliefs investigated too closely After 1559, visitations took place ever 3-4 years Foreign threats to the Religious Settlement Most of Europe is Catholic ● Habsburg Empire was greatest of these powers O Control Spain, Austria and Holy Roman Empire O Strong Catholics France: 1559 - treaty of Cateau - Cambresis, ends war with France, Calais given up 1562 1597 French religious civil war, no longer a problem Scotland - 1560 - Scotland turns protestant, Elizabeth finances overthrow of Mary Queen of Scots mother Netherlands - has protestant people ruled by Catholic leaders. Spanish Inquisition tortured and hurt anyone who wasn't Catholic. Spain: Ruled by Phillip II ● Have empire in Americas • Spanish control Netherlands (centre of wool production) ● 1563 - Phillip stops all wool trading in Netherlands, vital to English economy France and Spain against England would lead to a total defeat so Elizabeth is trying to keep the countries separate. Elizabeth's concerns Elizabeth's actions France When war broke out in 1562 Elizabeth was worried about it's potential to threaten her realm by encouraging religious conflict in England So Elizabeth wrote to Phillip II of Spain on the matter in 1564 explaining how troubled she was. Elizabeth agreed to help French Protestants in return for Calais Spain and Spanish Netherlands Netherlands belonged to Spain, run by Phillip (strict Catholic). He disliked the way Elizabeth had supports Protestant rebels in Scotland and France. In 1563 Philip banned import of English cloth to Netherlands, believed English merchants were encouraging protestantism Elizabeth retaliated by ceasing trading with the Netherlands. Trade embargo (when government ban trade with another country) affected both countries economically therefore only lasted a year The Dutch Revolt Elizabeth concerned about presence of Alba and troops in Netherlands as his large army with a mission against Protestantism was within easy striking distance of England and Elizabeth did not want to be seen as Europe's leading Protestant monarch so avoiding war Elizabeth was keen to avoid the cost and resources of war. She would not be able to take on Spain and France at the same time. It could also threaten civil war in England. Dutch rebels known as 'sea beggars' attacked Spanish ships in English channel that carried men and resources to Alba's armies in the Netherlands. 1567- began allowing them to shelter in English Success or failure However, on this occasion and French Protestants made a deal with the Catholics. In 1564, Elizabeth signed the Treaty of Troyes, confirming that Calais belong to France. This irritated Phillip by supporting Protestant rebels Affected the economy of England. Elizabeth was concerned that Spain and France would form an alliance against her and that the Pope might excommunicate her as he had done Henry VIII in 1530s ● Challenges to the Religious Settlement harbours. When ships carrying Spanish gold took refuge in English ports, Elizabeth took the gold, didn't want it to belong to the Spain but the Italian City, Genoa - Genoese loan Elizabeth's tactic of trying to make the Spanish task in the Netherlands as hard as possible (but trying to stay out of war) was risky. Especially as Mary Queen of Scots fled to England from Scotland and the Revolt of the Northern Earls. Puritans: ● Puritan clergy man began ignoring disobeying parts of religious settlement - main problems with crucifixes and clothing ● Puritan Bishops threatened to resign Elizabeth back down one enough Protestant clergyman to take place of any bishops kept one in the Royal Chapel Puritans thought they should not have special clothing or at least most plain and simple elaborate vestments suggested that priests was set apart from others 1565 - clergy not wearing what Queen demanded and not following instructions on properly conducted services 1566 - Matthew Parks published guidelines in book of advertisements which followed Elizabeth command O held an exhibition in London showing priest vestments they must where and when 110 invited 37 refused and lost their posts O majority of priests consented to Elizabeth and assistance that special vestments be worn Catholics: Counter reformation Trying to tackle the spread of protestantism by dealing with corruption and other problems throughout Europe leading an active fight back to strengthen Catholic family by supporting local communities persecuting heretics and encouraging war against protestants. 1566 Pope instructed Catholics to not attend Church of England services penalties not imposed authorities ordered to not investigate recusants too closely 1/3 of nobility and Gentry in the northwest specifically were recusants 1569 earls of Northumberland and Westmorland led a rebellionIn the north of England against Elizabeth (revolt of the northern Earls)