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Biology
Chemistry
AP Chemistry
English
AP English Literature
European History
Nov 28, 2025
72
5 pages
Let's explore Ancient Rome, from its humble beginnings to its powerful empire. Rome transformed from a small settlement... Show more
Rome began as a mix of different peoples and cultures. Located on the Italian peninsula with fertile soil perfect for growing grapes and olives, Rome had a strategic position in the middle of the Mediterranean Sea. The city grew from the legendary tale of Romulus and Remus, twin brothers who competed to build a city, with Romulus eventually killing his brother and founding Rome.
Unlike the exclusive Greeks, Romans were known for being inclusive and integrating conquered peoples. Their language, Latin, forms the basis of about 50% of our English words today. As Rome expanded, they developed an incredibly organized military system with legions of 5,000 soldiers divided into smaller units. Roman soldiers used swords instead of spears, along with curved shields designed to deflect enemy weapons.
The Romans valued service to society over self-interest, symbolized by their motto SPQR (Senate and People of Rome). A perfect example was Cincinnatus, a Roman hero who was given emergency powers as dictator during a crisis. After saving Rome, he immediately gave up his power and returned to farming—showing the Roman ideal that no one should hold too much power for too long.
Did you know? Roman soldiers received retirement benefits including land at the borders of Rome—this clever system ensured that retired veterans would defend the frontier if enemies attacked!
Rome wasn't always a republic. They started with kings who became too oppressive, leading the Romans to create an indirect democracy where citizens voted for representatives. The government had several branches two consuls (similar to presidents) who shared power, a senate of upper-class representatives, tribunes representing common citizens, and praetors who served as judges.
Roman society was divided between wealthy patricians (the upper class) and plebeians (the middle and lower classes). Initially, only patricians could vote or hold office, but over time the plebeians fought for and won more rights. The foundation of Roman law was the Twelve Tables, which served like a constitution and established the principle that ignorance of the law was no excuse for breaking it.
Rome's incredible growth came through conquest. They defeated their neighbors in Italy, then fought the Punic Wars against Carthage for control of trade in the Mediterranean. Though Carthage had the better navy, Rome's superior army eventually prevailed. After defeating Carthage and its allies, Rome dominated the entire Mediterranean region.
Remember this! During times of crisis, Romans would elect a dictator for a limited term of six months. Unlike modern dictators, these leaders were expected to solve the emergency and then voluntarily give up power.
The success of Rome's conquests led to major changes in its military and political system. General Marius reformed the army to allow any male to join, not just landowners. This increased Rome's military power but also created armies loyal to generals instead of the Republic. Sulla later marched on Rome and made himself dictator for life, setting a dangerous precedent.
The First Triumvirate—a power-sharing arrangement between Caesar, Crassus, and Pompey—was formed to control Rome. When this alliance broke down, civil war erupted. Julius Caesar emerged victorious and was made dictator for ten years, then dictator for life with about 95% of the people supporting him. Most of his supporters came from the plebeian class who appreciated his reforms.
After Caesar's assassination, his nephew Octavian (later known as Augustus Caesar) took control. Mark Antony, Caesar's second-in-command, gave a famous speech at Caesar's funeral that turned public opinion against the assassins. Rome's famous network of roads connected the growing empire, with the saying "all roads lead to Rome" reflecting how the city became the center of the known world.
Fun fact The Via Appia (Appian Way) was called the "Queen of Roads" and was the main highway connecting Rome to southern Italy. Parts of this ancient road still exist today!
After the Republic ended, Rome was ruled by a series of emperors, beginning with the Julian Emperors who were all related to Julius Caesar. Tiberius, the adopted son of Augustus, continued Augustus's policies. Caligula (nicknamed "little boots") started as a good emperor but eventually "lost it." Claudius reconquered England and provided welfare programs, while Nero became infamous for his cruelty and forcing people to worship him as a living god.
The period of the "Good Emperors" followed, including Nerva, a wise general; Trajan, considered the greatest emperor who focused on helping others rather than himself; Hadrian, known for his fairness; and Marcus Aurelius, a philosopher who promoted education and citizens' rights. During this time, Rome enjoyed its greatest prosperity.
Eventually, the empire began to decline until Diocletian attempted to revive it by dividing the empire into four regions with four rulers. Later, Constantine fought for control in a civil war. Before the crucial Battle of Milvian Bridge, Constantine reportedly saw a vision of a cross with the message "By this sign, victory." After winning, he issued the Edict of Milan, which allowed religious freedom, and established the Roman Catholic Church.
Critical moment At the Council of Nicaea, Constantine brought Christian leaders together to establish core beliefs and determine which books would be included in the Bible—a meeting that shaped Christianity for centuries to come.
Constantine made several important changes to the empire, including moving the capital from Rome to Byzantium, which he renamed Constantinople. This city was strategically located at the crossroads between Europe and Asia and was well-protected. Though Constantine promoted Christianity, his actual conversion was questionable—he only got baptized near death and continued to worship other gods.
After Constantine, Theodosius became the last emperor to control both halves of the empire. When he died, he gave the West to one son and the East to the other. The Western Empire's last emperor was Romulus Augustulus, a 16-year-old boy who was attacked but not killed. Instead, a German Ostrogoth named Odoacer took control of Italy and Rome in 475 AD.
The empire's decline resulted from both internal and external problems. Internally, military interference in government, disloyalty, disease, civil wars, and the growing contrast between rich and poor weakened Rome. Externally, invasions from German and Asian tribes overwhelmed the empire. While the Western Empire fell into the Dark Ages, the Eastern portion continued as the Byzantine Empire, where leaders like Justinian maintained Roman traditions and called themselves the Roman Empire.
Important to remember The fall of Rome wasn't caused by a single factor but by a combination of internal corruption, economic problems, and external pressures—a lesson about how even the greatest civilizations can decline when faced with multiple challenges.
Our AI companion is specifically built for the needs of students. Based on the millions of content pieces we have on the platform we can provide truly meaningful and relevant answers to students. But its not only about answers, the companion is even more about guiding students through their daily learning challenges, with personalised study plans, quizzes or content pieces in the chat and 100% personalisation based on the students skills and developments.
You can download the app in the Google Play Store and in the Apple App Store.
That's right! Enjoy free access to study content, connect with fellow students, and get instant help – all at your fingertips.
5
Smart Tools NEW
Transform this note into: ✓ 50+ Practice Questions ✓ Interactive Flashcards ✓ Full Mock Exam ✓ Essay Outlines
App Store
Google Play
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
I think it’s very much worth it and you’ll end up using it a lot once you get the hang of it and even after looking at others notes you can still ask your Artificial intelligence buddy the question and ask to simplify it if you still don’t get it!!! In the end I think it’s worth it 😊👍 ⚠️Also DID I MENTION ITS FREEE YOU DON’T HAVE TO PAY FOR ANYTHING AND STILL GET YOUR GRADES IN PERFECTLY❗️❗️⚠️
Thomas R
iOS user
Knowunity is the BEST app I’ve used in a minute. This is not an ai review or anything this is genuinely coming from a 7th grade student (I know 2011 im young) but dude this app is a 10/10 i have maintained a 3.8 gpa and have plenty of time for gaming. I love it and my mom is just happy I got good grades
Brad T
Android user
Not only did it help me find the answer but it also showed me alternative ways to solve it. I was horrible in math and science but now I have an a in both subjects. Thanks for the help🤍🤍
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
I found this app a couple years ago and it has only gotten better since then. I really love it because it can help with written questions and photo questions. Also, it can find study guides that other people have made as well as flashcard sets and practice tests. The free version is also amazing for students who might not be able to afford it. Would 100% recommend
Aubrey
iOS user
Best app if you're in Highschool or Junior high. I have been using this app for 2 school years and it's the best, it's good if you don't have anyone to help you with school work.😋🩷🎀
Marco B
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This app is phenomenal down to the correct info and the various topics you can study! I greatly recommend it for people who struggle with procrastination and those who need homework help. It has been perfectly accurate for world 1 history as far as I’ve seen! Geometry too!
Paul T
iOS user
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
I think it’s very much worth it and you’ll end up using it a lot once you get the hang of it and even after looking at others notes you can still ask your Artificial intelligence buddy the question and ask to simplify it if you still don’t get it!!! In the end I think it’s worth it 😊👍 ⚠️Also DID I MENTION ITS FREEE YOU DON’T HAVE TO PAY FOR ANYTHING AND STILL GET YOUR GRADES IN PERFECTLY❗️❗️⚠️
Thomas R
iOS user
Knowunity is the BEST app I’ve used in a minute. This is not an ai review or anything this is genuinely coming from a 7th grade student (I know 2011 im young) but dude this app is a 10/10 i have maintained a 3.8 gpa and have plenty of time for gaming. I love it and my mom is just happy I got good grades
Brad T
Android user
Not only did it help me find the answer but it also showed me alternative ways to solve it. I was horrible in math and science but now I have an a in both subjects. Thanks for the help🤍🤍
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
I found this app a couple years ago and it has only gotten better since then. I really love it because it can help with written questions and photo questions. Also, it can find study guides that other people have made as well as flashcard sets and practice tests. The free version is also amazing for students who might not be able to afford it. Would 100% recommend
Aubrey
iOS user
Best app if you're in Highschool or Junior high. I have been using this app for 2 school years and it's the best, it's good if you don't have anyone to help you with school work.😋🩷🎀
Marco B
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This app is phenomenal down to the correct info and the various topics you can study! I greatly recommend it for people who struggle with procrastination and those who need homework help. It has been perfectly accurate for world 1 history as far as I’ve seen! Geometry too!
Paul T
iOS user
Let's explore Ancient Rome, from its humble beginnings to its powerful empire. Rome transformed from a small settlement into one of history's greatest civilizations, developing systems of government and military organization that influenced the world for centuries to come.
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Rome began as a mix of different peoples and cultures. Located on the Italian peninsula with fertile soil perfect for growing grapes and olives, Rome had a strategic position in the middle of the Mediterranean Sea. The city grew from the legendary tale of Romulus and Remus, twin brothers who competed to build a city, with Romulus eventually killing his brother and founding Rome.
Unlike the exclusive Greeks, Romans were known for being inclusive and integrating conquered peoples. Their language, Latin, forms the basis of about 50% of our English words today. As Rome expanded, they developed an incredibly organized military system with legions of 5,000 soldiers divided into smaller units. Roman soldiers used swords instead of spears, along with curved shields designed to deflect enemy weapons.
The Romans valued service to society over self-interest, symbolized by their motto SPQR (Senate and People of Rome). A perfect example was Cincinnatus, a Roman hero who was given emergency powers as dictator during a crisis. After saving Rome, he immediately gave up his power and returned to farming—showing the Roman ideal that no one should hold too much power for too long.
Did you know? Roman soldiers received retirement benefits including land at the borders of Rome—this clever system ensured that retired veterans would defend the frontier if enemies attacked!
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
Rome wasn't always a republic. They started with kings who became too oppressive, leading the Romans to create an indirect democracy where citizens voted for representatives. The government had several branches: two consuls (similar to presidents) who shared power, a senate of upper-class representatives, tribunes representing common citizens, and praetors who served as judges.
Roman society was divided between wealthy patricians (the upper class) and plebeians (the middle and lower classes). Initially, only patricians could vote or hold office, but over time the plebeians fought for and won more rights. The foundation of Roman law was the Twelve Tables, which served like a constitution and established the principle that ignorance of the law was no excuse for breaking it.
Rome's incredible growth came through conquest. They defeated their neighbors in Italy, then fought the Punic Wars against Carthage for control of trade in the Mediterranean. Though Carthage had the better navy, Rome's superior army eventually prevailed. After defeating Carthage and its allies, Rome dominated the entire Mediterranean region.
Remember this! During times of crisis, Romans would elect a dictator for a limited term of six months. Unlike modern dictators, these leaders were expected to solve the emergency and then voluntarily give up power.
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
The success of Rome's conquests led to major changes in its military and political system. General Marius reformed the army to allow any male to join, not just landowners. This increased Rome's military power but also created armies loyal to generals instead of the Republic. Sulla later marched on Rome and made himself dictator for life, setting a dangerous precedent.
The First Triumvirate—a power-sharing arrangement between Caesar, Crassus, and Pompey—was formed to control Rome. When this alliance broke down, civil war erupted. Julius Caesar emerged victorious and was made dictator for ten years, then dictator for life with about 95% of the people supporting him. Most of his supporters came from the plebeian class who appreciated his reforms.
After Caesar's assassination, his nephew Octavian (later known as Augustus Caesar) took control. Mark Antony, Caesar's second-in-command, gave a famous speech at Caesar's funeral that turned public opinion against the assassins. Rome's famous network of roads connected the growing empire, with the saying "all roads lead to Rome" reflecting how the city became the center of the known world.
Fun fact: The Via Appia (Appian Way) was called the "Queen of Roads" and was the main highway connecting Rome to southern Italy. Parts of this ancient road still exist today!
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
After the Republic ended, Rome was ruled by a series of emperors, beginning with the Julian Emperors who were all related to Julius Caesar. Tiberius, the adopted son of Augustus, continued Augustus's policies. Caligula (nicknamed "little boots") started as a good emperor but eventually "lost it." Claudius reconquered England and provided welfare programs, while Nero became infamous for his cruelty and forcing people to worship him as a living god.
The period of the "Good Emperors" followed, including Nerva, a wise general; Trajan, considered the greatest emperor who focused on helping others rather than himself; Hadrian, known for his fairness; and Marcus Aurelius, a philosopher who promoted education and citizens' rights. During this time, Rome enjoyed its greatest prosperity.
Eventually, the empire began to decline until Diocletian attempted to revive it by dividing the empire into four regions with four rulers. Later, Constantine fought for control in a civil war. Before the crucial Battle of Milvian Bridge, Constantine reportedly saw a vision of a cross with the message "By this sign, victory." After winning, he issued the Edict of Milan, which allowed religious freedom, and established the Roman Catholic Church.
Critical moment: At the Council of Nicaea, Constantine brought Christian leaders together to establish core beliefs and determine which books would be included in the Bible—a meeting that shaped Christianity for centuries to come.
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
Constantine made several important changes to the empire, including moving the capital from Rome to Byzantium, which he renamed Constantinople. This city was strategically located at the crossroads between Europe and Asia and was well-protected. Though Constantine promoted Christianity, his actual conversion was questionable—he only got baptized near death and continued to worship other gods.
After Constantine, Theodosius became the last emperor to control both halves of the empire. When he died, he gave the West to one son and the East to the other. The Western Empire's last emperor was Romulus Augustulus, a 16-year-old boy who was attacked but not killed. Instead, a German Ostrogoth named Odoacer took control of Italy and Rome in 475 AD.
The empire's decline resulted from both internal and external problems. Internally, military interference in government, disloyalty, disease, civil wars, and the growing contrast between rich and poor weakened Rome. Externally, invasions from German and Asian tribes overwhelmed the empire. While the Western Empire fell into the Dark Ages, the Eastern portion continued as the Byzantine Empire, where leaders like Justinian maintained Roman traditions and called themselves the Roman Empire.
Important to remember: The fall of Rome wasn't caused by a single factor but by a combination of internal corruption, economic problems, and external pressures—a lesson about how even the greatest civilizations can decline when faced with multiple challenges.
Our AI companion is specifically built for the needs of students. Based on the millions of content pieces we have on the platform we can provide truly meaningful and relevant answers to students. But its not only about answers, the companion is even more about guiding students through their daily learning challenges, with personalised study plans, quizzes or content pieces in the chat and 100% personalisation based on the students skills and developments.
You can download the app in the Google Play Store and in the Apple App Store.
That's right! Enjoy free access to study content, connect with fellow students, and get instant help – all at your fingertips.
5
Smart Tools NEW
Transform this note into: ✓ 50+ Practice Questions ✓ Interactive Flashcards ✓ Full Mock Exam ✓ Essay Outlines
App Store
Google Play
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
I think it’s very much worth it and you’ll end up using it a lot once you get the hang of it and even after looking at others notes you can still ask your Artificial intelligence buddy the question and ask to simplify it if you still don’t get it!!! In the end I think it’s worth it 😊👍 ⚠️Also DID I MENTION ITS FREEE YOU DON’T HAVE TO PAY FOR ANYTHING AND STILL GET YOUR GRADES IN PERFECTLY❗️❗️⚠️
Thomas R
iOS user
Knowunity is the BEST app I’ve used in a minute. This is not an ai review or anything this is genuinely coming from a 7th grade student (I know 2011 im young) but dude this app is a 10/10 i have maintained a 3.8 gpa and have plenty of time for gaming. I love it and my mom is just happy I got good grades
Brad T
Android user
Not only did it help me find the answer but it also showed me alternative ways to solve it. I was horrible in math and science but now I have an a in both subjects. Thanks for the help🤍🤍
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
I found this app a couple years ago and it has only gotten better since then. I really love it because it can help with written questions and photo questions. Also, it can find study guides that other people have made as well as flashcard sets and practice tests. The free version is also amazing for students who might not be able to afford it. Would 100% recommend
Aubrey
iOS user
Best app if you're in Highschool or Junior high. I have been using this app for 2 school years and it's the best, it's good if you don't have anyone to help you with school work.😋🩷🎀
Marco B
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This app is phenomenal down to the correct info and the various topics you can study! I greatly recommend it for people who struggle with procrastination and those who need homework help. It has been perfectly accurate for world 1 history as far as I’ve seen! Geometry too!
Paul T
iOS user
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
I think it’s very much worth it and you’ll end up using it a lot once you get the hang of it and even after looking at others notes you can still ask your Artificial intelligence buddy the question and ask to simplify it if you still don’t get it!!! In the end I think it’s worth it 😊👍 ⚠️Also DID I MENTION ITS FREEE YOU DON’T HAVE TO PAY FOR ANYTHING AND STILL GET YOUR GRADES IN PERFECTLY❗️❗️⚠️
Thomas R
iOS user
Knowunity is the BEST app I’ve used in a minute. This is not an ai review or anything this is genuinely coming from a 7th grade student (I know 2011 im young) but dude this app is a 10/10 i have maintained a 3.8 gpa and have plenty of time for gaming. I love it and my mom is just happy I got good grades
Brad T
Android user
Not only did it help me find the answer but it also showed me alternative ways to solve it. I was horrible in math and science but now I have an a in both subjects. Thanks for the help🤍🤍
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
I found this app a couple years ago and it has only gotten better since then. I really love it because it can help with written questions and photo questions. Also, it can find study guides that other people have made as well as flashcard sets and practice tests. The free version is also amazing for students who might not be able to afford it. Would 100% recommend
Aubrey
iOS user
Best app if you're in Highschool or Junior high. I have been using this app for 2 school years and it's the best, it's good if you don't have anyone to help you with school work.😋🩷🎀
Marco B
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This app is phenomenal down to the correct info and the various topics you can study! I greatly recommend it for people who struggle with procrastination and those who need homework help. It has been perfectly accurate for world 1 history as far as I’ve seen! Geometry too!
Paul T
iOS user
