The Hydrologic (Water) Cycle

The water cycle, also known as the hydrologic cycle, is a continuous process that circulates water throughout Earth's systems. This cycle is essential for sustaining life and maintaining ecological balance.

Four Main Stages of the Water Cycle:

1. Evaporation: Water in oceans, lakes, and rivers is warmed by the sun and changes from a liquid to a gas state. This process is called evaporation.

Definition: Evaporation is the process where a liquid changes from its liquid state to a gaseous state.

2. Condensation: As water vapor rises into the cooler atmosphere, it condenses back into a liquid form, creating clouds or fog.

Definition: Condensation occurs when a gas is changed into a liquid. This process is the opposite of evaporation.

3. Precipitation: When the air can no longer hold more water, it falls back to Earth as rain, snow, sleet, or hail, depending on atmospheric temperatures.

Example: Rain forms when temperatures are above freezing, while snow, sleet, and hail result from freezing temperatures in the air.

4. Transpiration: Plants absorb water from the soil through their roots. This water moves up through the stems to the leaves, where some of it evaporates, adding to the water vapor in the air.

Highlight: Transpiration is a crucial part of the water cycle, as it returns significant amounts of water to the atmosphere through plant processes.

Additional Water Cycle Processes:

• Runoff: Precipitation that falls to the ground and flows downhill, attempting to return to oceans, lakes, rivers, or other water sources.
• Streamflow: Water moving across the Earth's surface in streams.
• Percolation: Rainwater that soaks into (infiltrates) the ground, entering the soil and underlying rock layers.

Vocabulary: Percolation is the process by which water moves downward through the soil and rock layers.

The Carbon Cycle

The carbon cycle is a biogeochemical cycle that describes the movement of carbon through Earth's various systems. Carbon is the foundation of life on Earth and is found in rocks, oceans, the atmosphere, and all living organisms.

Key Components of the Carbon Cycle:

1. Photosynthesis: Plants use carbon dioxide (CO2) from the atmosphere, along with sunlight, to produce glucose through photosynthesis. This process not only removes CO2 from the atmosphere but also produces oxygen as a byproduct.

Definition: Photosynthesis is the process by which plants use sunlight, CO2, and water to produce glucose and oxygen.

2. Respiration: Both plants and animals release CO2 back into the atmosphere through cellular respiration, the process of breaking down glucose for energy.

3. Animal Consumption: When animals eat plants or other animals, they incorporate carbon into their bodies. Some of this carbon is released back into the atmosphere through respiration.

4. Decomposition: When plants and animals die, decomposers break down their bodies, returning carbon to the atmosphere. Some carbon may not fully decompose and can form deposits underground, eventually becoming fossil fuels.

5. Ocean Carbon Storage: Oceans contain Earth's largest store of carbon. CO2 from the atmosphere dissolves into the water, where it's used by marine plants and animals. When these organisms die, their carbon-rich remains can be deposited at the ocean bottom.

6. Human Activities: Burning fossil fuels and wood releases carbon compounds into the air, water, and soil, significantly altering the natural carbon cycle.

Highlight: Since the mid-1800s, human activities have significantly altered the carbon cycle, primarily through the burning of fossil fuels and deforestation.