Subjects
Biology
Chemistry
AP Chemistry
English
AP English Literature
Macroeconomics
Nov 29, 2025
34
4 pages
Anna @autumn_anna
Economics may seem complex, but it's really about understanding how people, businesses, and markets interact. This study guide... Show more
Ever wondered why some products get cheaper when nobody wants them? It all starts with demand - the quantities of goods consumers are willing and able to buy at different prices. When graphed, this creates a demand curve showing how quantity changes with price.
Several factors affect demand beyond just price. These determinants of demand include market size, future expectations, tastes and preferences, prices of related goods, and income levels. Understanding these helps explain why demand changes even when prices don't.
On the flip side, supply represents what producers are willing and able to sell at different prices. The supply curve shows this relationship graphically, while determinants of supply include input costs, number of sellers, technology, government regulations, and producer expectations.
Quick Tip When studying demand and supply curves, remember they typically move in opposite directions. Demand curves slope downward , while supply curves slope upward .
When supply meets demand, we reach market equilibrium - the point where quantity supplied equals quantity demanded at the equilibrium price. If prices are too high, a surplus occurs; if too low, a shortage results. These disequilibrium situations naturally push markets back toward equilibrium as prices adjust.
The business world isn't one-size-fits-all - it's divided into four main market structures. In perfect competition, many small firms sell identical products with minimal barriers to entry. These firms are price takers with essentially no control over market prices.
At the opposite extreme, a monopoly exists when one large firm dominates an entire market. Monopolies create unique products with no close substitutes and maintain high barriers to entry through economies of scale, superior technology, geographical advantages, or government protection. Unlike competitive firms, monopolies are price makers.
Between these extremes lie two other structures. An oligopoly features a small number of large firms with high barriers to entry, while monopolistic competition includes many producers making similar but differentiated products with low barriers to entry.
Remember This The key difference between market structures is the degree of competition and price control. As you move from perfect competition toward monopoly, firms gain more control over their prices.
Businesses also take different legal forms. A sole proprietorship has one owner who makes all decisions, while a partnership divides ownership between multiple people. A corporation exists as a legal entity owned by stockholders, offering limited liability but more complex regulations.
Making smart business decisions requires understanding costs. Fixed costs (like rent) don't change regardless of how much you produce, while variable costs (like materials) increase with production. Together, they form your total costs of doing business.
Production typically moves through three stages. During increasing marginal returns, each additional worker boosts output significantly. This shifts to decreasing marginal returns where output still grows but more slowly. Eventually, negative marginal returns occur when too many workers actually reduce total output.
The goal of most businesses is to maximize profit - the difference between revenue (money earned from sales) and total costs. Smart businesses use marginal analysis to determine the perfect production level by comparing marginal costs (cost of producing one more unit) with marginal revenue (income from selling one more unit).
Pro Tip The profit maximization rule is simple but powerful produce until marginal cost equals marginal revenue . Any more or less production will reduce overall profits.
Our economic system thrives on free enterprise principles. Economic freedom means consumers choose what to buy and where to work, while producers decide what to make, how much to produce, what prices to charge, and whom to hire. These freedoms create the dynamic marketplace we participate in daily.
Economics becomes much clearer when you know the math behind it. Key formulas help businesses make smart decisions about production and pricing. For example, calculating marginal product (change in total product) helps track how output changes as you add resources.
Understanding costs is crucial for profitability. The formula Total Costs = Fixed Costs + Variable Costs may seem obvious, but tracking these separately reveals important insights about efficiency. Similarly, Marginal Costs calculations show exactly how much each additional unit costs to produce.
Revenue formulas are equally important. Total Revenue = Average Price × Quantity Sold gives the big picture, while Marginal Revenue calculations show the additional income from selling one more unit. The ultimate goal is maximizing Profit = Total Revenue - Total Cost.
Math Matters Economic decisions should be data-driven. The profit maximization rule and the utility maximization rule are mathematical guides to making optimal choices.
When making personal decisions as a consumer, the concept of marginal utility becomes important. This measures the additional satisfaction gained from consuming one more unit of something. The principle is similar to business decision-making you should continue consuming until the marginal benefit equals the marginal cost to maximize your overall satisfaction.
Our AI companion is specifically built for the needs of students. Based on the millions of content pieces we have on the platform we can provide truly meaningful and relevant answers to students. But its not only about answers, the companion is even more about guiding students through their daily learning challenges, with personalised study plans, quizzes or content pieces in the chat and 100% personalisation based on the students skills and developments.
You can download the app in the Google Play Store and in the Apple App Store.
That's right! Enjoy free access to study content, connect with fellow students, and get instant help – all at your fingertips.
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Smart Tools NEW
Transform this note into: ✓ 50+ Practice Questions ✓ Interactive Flashcards ✓ Full Mock Exam ✓ Essay Outlines
App Store
Google Play
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
I think it’s very much worth it and you’ll end up using it a lot once you get the hang of it and even after looking at others notes you can still ask your Artificial intelligence buddy the question and ask to simplify it if you still don’t get it!!! In the end I think it’s worth it 😊👍 ⚠️Also DID I MENTION ITS FREEE YOU DON’T HAVE TO PAY FOR ANYTHING AND STILL GET YOUR GRADES IN PERFECTLY❗️❗️⚠️
Thomas R
iOS user
Knowunity is the BEST app I’ve used in a minute. This is not an ai review or anything this is genuinely coming from a 7th grade student (I know 2011 im young) but dude this app is a 10/10 i have maintained a 3.8 gpa and have plenty of time for gaming. I love it and my mom is just happy I got good grades
Brad T
Android user
Not only did it help me find the answer but it also showed me alternative ways to solve it. I was horrible in math and science but now I have an a in both subjects. Thanks for the help🤍🤍
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
I found this app a couple years ago and it has only gotten better since then. I really love it because it can help with written questions and photo questions. Also, it can find study guides that other people have made as well as flashcard sets and practice tests. The free version is also amazing for students who might not be able to afford it. Would 100% recommend
Aubrey
iOS user
Best app if you're in Highschool or Junior high. I have been using this app for 2 school years and it's the best, it's good if you don't have anyone to help you with school work.😋🩷🎀
Marco B
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This app is phenomenal down to the correct info and the various topics you can study! I greatly recommend it for people who struggle with procrastination and those who need homework help. It has been perfectly accurate for world 1 history as far as I’ve seen! Geometry too!
Paul T
iOS user
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
I think it’s very much worth it and you’ll end up using it a lot once you get the hang of it and even after looking at others notes you can still ask your Artificial intelligence buddy the question and ask to simplify it if you still don’t get it!!! In the end I think it’s worth it 😊👍 ⚠️Also DID I MENTION ITS FREEE YOU DON’T HAVE TO PAY FOR ANYTHING AND STILL GET YOUR GRADES IN PERFECTLY❗️❗️⚠️
Thomas R
iOS user
Knowunity is the BEST app I’ve used in a minute. This is not an ai review or anything this is genuinely coming from a 7th grade student (I know 2011 im young) but dude this app is a 10/10 i have maintained a 3.8 gpa and have plenty of time for gaming. I love it and my mom is just happy I got good grades
Brad T
Android user
Not only did it help me find the answer but it also showed me alternative ways to solve it. I was horrible in math and science but now I have an a in both subjects. Thanks for the help🤍🤍
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
I found this app a couple years ago and it has only gotten better since then. I really love it because it can help with written questions and photo questions. Also, it can find study guides that other people have made as well as flashcard sets and practice tests. The free version is also amazing for students who might not be able to afford it. Would 100% recommend
Aubrey
iOS user
Best app if you're in Highschool or Junior high. I have been using this app for 2 school years and it's the best, it's good if you don't have anyone to help you with school work.😋🩷🎀
Marco B
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This app is phenomenal down to the correct info and the various topics you can study! I greatly recommend it for people who struggle with procrastination and those who need homework help. It has been perfectly accurate for world 1 history as far as I’ve seen! Geometry too!
Paul T
iOS user
Anna
@autumn_anna
Economics may seem complex, but it's really about understanding how people, businesses, and markets interact. This study guide covers essential economic concepts from demand and supply to market structures and business decisions that affect our everyday lives and shape the... Show more
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Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
Ever wondered why some products get cheaper when nobody wants them? It all starts with demand - the quantities of goods consumers are willing and able to buy at different prices. When graphed, this creates a demand curve showing how quantity changes with price.
Several factors affect demand beyond just price. These determinants of demand include market size, future expectations, tastes and preferences, prices of related goods, and income levels. Understanding these helps explain why demand changes even when prices don't.
On the flip side, supply represents what producers are willing and able to sell at different prices. The supply curve shows this relationship graphically, while determinants of supply include input costs, number of sellers, technology, government regulations, and producer expectations.
Quick Tip: When studying demand and supply curves, remember they typically move in opposite directions. Demand curves slope downward , while supply curves slope upward .
When supply meets demand, we reach market equilibrium - the point where quantity supplied equals quantity demanded at the equilibrium price. If prices are too high, a surplus occurs; if too low, a shortage results. These disequilibrium situations naturally push markets back toward equilibrium as prices adjust.
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
The business world isn't one-size-fits-all - it's divided into four main market structures. In perfect competition, many small firms sell identical products with minimal barriers to entry. These firms are price takers with essentially no control over market prices.
At the opposite extreme, a monopoly exists when one large firm dominates an entire market. Monopolies create unique products with no close substitutes and maintain high barriers to entry through economies of scale, superior technology, geographical advantages, or government protection. Unlike competitive firms, monopolies are price makers.
Between these extremes lie two other structures. An oligopoly features a small number of large firms with high barriers to entry, while monopolistic competition includes many producers making similar but differentiated products with low barriers to entry.
Remember This: The key difference between market structures is the degree of competition and price control. As you move from perfect competition toward monopoly, firms gain more control over their prices.
Businesses also take different legal forms. A sole proprietorship has one owner who makes all decisions, while a partnership divides ownership between multiple people. A corporation exists as a legal entity owned by stockholders, offering limited liability but more complex regulations.
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
Making smart business decisions requires understanding costs. Fixed costs (like rent) don't change regardless of how much you produce, while variable costs (like materials) increase with production. Together, they form your total costs of doing business.
Production typically moves through three stages. During increasing marginal returns, each additional worker boosts output significantly. This shifts to decreasing marginal returns where output still grows but more slowly. Eventually, negative marginal returns occur when too many workers actually reduce total output.
The goal of most businesses is to maximize profit - the difference between revenue (money earned from sales) and total costs. Smart businesses use marginal analysis to determine the perfect production level by comparing marginal costs (cost of producing one more unit) with marginal revenue (income from selling one more unit).
Pro Tip: The profit maximization rule is simple but powerful: produce until marginal cost equals marginal revenue . Any more or less production will reduce overall profits.
Our economic system thrives on free enterprise principles. Economic freedom means consumers choose what to buy and where to work, while producers decide what to make, how much to produce, what prices to charge, and whom to hire. These freedoms create the dynamic marketplace we participate in daily.
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
Economics becomes much clearer when you know the math behind it. Key formulas help businesses make smart decisions about production and pricing. For example, calculating marginal product (change in total product) helps track how output changes as you add resources.
Understanding costs is crucial for profitability. The formula Total Costs = Fixed Costs + Variable Costs may seem obvious, but tracking these separately reveals important insights about efficiency. Similarly, Marginal Costs calculations show exactly how much each additional unit costs to produce.
Revenue formulas are equally important. Total Revenue = Average Price × Quantity Sold gives the big picture, while Marginal Revenue calculations show the additional income from selling one more unit. The ultimate goal is maximizing Profit = Total Revenue - Total Cost.
Math Matters: Economic decisions should be data-driven. The profit maximization rule and the utility maximization rule are mathematical guides to making optimal choices.
When making personal decisions as a consumer, the concept of marginal utility becomes important. This measures the additional satisfaction gained from consuming one more unit of something. The principle is similar to business decision-making: you should continue consuming until the marginal benefit equals the marginal cost to maximize your overall satisfaction.
Our AI companion is specifically built for the needs of students. Based on the millions of content pieces we have on the platform we can provide truly meaningful and relevant answers to students. But its not only about answers, the companion is even more about guiding students through their daily learning challenges, with personalised study plans, quizzes or content pieces in the chat and 100% personalisation based on the students skills and developments.
You can download the app in the Google Play Store and in the Apple App Store.
That's right! Enjoy free access to study content, connect with fellow students, and get instant help – all at your fingertips.
0
Smart Tools NEW
Transform this note into: ✓ 50+ Practice Questions ✓ Interactive Flashcards ✓ Full Mock Exam ✓ Essay Outlines
App Store
Google Play
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
I think it’s very much worth it and you’ll end up using it a lot once you get the hang of it and even after looking at others notes you can still ask your Artificial intelligence buddy the question and ask to simplify it if you still don’t get it!!! In the end I think it’s worth it 😊👍 ⚠️Also DID I MENTION ITS FREEE YOU DON’T HAVE TO PAY FOR ANYTHING AND STILL GET YOUR GRADES IN PERFECTLY❗️❗️⚠️
Thomas R
iOS user
Knowunity is the BEST app I’ve used in a minute. This is not an ai review or anything this is genuinely coming from a 7th grade student (I know 2011 im young) but dude this app is a 10/10 i have maintained a 3.8 gpa and have plenty of time for gaming. I love it and my mom is just happy I got good grades
Brad T
Android user
Not only did it help me find the answer but it also showed me alternative ways to solve it. I was horrible in math and science but now I have an a in both subjects. Thanks for the help🤍🤍
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
I found this app a couple years ago and it has only gotten better since then. I really love it because it can help with written questions and photo questions. Also, it can find study guides that other people have made as well as flashcard sets and practice tests. The free version is also amazing for students who might not be able to afford it. Would 100% recommend
Aubrey
iOS user
Best app if you're in Highschool or Junior high. I have been using this app for 2 school years and it's the best, it's good if you don't have anyone to help you with school work.😋🩷🎀
Marco B
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This app is phenomenal down to the correct info and the various topics you can study! I greatly recommend it for people who struggle with procrastination and those who need homework help. It has been perfectly accurate for world 1 history as far as I’ve seen! Geometry too!
Paul T
iOS user
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
I think it’s very much worth it and you’ll end up using it a lot once you get the hang of it and even after looking at others notes you can still ask your Artificial intelligence buddy the question and ask to simplify it if you still don’t get it!!! In the end I think it’s worth it 😊👍 ⚠️Also DID I MENTION ITS FREEE YOU DON’T HAVE TO PAY FOR ANYTHING AND STILL GET YOUR GRADES IN PERFECTLY❗️❗️⚠️
Thomas R
iOS user
Knowunity is the BEST app I’ve used in a minute. This is not an ai review or anything this is genuinely coming from a 7th grade student (I know 2011 im young) but dude this app is a 10/10 i have maintained a 3.8 gpa and have plenty of time for gaming. I love it and my mom is just happy I got good grades
Brad T
Android user
Not only did it help me find the answer but it also showed me alternative ways to solve it. I was horrible in math and science but now I have an a in both subjects. Thanks for the help🤍🤍
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
I found this app a couple years ago and it has only gotten better since then. I really love it because it can help with written questions and photo questions. Also, it can find study guides that other people have made as well as flashcard sets and practice tests. The free version is also amazing for students who might not be able to afford it. Would 100% recommend
Aubrey
iOS user
Best app if you're in Highschool or Junior high. I have been using this app for 2 school years and it's the best, it's good if you don't have anyone to help you with school work.😋🩷🎀
Marco B
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This app is phenomenal down to the correct info and the various topics you can study! I greatly recommend it for people who struggle with procrastination and those who need homework help. It has been perfectly accurate for world 1 history as far as I’ve seen! Geometry too!
Paul T
iOS user
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