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Feb 2, 2026
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Bookkeeping Certification Exam Guide
L
Leighaina Clement
@leighainaclement_yorw
1 / 3
The Accounting Cycle & Key Concepts
The accounting cycle follows nine key steps that businesses use to track their finances: 1) analyze transactions, 2) record in journal, 3) post to ledger, 4) prepare unadjusted trial balance, 5) prepare adjusting entries, 6) prepare adjusted trial balance, 7) prepare financial statements, 8) prepare closing entries, and 9) create post-closing trial balance.
The fundamental accounting equation states that Assets = Liabilities + Equity. This equation can be rearranged to find any component: Assets - Liabilities = Equity or Liabilities = Assets - Equity. When recording transactions, remember DEALER: Debits increase Dividends, Expenses, and Assets while Credits increase Liabilities, Equity, and Revenue.
Two main accounting methods exist: cash basis (recording revenue when cash is received and expenses when cash is paid) and accrual basis (recording revenue when earned and expenses when incurred). Most businesses use accrual accounting because it gives a more accurate picture of financial performance.
💡 Real-World Connection: The W2 form your employer shares summarizes your yearly earnings and tax payments, while the W4 form you complete when starting a job helps determine tax withholding from your paycheck.
Financial statements tell different stories about a business: the balance sheet shows wealth at a specific date, the income statement summarizes revenue and expenses over time, the cash flow statement tracks money movement, and the statement of owners equity shows changes in shareholders' investment.
Managing Business Transactions & Accounts
When managing business transactions, specific documents serve different purposes. For example, if a customer returns a product or you give a refund, you'll create a credit memo to document this change. Understanding FED withholding allowances and FICA (Medicare and social security) is crucial for payroll accounting.
Businesses organize their assets and liabilities based on timeframes. Current assets include cash, debtors, and inventory that can be quickly converted to cash, while long-term assets include fixed items like property and equipment. Similarly, current liabilities are obligations expected to be paid within a year (creditors, payroll expenses), and long-term liabilities include bonds and mortgage loans.
Reconciliation is a critical monthly process that compares your records against bank statements to ensure accuracy. You'll need to reconcile prepaid expenses, accounts payable, accounts receivable, and inventory. Watch for issues like NSF checks (not sufficient funds), uncleared checks, and uncleared deposits when reconciling.
💡 Test Tip: Remember that the accounting cycle includes all revenues and expenses, and operates under key assumptions like accrual basis and going concern (the business will continue operating).
The general ledger organizes all accounts (assets, liabilities, income, and expenses), while the journal records daily transactions with date, description, account name, and amount. Gross profit is calculated by subtracting the cost of goods sold from sales revenue.
Advanced Accounting Principles
The accounting equation forms the foundation of accounting and can be rearranged to solve for any component. When working with this equation, remember that equity represents ownership interest, essentially what would remain if all liabilities were paid off.
When using T-accounts (the visual representation of ledger accounts), watch out for common problems: omissions (forgotten transactions), improper recording, and incorrect categorization. The rules for debits and credits are crucial: debits decrease liability, revenue, or equity accounts while credits increase them. Conversely, debits increase asset or expense accounts while credits decrease them.
Financial statements serve different purposes in accounting. The income statement displays revenues, gains, expenses, and losses during a specific period, revealing both operating and non-operating activities. The statement of equity shows changes in earned profits, dividends, shareholder contributions, and payouts.
💡 Remember This: Assets appear on the balance sheet, and royalty income increases equity since it represents earnings for the business.
Understanding these relationships helps you analyze business performance and make informed decisions about a company's financial health. Mastering these concepts will prepare you for both accounting classes and real-world financial analysis.
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The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
I think it’s very much worth it and you’ll end up using it a lot once you get the hang of it and even after looking at others notes you can still ask your Artificial intelligence buddy the question and ask to simplify it if you still don’t get it!!! In the end I think it’s worth it 😊👍 ⚠️Also DID I MENTION ITS FREEE YOU DON’T HAVE TO PAY FOR ANYTHING AND STILL GET YOUR GRADES IN PERFECTLY❗️❗️⚠️
Thomas R
iOS user
Knowunity is the BEST app I’ve used in a minute. This is not an ai review or anything this is genuinely coming from a 7th grade student (I know 2011 im young) but dude this app is a 10/10 i have maintained a 3.8 gpa and have plenty of time for gaming. I love it and my mom is just happy I got good grades
Brad T
Android user
Not only did it help me find the answer but it also showed me alternative ways to solve it. I was horrible in math and science but now I have an a in both subjects. Thanks for the help🤍🤍
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
I found this app a couple years ago and it has only gotten better since then. I really love it because it can help with written questions and photo questions. Also, it can find study guides that other people have made as well as flashcard sets and practice tests. The free version is also amazing for students who might not be able to afford it. Would 100% recommend
Aubrey
iOS user
Best app if you're in Highschool or Junior high. I have been using this app for 2 school years and it's the best, it's good if you don't have anyone to help you with school work.😋🩷🎀
Marco B
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE Knowunity AI. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This app is phenomenal down to the correct info and the various topics you can study! I greatly recommend it for people who struggle with procrastination and those who need homework help. It has been perfectly accurate for world 1 history as far as I’ve seen! Geometry too!
Paul T
iOS user
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
I think it’s very much worth it and you’ll end up using it a lot once you get the hang of it and even after looking at others notes you can still ask your Artificial intelligence buddy the question and ask to simplify it if you still don’t get it!!! In the end I think it’s worth it 😊👍 ⚠️Also DID I MENTION ITS FREEE YOU DON’T HAVE TO PAY FOR ANYTHING AND STILL GET YOUR GRADES IN PERFECTLY❗️❗️⚠️
Thomas R
iOS user
Knowunity is the BEST app I’ve used in a minute. This is not an ai review or anything this is genuinely coming from a 7th grade student (I know 2011 im young) but dude this app is a 10/10 i have maintained a 3.8 gpa and have plenty of time for gaming. I love it and my mom is just happy I got good grades
Brad T
Android user
Not only did it help me find the answer but it also showed me alternative ways to solve it. I was horrible in math and science but now I have an a in both subjects. Thanks for the help🤍🤍
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
I found this app a couple years ago and it has only gotten better since then. I really love it because it can help with written questions and photo questions. Also, it can find study guides that other people have made as well as flashcard sets and practice tests. The free version is also amazing for students who might not be able to afford it. Would 100% recommend
Aubrey
iOS user
Best app if you're in Highschool or Junior high. I have been using this app for 2 school years and it's the best, it's good if you don't have anyone to help you with school work.😋🩷🎀
Marco B
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE Knowunity AI. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This app is phenomenal down to the correct info and the various topics you can study! I greatly recommend it for people who struggle with procrastination and those who need homework help. It has been perfectly accurate for world 1 history as far as I’ve seen! Geometry too!
Paul T
iOS user
Bookkeeping Certification Exam Guide
L
Leighaina Clement
@leighainaclement_yorw
Accounting is all about tracking, organizing, and understanding the financial information of a business. This summary breaks down essential accounting concepts, from the accounting cycle to financial statements, helping you grasp how businesses record and report their financial activities.
The Accounting Cycle & Key Concepts
The accounting cycle follows nine key steps that businesses use to track their finances: 1) analyze transactions, 2) record in journal, 3) post to ledger, 4) prepare unadjusted trial balance, 5) prepare adjusting entries, 6) prepare adjusted trial balance, 7) prepare financial statements, 8) prepare closing entries, and 9) create post-closing trial balance.
The fundamental accounting equation states that Assets = Liabilities + Equity. This equation can be rearranged to find any component: Assets - Liabilities = Equity or Liabilities = Assets - Equity. When recording transactions, remember DEALER: Debits increase Dividends, Expenses, and Assets while Credits increase Liabilities, Equity, and Revenue.
Two main accounting methods exist: cash basis (recording revenue when cash is received and expenses when cash is paid) and accrual basis (recording revenue when earned and expenses when incurred). Most businesses use accrual accounting because it gives a more accurate picture of financial performance.
💡 Real-World Connection: The W2 form your employer shares summarizes your yearly earnings and tax payments, while the W4 form you complete when starting a job helps determine tax withholding from your paycheck.
Financial statements tell different stories about a business: the balance sheet shows wealth at a specific date, the income statement summarizes revenue and expenses over time, the cash flow statement tracks money movement, and the statement of owners equity shows changes in shareholders' investment.
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Managing Business Transactions & Accounts
When managing business transactions, specific documents serve different purposes. For example, if a customer returns a product or you give a refund, you'll create a credit memo to document this change. Understanding FED withholding allowances and FICA (Medicare and social security) is crucial for payroll accounting.
Businesses organize their assets and liabilities based on timeframes. Current assets include cash, debtors, and inventory that can be quickly converted to cash, while long-term assets include fixed items like property and equipment. Similarly, current liabilities are obligations expected to be paid within a year (creditors, payroll expenses), and long-term liabilities include bonds and mortgage loans.
Reconciliation is a critical monthly process that compares your records against bank statements to ensure accuracy. You'll need to reconcile prepaid expenses, accounts payable, accounts receivable, and inventory. Watch for issues like NSF checks (not sufficient funds), uncleared checks, and uncleared deposits when reconciling.
💡 Test Tip: Remember that the accounting cycle includes all revenues and expenses, and operates under key assumptions like accrual basis and going concern (the business will continue operating).
The general ledger organizes all accounts (assets, liabilities, income, and expenses), while the journal records daily transactions with date, description, account name, and amount. Gross profit is calculated by subtracting the cost of goods sold from sales revenue.
Sign up to see the contentIt's free!
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
Advanced Accounting Principles
The accounting equation forms the foundation of accounting and can be rearranged to solve for any component. When working with this equation, remember that equity represents ownership interest, essentially what would remain if all liabilities were paid off.
When using T-accounts (the visual representation of ledger accounts), watch out for common problems: omissions (forgotten transactions), improper recording, and incorrect categorization. The rules for debits and credits are crucial: debits decrease liability, revenue, or equity accounts while credits increase them. Conversely, debits increase asset or expense accounts while credits decrease them.
Financial statements serve different purposes in accounting. The income statement displays revenues, gains, expenses, and losses during a specific period, revealing both operating and non-operating activities. The statement of equity shows changes in earned profits, dividends, shareholder contributions, and payouts.
💡 Remember This: Assets appear on the balance sheet, and royalty income increases equity since it represents earnings for the business.
Understanding these relationships helps you analyze business performance and make informed decisions about a company's financial health. Mastering these concepts will prepare you for both accounting classes and real-world financial analysis.
We thought you’d never ask...
What is the Knowunity AI companion?
Our AI companion is specifically built for the needs of students. Based on the millions of content pieces we have on the platform we can provide truly meaningful and relevant answers to students. But its not only about answers, the companion is even more about guiding students through their daily learning challenges, with personalised study plans, quizzes or content pieces in the chat and 100% personalisation based on the students skills and developments.
Where can I download the Knowunity app?
You can download the app in the Google Play Store and in the Apple App Store.
Is Knowunity really free of charge?
That's right! Enjoy free access to study content, connect with fellow students, and get instant help – all at your fingertips.
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Students love us — and so will you.
4.6/5
App Store
4.7/5
Google Play
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
I think it’s very much worth it and you’ll end up using it a lot once you get the hang of it and even after looking at others notes you can still ask your Artificial intelligence buddy the question and ask to simplify it if you still don’t get it!!! In the end I think it’s worth it 😊👍 ⚠️Also DID I MENTION ITS FREEE YOU DON’T HAVE TO PAY FOR ANYTHING AND STILL GET YOUR GRADES IN PERFECTLY❗️❗️⚠️
Thomas R
iOS user
Knowunity is the BEST app I’ve used in a minute. This is not an ai review or anything this is genuinely coming from a 7th grade student (I know 2011 im young) but dude this app is a 10/10 i have maintained a 3.8 gpa and have plenty of time for gaming. I love it and my mom is just happy I got good grades
Brad T
Android user
Not only did it help me find the answer but it also showed me alternative ways to solve it. I was horrible in math and science but now I have an a in both subjects. Thanks for the help🤍🤍
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
I found this app a couple years ago and it has only gotten better since then. I really love it because it can help with written questions and photo questions. Also, it can find study guides that other people have made as well as flashcard sets and practice tests. The free version is also amazing for students who might not be able to afford it. Would 100% recommend
Aubrey
iOS user
Best app if you're in Highschool or Junior high. I have been using this app for 2 school years and it's the best, it's good if you don't have anyone to help you with school work.😋🩷🎀
Marco B
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE Knowunity AI. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This app is phenomenal down to the correct info and the various topics you can study! I greatly recommend it for people who struggle with procrastination and those who need homework help. It has been perfectly accurate for world 1 history as far as I’ve seen! Geometry too!
Paul T
iOS user
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
I think it’s very much worth it and you’ll end up using it a lot once you get the hang of it and even after looking at others notes you can still ask your Artificial intelligence buddy the question and ask to simplify it if you still don’t get it!!! In the end I think it’s worth it 😊👍 ⚠️Also DID I MENTION ITS FREEE YOU DON’T HAVE TO PAY FOR ANYTHING AND STILL GET YOUR GRADES IN PERFECTLY❗️❗️⚠️
Thomas R
iOS user
Knowunity is the BEST app I’ve used in a minute. This is not an ai review or anything this is genuinely coming from a 7th grade student (I know 2011 im young) but dude this app is a 10/10 i have maintained a 3.8 gpa and have plenty of time for gaming. I love it and my mom is just happy I got good grades
Brad T
Android user
Not only did it help me find the answer but it also showed me alternative ways to solve it. I was horrible in math and science but now I have an a in both subjects. Thanks for the help🤍🤍
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
I found this app a couple years ago and it has only gotten better since then. I really love it because it can help with written questions and photo questions. Also, it can find study guides that other people have made as well as flashcard sets and practice tests. The free version is also amazing for students who might not be able to afford it. Would 100% recommend
Aubrey
iOS user
Best app if you're in Highschool or Junior high. I have been using this app for 2 school years and it's the best, it's good if you don't have anyone to help you with school work.😋🩷🎀
Marco B
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE Knowunity AI. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This app is phenomenal down to the correct info and the various topics you can study! I greatly recommend it for people who struggle with procrastination and those who need homework help. It has been perfectly accurate for world 1 history as far as I’ve seen! Geometry too!
Paul T
iOS user