Change and Continuity in later medieval England c1200-c1500

This page details further developments in the English legal system during the later medieval period, showcasing the evolution of laws and punishments.

The abolition of the Murdrum fine around 1350 reflected the fading distinctions between Normans and Saxons over time. New laws were introduced to address emerging concerns:

Example: Heresy Laws were introduced from 1382 to deal with challenges to Church beliefs, demonstrating the continued influence of religion on the legal system.

The nature of law enforcement and punishment evolved significantly during this period. The page provides a comprehensive overview of various trial methods used in medieval England:

• Trial by cold water
• Trial by hot water
• Trial by hot iron
• Trial by consecrated bread
• Trial by combat (a Norman addition)

Highlight: In the trial by cold water, if the accused sank, they were considered innocent, while floating indicated guilt as it was believed God had rejected them.

These trial methods reflect the strong religious influence on the medieval justice system and the belief in divine judgment.

Later medieval period law enforcement c1200-1500

This section outlines key developments in law enforcement during the later medieval period, showcasing the gradual centralization and formalization of the English legal system.

Significant milestones include:

1. 1166: Creation of the Assize of Clarendon, establishing royal judges to try serious crimes
2. 1190: Appointment of Coroners to investigate suspicious deaths
3. 1215: Abolition of trial by ordeal and introduction of trial by jury
4. 1361: Introduction of Justices of the Peace as centrally appointed local judges

Highlight: The creation of the Assize of Clarendon in 1166 led to the establishment of courts and prisons for those awaiting trials, marking an extension of royal control over the legal system.

These developments demonstrate a clear trend towards a more centralized and standardized system of law enforcement and justice administration in medieval England.

Page 5: Benefit of Clergy

The final section focuses on the special legal privileges granted to clergy members and their impact on medieval justice.

Definition: Benefit of Clergy allowed religious officials to be tried in more lenient Church courts rather than secular courts.

Highlight: Church courts notably excluded capital punishment, offering more merciful sentences.

Example: The 'neck verse' (Psalm 51) could be recited to claim clergy status and access Church courts.

This system demonstrated the significant power of the Church in medieval legal proceedings and its ability to influence justice outcomes.