Norman Changes to Crime and Punishment

The Norman conquest brought both changes and continuities to the Anglo-Saxon system of crime and punishment.

Changes from Anglo-Saxons to Normans

New elements introduced by the Normans included:

• William I established church courts for religious and moral crimes
• New crimes such as killing a Norman and forest-related offenses
• Introduction of trial by combat

Continuities from Anglo-Saxon Period

Many aspects of the Anglo-Saxon system remained:

• Use of fines, corporal punishment, and capital punishment
• Continuation of the hue and cry system
• Trial by ordeal for ordinary crimes

Highlight: The Norman period saw a blend of old and new practices in crime and punishment.

Crimes in Norman England

New crimes introduced in the Norman period included:

• Poaching
• Cutting down trees
• Possessing a bow and arrow without permission
• Killing a Norman $considered a more serious offense$

Punishments in Norman England

Punishments under Norman rule included:

• Fines payable to the king
• Stocks and pillory
• Public beatings or flogging
• Tongue removal
• Maiming
• Hanging
• Execution

Vocabulary: The murdrum fine was a collective punishment imposed on a community if a Norman was killed and the killer was not found.

Law Enforcement in Norman England

The Normans largely continued the Anglo-Saxon system:

• Local collectives remained responsible for preventing crime
• Tithings and the hue and cry system continued

Trials in Norman England

The Normans introduced a new form of trial:

• Trial by combat: Used to settle disputes over large sums of money or land
• Combatants fought to the death or until one yielded

Example: In a trial by combat, two parties would fight using swords or large sticks to determine guilt or innocence.

Medieval Developments in Crime and Punishment

The medieval period saw significant developments in law and justice, with new statutes and an expansion of the legal system.

Key Developments

1. Statutes of Labourers $1343$: Made it a crime to ask for higher wages Set a minimum wage for workers
2. Heresy Laws $1382, 1401, 1414$: Criminalized speaking out against the church Punishment for heresy was execution
3. Trial by Jury: Became more common during this period
4. Travelling Judges: Helped centralize and standardize the common law
5. Justices of the Peace: Initially appointed in unruly areas Extended to the whole kingdom by Edward III in 1327 Later appointed by local communities rather than the king

Highlight: The medieval period saw a gradual shift towards a more centralized and standardized legal system.

Early Modern Changes in Crime and Punishment

The early modern period $1500-1700$ saw significant social, economic, and religious changes that impacted crime and punishment.

Key Factors Influencing Crime

1. Religious Upheaval: Protestant Reformation led by Martin Luther Establishment of the Church of England
2. Economic Changes: Loss of jobs in the cloth industry Increase in population and urbanization Rising prices for essential goods
3. Land Enclosure: Increased cost of renting land Displacement of rural populations

Vocabulary: Enclosure refers to the process of fencing off common land for private use, often for sheep farming.

Religious Changes and Crime

The Tudor period saw frequent changes in the official religion:

• Henry VIII $1509-47$: Created Protestant Church of England
• Edward VI $1547-53$: Protestant
• Mary I $1553-58$: Catholic
• Elizabeth I $1558-1603$: Protestant
• James I $1603-25$: Protestant

These changes led to new crimes and punishments related to religious beliefs.

Punishments for Heretics

Those accused of heresy faced severe punishments:

• Torture on the rack in the Tower of London
• Burning at the stake
• Forced to recant beliefs publicly

Example: A heretic might be given the option to carry a burned stick to symbolize their near-execution, if they publicly recanted their beliefs.

Highlight: The frequent changes in official religion during the Tudor period led to periods of intense religious persecution and new forms of crime and punishment.

Anglo-Saxon and Medieval Crime & Punishment: Religious Crimes and Heresy

During the Tudor period, Anglo-Saxon crime and punishment history underwent significant changes, particularly regarding religious offenses. The persecution of heretics became increasingly severe, with punishments designed to both punish and deter. Heretics faced brutal consequences including torture on the rack at the Tower of London and being burned at the stake.

The religious upheaval began with Henry VIII's break from the Catholic Church. After establishing himself as head of the Church of England, refusing to acknowledge his supremacy became treasonous. His successors each brought their own religious policies - Edward VI pushed Protestant reforms, Mary I violently restored Catholicism, and Elizabeth I sought a middle ground through her Religious Settlement.

Definition: Heresy was the crime of holding religious beliefs that contradicted official church doctrine. Under Tudor rule, both Catholics and Protestants could be considered heretics depending on the monarch's religious position.

James I's reign saw continued religious persecution, especially after the Gunpowder Plot of 1605. The Popish Recusants Act forced Catholics to swear allegiance to the king and pay heavy fines. This period demonstrates how religious crime and punishment served both spiritual and political purposes in maintaining royal authority.

The Industrial Revolution's Impact on Crime and Law Enforcement

The period between 1750-1850 saw dramatic changes in Medieval crimes and punishments. The Industrial Revolution brought rapid urbanization, population growth, and new forms of crime. Common offenses included food theft, pickpocketing, and smuggling, while law enforcement evolved with the introduction of professional police forces.

Highlight: The "Bloody Code" of 1688-1800s saw over 200 crimes become punishable by death, from murder to petty theft. This harsh system eventually gave way to more moderate punishments including transportation to penal colonies.

Transportation to Australia became a key punishment strategy, addressing both the lack of prison capacity and the need for colonial labor. The development of the modern prison system began with Millbank Prison in 1816, followed by significant reforms under Home Secretary Robert Peel in the 1820s.

Modern Law Enforcement and Specialized Police Units

The evolution of policing has led to highly specialized units tackling specific types of crime. The Criminal Investigation Department $CID$ handles serious crime investigations, while Special Branch focuses on terrorism and national security threats. The Serious Organised Crime Agency $SOCA$ conducts undercover operations and witness protection.

Example: Modern police forces include specialized units like:

• Firearms Branch for armed response
• Economic Crime Unit for large-scale fraud
• E-crime Unit for cybercrime
• Royal and Diplomatic Branch for protecting VIPs

These developments reflect how law enforcement has adapted to address new forms of crime while maintaining traditional policing roles. The creation of specialized units demonstrates the increasing complexity of modern crime-fighting.

The Abolition of Capital Punishment in Britain

The path to abolishing the death penalty in Britain was influenced by several key factors. Controversial cases like Timothy Evans, Derek Bentley, and Ruth Ellis highlighted the irreversible nature of capital punishment and the risk of wrongful executions.

Quote: "No way to get right what is wrong" became a powerful argument against capital punishment, emphasizing the permanence of execution and the impossibility of correcting mistakes.

Post-WWII attitudes shifted as Britain reconsidered what constituted humane punishment. The Universal Declaration of Human Rights emphasized the right to life, while changing social attitudes led to greater understanding of criminal behavior. Sydney Silverman's parliamentary efforts and Home Secretary Roy Jenkins' support were crucial in finally abolishing capital punishment, making Britain one of the last European countries to end this practice.

Immigration and Social Tensions in Victorian Whitechapel

The East End of London, particularly Whitechapel, experienced significant demographic changes and social tensions during the Victorian era. This densely populated district, home to approximately 30,000 residents including 1,000 homeless individuals, became a melting pot of different immigrant communities, each bringing their own customs and challenges.

Definition: Whitechapel was a district in London's East End characterized by poverty, overcrowding, and social tensions between various immigrant groups in the 1880s.

The Irish community established a strong presence in Whitechapel since the 1840s, primarily working in construction, canals, roads, railways, and dockyards. A particularly controversial group among the Irish immigrants was the Fenians, an Irish Catholic organization viewed as terrorists by London authorities. The Fenians advocated for Irish independence from the United Kingdom and were notorious for orchestrating bomb attacks on London landmarks, including the event known as "Dynamite Saturday."

Jewish immigration brought approximately 30,000 people to the East End between 1881 and 1891, fleeing persecution in Eastern Europe and Russia. These Jewish communities often formed distinct enclaves within Whitechapel, maintaining their cultural identity while having limited interaction with local residents. This self-segregation, while preserving their traditions, sometimes led to increased tensions with other community groups.

Highlight: The presence of socialists and anarchists added another layer of complexity to Whitechapel's social dynamics. Failed revolutionary attempts in Europe sparked fears about potential anarchist activities in London, while socialists advocated for improved working conditions and better wages for the working classes.

Living Conditions and Poverty in Victorian Whitechapel

The harsh realities of life in 1880s Whitechapel were most evident in its housing conditions and institutions for the poor. The district was notorious for its "rookeries" - overcrowded slum areas characterized by dirt, disease, and deplorable living conditions.

Example: Rookeries were densely packed housing complexes where multiple families might share a single room, with minimal sanitation and high rates of disease transmission.

For those unable to secure even the most basic accommodation, workhouses represented the last resort. These institutions provided basic food and shelter in exchange for hard labor. The system deliberately made conditions harsh to discourage dependency, reflecting the Victorian attitude toward poverty and welfare.

The workhouse population included various groups of vulnerable individuals, classified as "inmates," including the elderly, sick, disabled, and orphans. The work assigned was intentionally difficult and monotonous, designed to serve as a deterrent to seeking workhouse assistance except in cases of absolute necessity.

Vocabulary: Workhouses were government institutions that provided basic necessities to the destitute in exchange for labor, operating under the principle of "less eligibility" - ensuring conditions were worse than those of the lowest-paid independent laborers.

Anglo-Saxon Crime and Punishment

The Anglo-Saxon period saw a structured approach to crime and punishment, with a focus on community responsibility and monetary compensation.

Crimes in Anglo-Saxon England

Common crimes during this period included:

• Murder
• Assault
• Public disorder
• Counterfeiting coins
• Theft
• Arson
• Betraying one's lord

Punishments in Anglo-Saxon England

Punishments were often severe and included:

• Wergild: A system of monetary compensation
• Maiming
• Stocks or pillory
• Fines
• Hand amputation
• Hanging

Vocabulary: Wergild was a form of monetary compensation paid to the victim's family by the perpetrator of a crime.

Law Enforcement in Anglo-Saxon England

Law enforcement was community-based:

• All men over 12 belonged to a tithing
• Tithings were responsible for each other's behavior
• The "hue and cry" system was used to alert the community of crimes

Highlight: The tithing system made law enforcement a collective responsibility, encouraging community vigilance.

Trials in Anglo-Saxon England

Two main types of trials were used:

1. Trial by oath: The accused could swear innocence on the Bible
2. Trial by ordeal: Testing the accused through physical trials believed to reveal God's judgment

Example: In a trial by hot iron, the accused would carry a hot iron bar. If the wound healed within three days, they were considered innocent.