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least amount of money. Companies need to know whether their products are bulk gaining or bulk reducing goods. Bulk Gaining- Located near to the market, as production happens the goods become heavier. Bulk Reducing- Located closer to the raw resources, as production happens the goods become lighter and easier to transport. Another important idea that determines the location of the production is labor cost and agglomeration. Agglomeration- When businesses cluster together to share services, customers or infrastructures to make more money. Resource 1 Mr.Sinn's Video 10 mile road 6 miles Market 10 miles Factory 8 mile road 5 miles Resource 2 7.3 Formal Economy- Monitored and regulated by the government, taxed by the government. Informal Economy- Not monitored, regulated or taxed by the government. Under the table stuff. Often in squatter settlement. Less developed countries have more. GDP (Gross Domestic Product)- Value of goods and services produced within a country in a year. Increased GDP is good for the economy, while decreasing is not. GNP (Gross National Product)- Measures goods and services produced only by a country's citizens no matter where they live in the world. GNI (Gross National Income)- GDP- income sent to foreign countries + net income that a country would receive from production that is abroad. GNI per capita shows us the standard of living for the citizens of the country. The higher it is the better. Country's national income / the population. Other ways to see how well a country is doing and how advanced they are is to check the infant mortality rate, literacy rate, income distribution, and the ability to access healthcare. We can also look at the country's GII, gender inequality index. This measures reproductive health, empowerment and labor market participation rate to show equality or inequality between genders in a country. Lower has less inequality. Higher has more. Lastly, we can look at the HDI, Human development index, life expectancy, expected years of schooling and a country's gross national income per capita. They can score between a 0 and a 1. 1 is the best standard of living well 0 is the worst. Mr.Sinn's Video 7.4 Woman rights. More developed often have more equality for women well less developed don't. Most women in less developed countries work in informal economies, which they have no protection in and can be underpaid, treated unfairly against and harassed. Microloans- Small loans provided by individuals to people in developing countries who are working to start a small business. Often given to women with good qualifications like credit worthiness. If they can't pay the loan back it could put them in debt, which would do the opposite of what the program was intended to do. Mr.Sinn's Video 7.5 Rostow's stages of economic growth- All countries have the opportunity to develop and grow. The steps are Traditional Society- Mostly focuses on subsistence agriculture. Productivity is low and most work is in the primary sector. Preconditions for Take off- Demand from outside states for raw material and changes start politically and economically. More opportunities open up and jobs start opening up in the secondary sector. Take off- More jobs and opportunities in the secondary sector. More technology. Unfortunately the export of raw materials will cause other countries to take advantage of domestic labor and exploitation of natural resources. Drive to Maturity- More specialization and global trade. Diversify the economy and more jobs open up in the tertiary sector. Society is more independent and less dependent on exporting raw resources. High Mass Consumption- Produces products that meet the wants and needs of citizens, fairly independent. Wallerstein's World Systems Theory- Believes that all countries rely on each other and interact with each other in more ways than we realize. Sorts countries into Core, Semi-Periphery and Periphery. Consoods High Profit CORE Semi- Periphery Periphery Cheap Labor and Raw Wallerstein's World System Theory Model Dependency Theory- Resources flow from LDCs to MDCs, this causes developing countries to depend on core countries. Core countries benefit more from this. Developing countries can't lose the business they have with the core county, well the core country can always just find another developing country. Commodity Dependence- When the majority (60%+) of a country's exports are made up of commodities. Ex. Oil, coal Mr.Sinn's Video Materials 7.6 Countries have to trade because they are all dependent on each other. Some countries have goods and services that other countries don't so to obtain these things they need to trade. Comparative Advantage- When one country is better at making a product than another. Trade Deficits- When one country purchases more goods than the country they are purchasing them from does from them. China and the US Tariffs- Used to motivate companies to make products within the country implementing the tariff. Tax on imported goods. Command Economy- Economy or market controlled by the state. State choses what is produced, when it is produced and who produces it. Free Market- Market without government or state control. Neoliberalism- Policies that favor Free Markets over Command Economy. NAFTA- Or the USMCA, seeks to bring free trade between Mexico, Canada and the United States. European Union- Created free trade between countries within the union. Unions like NAFTA and the European Union are neoliberal because of their goal to have free trade between the involved countries. Because all the countries are so deeply connected economically, a negative event in one country can have a ripple effect on the whole global community. An example is Covid-19, which started in China and quickly spread, shutting down economies and causing shortages everywhere. Even local businesses are no longer just fighting for jobs and business in their community but across the globe because of cheaper workers and resources. In national trade, countries have to make sure their forgein policy is favorable to their trading partners. Mr.Sinn's Video 7.7 Outsourcing- When a company contracts a third party company to complete the work for the company. This improves efficiency for the company. Post Fordist Methods- Assembly lines filled with humans instead of machines. Decreases jobs in manufacturing in core countries. Multiplier Effect- When a change in spending causes a larger change in output. If a company puts a call center in China, it will create more job opportunities. Then people in China will have more money to spend and put into the economy. That money will have a ripple effect to spend on other products which will give more people money which gives people more jobs and it keeps the economy running. Special Economic Zones- Areas in which business and trade laws are different from other parts of the country. Free Trade Zones- An area where goods can be stored, manufactured, or handled without paying extra fees, like tariffs. Export Processing Zones- An area that promotes economic growth by offering incentives to foreign entities. Economies of Scale- When companies increase their production and also lower their cost. These companies become more efficient and productive as they grow. Just-In-Time Delivery- Shipments of parts and materials are sent into a factory moments before they are needed. This reduces cost in inventory cost and dealing with storing materials. Agglomeration- Companies with similar products or intrest cluster together to reduce costs and promote economic gains. This can include sharing infrastructure, customers and resources. Growth Poles- Concentration of technically advanced industries that stimulate economic development. Silicon Valley, California Mr.Sinn's Video 7.8 Sustainable Development- When the current generation can support their wants and needs without compromising future generations. More countries are changing their consumption habits and trying to create sustainable habits by using sustainable energy sources, recycling and other habits. Eco-tourism- A form of tourism that supports both the local environment and the local people. This prompts the local economy and community, supports indigenous groups and helps protect the environment. The UN Development Goals- A set of goals that, when accomplished, will provide a better, more sustainable way of living for that country's citizens. 1 7 13 NO POVERTY AFFORDABLE AND 6.1 CLIMATE Mr.Sinn's Video Unit 6 ZERO HUNGER 14 SSS DECENT WORK AND ECONOMIC GROWTH M LIFE BELOW WATER 3 9 GOOD HEALTH AND WELL-BEING INDUSTRY, INNOVATION AND INFRASTRUCTURE LIFE 15 ON LAND 4 QUALITY EDUCATION REDUCED INEQUALITIES Ⓒ 10 16 PEACE, JUSTICE AND STRONG INSTITUTIONS % 5 11 GENDER EQUALITY SUSTAINABLE CITIES AND COMMUNITIES 17 1988: PARTNERSHIPS FOR THE GOALS CLEAN WATER AND SANITATION 12 CONSUMPTION AND PRODUCTION G SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS Site Factor- Climate, natural resources, or absolute location. Access to water, mountains that surround and protect a settlement Situation Factors- Connections between one place and another place. Roads, bridges, airports More people migrate to urban areas from rural areas for job opportunities. As more people move the city has more bills and has to expand its services to keep up with the growing population. This can cause taxes to increase and push people out of the cities. Advancement in transportation causes people to be able to live in the suburbs and still be able to enjoy benefits from living in the cities and working in the cities. Advancement in technology and communication effects where people can work from and more people can live outside of the city but still work jobs inside the city from the comfort of their own homes. The nation as a whole is more connected now from cities within the nation and with other nations globally. Mr. Sinn's Video 6.2 Megacities- Cities that have over 10 million people living within the boundaries of a city. Tokyo Metacities- Urban areas that have over 20 million residents. Because of overpopulation in cities, utilities and housing can be hard to find in some places, causing the development of informal settlements, favelas, squatter settlements and slums, which lack fresh water and electricity. Cities are continuing to grow outwards as more people reside there. Urban Sprawl- unrestricted growth of housing, commercial developments, and roads over large expanses of land, with little concern for urban planning. Urbanization- The process by which people live and are employed in a city. Urbanization and Urban Sprawl are causing more rural farm land to be converted to cities and suburbs. Boomburbs- suburban cities that are growing at a very fast rate, often to the size of a real city but keeps that suburban feel. Exurbs- Settlements that exist outside of the suburban area. Edge Cities- Cities that start to develop their own distinct economic district around the edge or outskirts of cities. Lowered population density and will have businesses and homes spread out more because of more available land. They also have their own goods and services. Mr.Sinn's Video 6.3 World Cities- Global Cities, cities connected to other large cities around the world. These cities have an influence on not just the people living in them but the entire global community. New York, Paris and London. Are often centers of culture. In these cities you will find international organizations, governments, multinational companies, stock exchanges, diverse populations, entertainment industries and recent cultural trends. These cities are linked together in a variety of different global networks such as communication (internet), transportation (airports), manufacturing, trade, banking and more. These cities allow information, goods and services, trends, food and culture to spread around the world through hierarchical diffusion. Hierarchical diffusion- The spread of an idea from persons or nodes of authority or power to other persons or places. (More in 3.4). Diffusion usually starts in a world city and makes its way to suburban and rural settlements surrounding them. These cities will collaborate to try to solve large scale, global problems. Air traffic and global trade is mostly centered around these world cities. Mr. Sinn's Video 6.4 Primate City Rule- Countries that follow the primate city rule often have one large city. This large city has twice the population of the country's second largest city. The wealth, goods and services are centered in the largest city, causing people to have to travel farther to obtain those things. They also often have unequal economic development with most of the economical advancements focused in the primate city. If anything happens to the primate city the rest of the country significantly struggles with it. Rank Size Rule- Countries that follow this rule have a variety of larger settlements. Here the second largest city in the country will have half the population of the largest city, with the third largest city having about a third and the fourth a fourth as so on. In these countries, a variety of goods and services will be dispersed throughout society. This allows people to have more access to different goods and services which reduces the amount of time people have to travel for those things. Gravity Model-Tries to predict the likelihood of two different places interacting. It looks at the distance between these places and the size of the population, since the larger the population the more likely it is that people will interact with it. Things that would attract people to come and interact with these settlements would be different cultural groups, social opportunities, job opportunities and political stability. Smaller settlements just don't offer the same advantages the larger cities do and often can't pull as many people into their settlements. Cristaller's Central Place Theory- This theory uses hexagons to show the layout and distribution of different goods and services in settlements. Goods that are specialized often have a larger range because they pull more people in. Central Place Theory 1000 - Range- Distance people are willing to travel for those goods and services or settlements. These are often in the center of the hexagon. Threshold- How many people need to be within that range in order to support those goods and services, to keep them in business and making profit. Anything inside the hexagon is in the threshold. Goods and services that are more unique will often have a larger pull factor and people will be more willing to drive there. Common products (Mcdonalds) will have a smaller range as people will not want to drive long distances for those. Things like specialized hospitals, large retail stores and professional sports stadiums will have a larger range (Mall of America, Minute Maid Stadium). Mr.Sinn's Video 6.5 Bid Rent Theory- The relationship of prices of land to the market or an urban area. The further from a large city, the cheaper the land gets since more land will be available. Businesses are often closest to the CBD(central business district) because of the influx of people in those areas. Next will be jobs that need lots of workers but don't need to be close to the CBD(Officies). Residential areas will be last to save on the cost of land. The theory doesn't do a good job or predicting where people might live based on their income. Whenever people rent housing the price of land isn't factored in since they aren't purchasing said land. Burgess's concentric zone model- Focuses off the different socioeconomic statuses of individuals and home within a city. Usually this model has older homes located closer to the CBD well newer development happening furter out. Business, industries and lower income residents are often located in the zone of transition, which is the closest to the CBD. This model is usually for the United States. Due to globalization, changes in the production of our goods and services, gentrification and urban renewal policies this model is outdated. Central Business District (CBD) Factories / Industry Working class housing Middle class housing Commuter zone Hoyt Sector Model- The CBD is still the center of the model but this model doesn't use rings and instead uses sectors or wedges. This is due to economic and environmental reasons such as the industries allining near transportation systems such as highways and railroads. This model is also outdated because of our changes in transportation and infrastructure. People are moving farther away from cities so businesses have to move with them. F F 3 C 6 2 9 3 ہی 3 B Harris and Ullman Multiple Nuclei Model- This model focuses more on the changes in technology and transportation. This model has multiple CDB with each their own purposes. Key B D MULTIPLE NUCLEI 3. Shopping Mall 4. Industrial District 5. Office Park E 1. Central City 2. Suburban Residential Area CBD (Central Business District) B-Zone of Transition 6. Service Center 7. Airport Complex 8. Combined Employment & Shopping Center Residential (lower class) D-Residential (middle class) E-Residential (upper class) F-Industry 5 1 Central Business District 2 Wholesale light manufacturing 3 Low-class Residential 4 Middle-class Residential 5 High-class Residential 6 Heavy Manufacturing 7 Outlying Business District 8 Residential Suburb 9 Industrial Suburb Galactic (Peripheral) Model- This model tried to address changes in the economy. This model is past post-intudtirzation and is no longer focusing on manufacturing. Now it is more centered around different services and people are not living farther away from the CBD. This model also has edge cities, which are connected with a beltway or highway. 8 Galactic (Peripheral) City Model • Developed by Chauncy Harris in the 1960's; modeled after the city of Detroit • Increasingly decentralized CBD with empty space due to suburban migration Source: Harris & Ullman (1945) "Could be based on looping interstate = 275 in Cincy Latin America City Model- The CBD is still in the middle of the model, with a spine that connects to the mall. The spine is most of the high class residents. An area in this model where people are living in extreme poverty is called the disamenity zone. In this model we will also see squatter settlement start to form. A NEW AND IMPROVED MODEL OF LATIN AMERICAN CITY STRUCTURE Periférico Disamenity Industrial Park Market CBD Commercial Market Industrial Zone of Maturity Zone of In Situ Accretion ETHNIC Mall INFORMAL SATELL Colonial CBD Major road Disame isamenity Sub-Saharan African City Model- These cities often have three CBDs, a colonial CBD(Which was built by european colonizers with a grid-like pattern in their streets and multistory buildings), a traditional CBD and an open market CDB. Similar to the Latin American City Model, squatter settlement forms on the outskirts of the city. As countries develop we see more urbaiation, which creates more job opportunities and brings more people in. A MODEL SUBSAHARAN AFRICAN CITY Zone of peripheral squatter settlements Elite Residential Sector AND NEIGHBORHOODS Gentrification Middle-Class Residential Tract TOWNSHIPS MIXED Periférico ETHNIC MINING AND INFORMAL Traditional CBD -Local streat NEIGHBORHOODS MANUFACTURING SATELLITE T TOWNS Market Zone focus point of the city. 6.6 Mixed land use zone Southeast Asian City Model- In the model, there is no CBD. Instead a port is the A GENERALIZED MODEL OF LAND USE AREAS IN THE LARGE SOUTHEAST ASIAN CITY New industrial estate 6.7 Market gardening zone Zone of new suburbs and squatter areas Middle-density residential zone A Squatter areas Suburbs B Mr.Sinn's Video 6.8 Port zone AC WC New high-class zone High-class zone Government zone Density Gradient- Measures the change in density of a city from the CBD to periphery or the outer limits. High Density Areas- Parts of the city with a high density of people. People who live in these more likely rely on public transportation, less likely to own their own car and have a backyard or front yard and are more likely to have goods and services closer to them. Low Density Areas are the opposite. Due to things like online shopping, people don't have to live as close to the CBD to have a variety of goods and services. This affects where people live. Mr. Sinn's Video Alien commercial zone Western commercial zone When thinking about infrastructure, we need to think about things like hospitals, eleticial grids, education, sewer systems, police, fire department, cell towers, bridges and everything else that makes up a city. Infrastructure is very important to our everyday lives and everything around us. As infrastructure adavces, quality of life increases and how and where we live. As infrastructure ages, it needs to be upgraded and repaired. Doing this can be expensive but if we don't it can not only disturb our everyday lives but can also be life threatening. All infrastructure will need to grow as the population does. If it is not maintained and constantly growing as the city does, this can cause people to want to move away and can even cause brain drain. Mr. Sinn's Video Sustainable Cities- These cities use urban planning to create a healthy community by having economic opportunities and try to minimize the impact on the environment from the city. The goal is to have a good standard of life for the current population without compromising it for future generations. Many cities are trying to limit their use of natural resources to become more sustainable. Urban Sprawl- The expansion of cities outwards. This often uses up arable land (farm land) around a city. Many cities try to convince residents to move into already built urban areas to prevent this. This risks the sustainability of a city. Greenbelt- Areas where homes and businesses aren't allowed to develop to protect the environment. In Europe, these are often put in place to stop urban sprawl. New Urbanism- When cities try to reduce urban sprawl by making life easier and more affordable in the city. This is done by adding more public transportation, creating mixed-use neighborhoods, providing sidewalks, more parks and providing accessibility to more goods and services. Well these sustainable advancements cities are making promote healthier lifestyles and more environmentally friendly cities, the cost to maintain these cities rises because of zoning, rezoning, getting more public transportation, changing an energy grid and things like that. Taxes may have to go up because of that and may scar off residence. People argue with this, saying there will be more economical opportunities to draw people into the cities and create a better social system for the city. People also fear that the money put into these projects won't be evenly distributed, causing uneven development. They think that the funds will go towards wealthier areas, creating more of a gap between the rich and poor areas. They also fear that the development will take away from the city's culture and unique feeling. It is good to understand both sides of the argument, as there are people who think we should be focusing and putting lots of time and effort into making cities more sustainable to preserve our natural resources and land. Mr Sinn's Video 6.9 Qualitative Data- Information based on opinions that tries to describe or provide charactics of a topic. Often gathered through polls or interviews. This data is up for discussion and helps cities understand what people in their cities want and need. They will often gather information about people's opinions on their services, like schools and police. Quantitative data- Information that is often in numbers and statistics and isn't up for debate. This is often collected by studies to help the city understand how to make the city more efficient. Mr Sinn's Video 6.10 If we look at urban areas in the United States today, we can find segregation, not only by race but by economics. Even though things like Jim Crow laws are behind us we can still see segregation of races today. Redlining- Banks refusing to give loans to communities often labeled as too risky. These communities are often minority communities. This often limited people of color because they couldn't obtain an affordable loan to move out of these communities. Redlining isn't practiced anymore but we can still see its impact. Blockbusting- When real estate agents go into white communities and convince them to sell their homes to the agents at a cheaper price. They would convince the home owners to move away by telling them minority groups would be moving in and the risk of losing property value. The agents would sell these homes to minority groups for higher rates. This caused white flight and further segregated the United States. White Flight- The fleeing of white people due to the fear of minority groups moving into their community. Food Deserts- Places where getting affordable, healthy food is difficult. Residents in these areas often have lower incomes and more health problems. They also often depend on fast food because of the lack of anything else and have diabetes and are obtese due to this. Gentrification- When middle-class residents move into low income areas, often near the CBD, to take advantage of the economical opportunities the CBD provides. They will renovate the homes and buildings, increasing the value of the land in that area, causing rent and possibly taxes to go up. These neighborhoods will attract more business and goods and services along with wealthier people. As the rent increases, it can push out the preexisting lower class, causing displacement. This can cause homelessness along with a shortage of cheap homes for low income families. Special Districts- Units of government that provide specific services for residents. Squatter Settlements- Areas in which residents have developed on the land with a legal claim. These settlements will often lack electricity, water, schooling and other important resources. They also see more crime in these areas. They can be caused by gentrification as well as whenever a country has a rapid population change and a lack of affordable housing. Mr. Sinn's Video 6.11 Brownfield- Abandoned land that has some form of environmental pollution from the former occupant. They might be former landfill, industrial areas and just about anything else. Cities can work to redevelop this contaminated land to make it into communities, not only making more places for people to live but also being sustainable. Farmland protection policies- Restrictions set on development to prevent more destruction of farmland. Mr. Sinn's Video Unit 5 5.1 The physical terrain determines what kinds of crops can be grown in that area. For example, in Cold Mid-Latitude Climates, like southern Canada, they grow wheat, barley and livestock. In Warm Mid-Latitude Climates, like southern China and southern parts of the USA, they grow fruits, vegetables and rice. In the Mediterranean Climate, like California or the Mediterranean Sea, they grow grapes, olives and dates. In Tropical Climates, like Indonesia, they grow coffee beans, sugar and tea. In the Steppe Climate, like the western USA, they have cattle ranching, sheeps, horses, camels and goats. Each of these climates are unique and make them the best places to produce their specific products. After the industrial revolution, the agricultural community was changed forever and advanced. Today, we see many different types of technology in agriculture, replacing the need for so many workers and increasing the yield for farmers. Intensive Agriculture- Located near populated areas, focus is on maximizing agricultural output, and requires a lot of labor and capital but less land. Plantations, Livestock, Market Gardening. Plantations often take place in LDC because of the cheap labor to maximize farmer profits. Most of these crops are cash crops and are sold to MDC. Livestock and mixed crops often takes place in MDC. Farmers will grow crops to feed their livestock and not for human consumption. Extensive Agriculture- Often located farther away from the population centers, here most of the work is done by hand, this is very labor intensive and often requires more land. Shifting cultivation, ranching. Shifting cultivation- An area will be chosen then cleared. Then crops will be planted and will continue to be planted there until the land loses its nutrients then new land will be found and the process will repeat. Mr. Sinn's Video 5.2 Clustered Settlements- Homes and buildings will be closely packed together, causing high population density and allowing residents to have more day to day interaction with each other, creating a more connected community feel. Dispersed Settlements- Buildings and homes are farther apart. This limits interactions with neighbors but allows people to interact with their natural surroundings or farmlands around their homes. Linear Settlements- Settlements along a river or a road or some kind of transportation method. They develop along a line. Metes and Bounds- These are often used for short distances and rely on key geographic features of a place. Metes are often in a straight line that connect different points of a geographic area; well bounds are the key geographic features of that area. $1642'22"E 100-00 FEET 145-92 FEET 100-2 46 ACRES 168-14 FEET 5.3 POINT OF BEGINNING LOW LOT ELEVATION (LLE) NI(6 42"22"W 589°13'29"W 156-01 FEET Long lots- Land is divided into narrow and long parcels and each parcel has access to a kind of transportation method, whether it's a road or a canal or river. Township and Range- Utilizes longitude and latitude and a baseline. Townships are north to south, well range is west to east, make a grid like pattern. Mr.Sinn's Video Fertile Crescent- Agricultural hearth of wheat, barley and oats which diffused through the middle east into Europe and parts of Africa. Sub-Saharan Africa- Agricultural hearth of yams, coffee and sorghum which diffused through southern Africa. Southeast Asia- Agricultural hearth of coconuts and mangos which diffused through east India. East Asia- Agricultural hearth of rice and soybeans which diffused through Korea and Japan. Central America- Agricultural hearth of maize, potatoes, squash and peppers which diffused through North and South America. Agricultural products would be diffused by trade around the world. Trade routes like the Silk road allowed diffusion through Eastern Europe and Asia. Well trade was a major reason for diffusion, migration was also a key factor. With globalization and technology, we can now interact with different cultures around the world. Mr.Sinn's Video 5.4 The First Agricultural Revolution- Whenever there was a shift from nomadic to sedentary(stationary) lifestyles and agriculture. It happened in the fertile crescent and diffused throughout Africa and around the world. This advanced economics and society and created the world we know today. The Second Agricultural Revolution- Started in Great Britain because of the industrial revolution. Inventions made a dramatic increase in food production and economics surrounding it. After this, we saw people moving from rural to urban areas since there was less need for people in the countryside. Calorie count for people went up as more food became available. More people were healthier and population growth occurred. Mr.Sinn's Video 5.5 Green Agricultural Revolution- This revolution changed how we grow food forever. With things like GMOS (Genetically Modified Organisms), advancements made in fertilisers, pesticides and herbicides allowed a boom in food production globally. New chemical fertilisers allowed plants to grow quicker then ever before. Very important to the food industry we have today. The revolutions in the agricultural industry have increased the yield of crops and decreased the cost of food and the production of food. There were also some unintentional negative effects like environmental risk and health risk from chemicals, soil depletion, less family farms and concerns over animal rights. Mr.Sinn's Video 5.6 Subsistence Agriculture- Agricultural production that is providing food for a family or a small community for survival and for no profit. Small, family owned farms. Commercial agriculture- Agricultural production with the goal of selling products for profit. Often at a very large scale. Bid Rent Theory- Price of land goes down as we move farther away from an urban area because of population density. Monocropping- Farmers grow the same crop each year. Monoculture- Farmers grow one type of crop at a period of time, however, they will switch the type of crop after each harvest. Mr.Sinn's Video 5.7 Commodity Chain- A process used by companies to gather recours and transform them into goods and distribute them. Agribusiness- Large businesses that revolve around agriculture. Mr.Sinn's Video 5.8 There are a few different model assumptions based on the Von Thunen Model. These include 1. The physical environment is uniform. 2. One single market. 3. All land has equal access to the market. 4. Farmers want to maximize their profits. 5. All farmers are commercial farmers. The Bid Rent Theory is important because it directly affects the placement of different agricultural businesses. At the center of the model is the market, where everything would be sold. In the first ring we will find dairy farming and market gardening, which is close to the market because the goods are paricable. In the second ring we would have lumb or forest. In the third ring we have grains and field crops, which are easy to transport and need more land, so they are farther from the market. Ranching and livestock would be found in the last ring because of the amount of land needed. Wilderness is outside of all the rings. Due to advancements in technology and transportation there have been changes in the model. Forest aren't located in the second ring anymore. Urban center/market Thünen's model Mr.Sinn's Video Intensive farming /dairy Forests (fuel source) Crops Ranching 5.9 Countries around the world each have unique site and situation factors, climates, terrain and anything else that is natural and helps agriculture. Global trade of food allows MDC to have cheaper food products and a larger variety of foods. Farmers in MDCS often have an advantage over farmers in LDC since they have mechanized farming and financial support. As LDCs try to provide for MDC so they can make money, they will grow luxury items and this can cause food shortages in the LDCs. Mr.Sinn's Video 5.10 Since the green revolution, there has been more reliance on chemicals and being able to grow as many animals in as little space as possible. Feedlots have led to a high amount of manure. All of our advancements like growth hormones, antibiotics and genetic modifications have changed the agricultural world and allow us to produce more food than ever before but, it also makes more water and air pollution. Around the world, decertification is becoming a larger problem. Decertification- When arable (farm) land deteriorates and becomes part of the desert, often caused by human activities. We can also see the impact of deforestation as more and more trees are cut down to make room for development and farmland as well as sold for lumber. Slash and burn- Removal of forest and then burning the field to put nutrients into the soil. Terrace farming- Farms built into the sides of hills. Our population is continuing to grow and countries are continuing to progress, which means the demand for food will increase and so will the demand for high quality foods. Many countries are trying to save their environments by planting trees, removing pollution, protecting rainforest and regulating the use of chemicals. Mr.Sinn's Video 5.11 There has been debates over GMOs as people wonder if they are healthy for us. People also worry about the variety of plants and fish as over the years centian ones have been favored and developed to take over the environment. Livestock animals now are fed foods that aren't part of their natural diet and are given growth hormones to get to sellable sizes quicker. We can see the food choices are influenced by where people live and agricultural practices, as people in low income areas often live in food deserts. Consumers are now wanting more healthier options and want environmentally friendly companies and foods. Countries are setting new laws to protect our health and the environment. Mr. Sinn's Video 5.12 LDS often have more women in their agricultural practices and more traditional gender roles forced upon them. As countries develop, more women are given rights and opportunities. Even in well developed areas we can see that women still get lower paying jobs. Many traditional gender roles still linger and women are fighting against these roles. Mr. Sinn's Video Unit 4 4.1 State- A country. To be a state you need a permit population, people to live inside the state, and defined boundaries, along with sovereignty, a states right to be able to govern themselves. The last component is recognition from other states around the world. City-State- Major cities that started off in the Fertile Crescent have expanded throughout history. They have control over both their own city and the countryside around it. Eventually these were replaced by empires. Roman Empire. Nation- People who want to protect their history and cultural identity as well as govern themselves. These people have a shared culture, homeland and history. Nation-State- A sovereign state that is made up of a homogeneous population with one nation. They have a shared culture, language, history and homeland. Japan Multinational-State- A state that contains two or more nations (national groups) that have agreed to coexist as one state. Usually one cultural group controls the government, economic and social aspects of society. Russia Multi State Nation- A nation that has its own state and also is located in other states. Koreans which stretch across North and South Korea. Stateless Nation- A nation that has a history of self-determination but is not a recognized state. The Kurtish, which tried to create their own state but failed whenever Turkey took over. Autonomous Region- A region inside a state that has a high degree of autonomy and the power to govern itself with limited interference from the national government. The Native American regions in the USA. Semi-Autonomous Region- A region within a state that has a moderate degree of self government. China and Hong Kong as the Chinese try to get control over Hong Kong. Mr. Sinn's Video 4.2 Colonialism and imperialism have created the world we live in today. They create new governments, economies and states and spread culture. Some powers will create states where it is beneficial to them, ignoring cultural differences and people who were already living there. An example of this is the scramble for Africa, when the European powers claimed parts of Africa, setting up states based on the ease to gather resources from. These states lack vital infrastructure and they relied heavily on the European powers. This causes conflict within the state as different nations fight. Devolution-Shift of power from a central government to regional governments. United Balkanization- When a state breaks up due to ethic conflict within the state. Kingdom Yugoslavia Mr. Sinn's Video 4.3 Territoriality- How people communicate to convey ownership or occupy a geographic area. Connection people have to the land, like boundaries. Neocolonialism- The practice of using your own political and economic influence over a country to control it indirectly. China has been giving states in Africa loans to build necessary things with the countries and to help with development. They know they probably won't be paid back but they are trying to make an alliance and are using neocolonialism to have power over Africa. Choke Points- Geographic location, land or sea, that you have to cross through to get to another geographic location. Panama Canal Shatterbelt Region- A region caught between larger external powers that are fighting. Eastern Europe during the cold war. Cultural Shatterbelt- A region where different cultures come into contact and conflict with each other. Border between Sudan and South Sudan. Mr. Sinn's Video 4.4 Boundaries- An invisible barrier that separates one state from another, or different cultures or geographic areas in general. Cultural Boundary- Divides different ethnicities, nations, religions and cultures. Northern Ireland and Ireland. Geometric Boundary- A type of cultural boundary, a straight line to go along the parallel of latitude. Boundary between the US and Canada. SUPERIMPOSED INDONESIA PAPUA Arafura Sea 100 Jayapura 4.5 200 Mies land. Pular New Guinea Bismarck Sea Mr. Sinn's Video boundary. PAPUA NEW GUINEA Physical Boundary- Boundary that goes along with the natural landscape or major physical features, like mountains. Antecedent Boundaries- Boundaries that have existed before human settlements. Relic Boundaries- Boundaries that no longer exist but still impact the cultural landscape. Great Wall of China Cult of Pass Subsequent Boundaries- Boundaries are based on different ethic groups (culture is the defining factor of the boundary). Consequent Boundaries- Boundaries are used to divide different cultural groups and accommodate differences. Partition of India Madang Port Moresby Superimposed Boundaries- Boundaries that are created by a foregin state. Africa Frontier- Area where boundaries are weak and not enforced. Antarctica Definitional Boundary Dispute- The dispute is over the original intended boundary. Locational Boundary Dispute- Over the location of the boundary and ownership of the Operational Boundary Dispute- Over major issues involving the border. How the border should operate. Allocational Boundary Dispute- The dispute is over natural resources and the UNCLOS (United Nations Convention on the Law Of the Sea) adopted the international law of the sea, which has three different zones. The territorial water zone extends twelve nautical miles from the baseline or shoreline of a country. Countries can pass laws regulating the passage of ships though these twelve nautical miles. The Contiguous Zone is between 12 and 24 nautical miles from the shore and the state may enforce laws about pollution, taxation, customs and immagration. The Exclusive Economic Zone is between 24 and 200 nautical miles and states have the rights to the natural resources in this zone, like oil and fish. An example of disputes over the Law of the Sea is the South China Sea, which five states claim. Mr. Sinn's Video 4.6 Voting District- A wide variety of small polling areas, like election districts, precincts or wards that states and local governments created for the purpose of administering elections. An area where citizens go to vote. Redistricting- The change of voting districts over time as population changes so they may need to be redrawn in order to reflect the population of a region. This happens every time the census is conducted by third party organizations or politicians. Gerrymandering- The redistricting of legislative boundaries to benefit the political party in power. Cracking- Politicians will spread like minded voters out across multiple districts. Makes it more difficult for them to have an effect on the voting. Packing- When they pack like minded voters into one district, giving them an edge in that one district but putting them at a loss in other districts. Mr. Sinn's Video 4.7 Unitary States- States that have the power concentrated at the national level. The regional governments have little to no control. This is good for states with a small population. The regional needs aren't seen and may not get taken care of. Federal States- The power is shared between the regional government and national government. They are allowed to pass laws that take care of the needs of regional areas when these couldn't be seen before. Mr. Sinn's Video 4.8 Devolution- Transfer of power to the national government to regional governments. There are many different reasons for devolution like environmental factors. They might split up power because the state is geographically large or has isolated populations. Cultural factors include self-determination nations wanting to break away from the state can cause devolution. Another factor is whenever a state abuses its power, like discrimination, devolution will probaly be called. Terrorism is also another reason of devolution as the citizen become upset and want to change the structer of the society. Irredentism is a movement by a nation to unite other parts of its nation that are spread over other borders. Mr. Sinn's Video 4.9 As technology advances and allows people around the world to bond and share information, the sovereignty of a state can be treated. Citizens could challenge their power as they can bond together quickly and find out information about their government. Super national organizations are groups of states working towards a common goal, in which they will have to give out some of their sovereignty to obtain. NATO and the EN are examples of this. They might lose control of their trading practices and boundaries. If the organization is centered around the military, they would give up sovereignty to help other countries whenever they are in need of protection. Environmental super national organizations will put limits on what a state can do to their wilderness and wildlife. They have to follow the rules of these organizations but the country believes it will be worth it in the long run. Mr. Sinn's Video 4.10 Centrifugal Forces- Forces that divide a country. Centripetal Forces- Forces that unite a country. Countries with language barriers, low economic opportunities and discrimnation, just to name a few, have centrifugal forces and can be divided. Well countries lots of economic and social opportunities, patrisiums, a strong central government and lacks discrimantion can bring the country together. Ethnonationalism- When a state's identity is based on a common ethnicity. Unit 3 3.1 Material Culture- Aspects of society that people give value: objects, architecture, and other physical items. Clothing, temples. Non-Material Culture- Made up of our ideas, attitudes, and beliefs. Celebrations, holidays. Culture is defined by just about everything we do and interact with in our lives, like our food, architecture, job opportunities, public transportation, government, money and so much more. Sometimes, smaller cultures will develop within cultures, called subcultures. In our school, which is one large culture, we have smaller cultures, like being separated by grades or even friend groups, like Jarkism and the Octopussies. Inside jokes and references are just some of the things that help develop cultures and subcultures. Culture helps us understand our identity, which is shaped by our ethnicity, sexual orantaion and many other personal things. Pop/Modern culture spreads quickly though the world, easily by technology. Folk culture is more for a certain group or area and is spread by relocation. Indigous culture is part of Folk culture. Throughout our lives, our culture will change. Cultural Relativism- When we look at a culture through their own eyes and don't judge it based on our cultural standards. Ethnocentrism- When we take our own standards and our beliefs and compare it to a new culture, judging them. Mr. Sinn's Video 3.2 Cultural Landscape- Different cultural, economic and physical features on the land. Architecture, languages used, temples, agriculture. Our job is to analyse the cultural landscape by looking at the people, their languages, their agriculture, architecture, race, gender, clothing and more. Anything that would contribute to the culture is important. It is important to be able to analyse photos and there are practice opportunities in Mr. Sinn's Video. Mr. Sinn's Video 3.3 Sense of Place- A phenomenon which is the feel you get from a unique place due to the cultural landscape and natural landscape. Natural things, like mountains, lakes, ocean and forests can add to this. So can cultural things, like the buildings, people, culture and economy. You can imagine the sense of place in your home town. You can feel whenever you are at home, especially whenever you have been away for a long time. Centrifugal Forces- Forces that divide a country. Centripetal Forces- Forces that unite a country. Mr. Sinn's Video 3.4 Diffusion- The spread of culture, people, items, goods and services, ideas and traits to other parts of the world. Hearth- The origin of a culture, item or idea. Relocation Diffusion- This happens whenever people move locations and take their traits and culture with them. This can cause the hearth to die off. Expansion Diffusion- This happens when the hearth remains strong because the amount of people practising this culture or using the item or idea increases around the globe as it spreads. Hierarchical Diffusion- This goes through systems of power, there is a structure system that the diffusion is going through. Often not everyone will have access to the diffusion right away Common examples of this are clothing or other items, which slowly diffuse from those urban areas to the surrounding communities. Social media influencers also are a part of this diffusion, as whatever they are doing is viewed as fun by the public and then become more popular. This happened to games like Among Us. Contagious Diffusion- Quick diffusion that spreads to everyone in the community without any limits by wealth or anything else. An example of this is a popular dance or viral videos. Stimulus diffusion- As diffusion is happening, the trait is changing. The main concept is staying the same but cultures will modify it. An example of this would be Mcdonalds, which has different items for sale around the world which focus more on the culture in that area. There can be certain barriers that stop diffusion, like language barriers. The government can also limit what their citizens can do and view, which also limits them. Mr. Sinn's Video 3.5 Lingua Franca- A language that is commonly spoken by people around the world. English is one of the largest Lingua Francas. Diaspora- Dispersion of people from their original homeland. Acculturation- Whenever people move into a new culture and take on some of the characteristics of that culture. Assimilation- Whenever a culture comes into a society and forgets their old culture and adapts and takes on the new culture. War can cause diffusion through forced migration as people have to move for their safety. Trade also influences diffusion as different foods, goods and services are spread around the world. Creolization- The process of when we have two different cultural traits and they come together to make something new. Mr. Sinn's Video 3.6 Time-space Convergence- The decline in travel time between geographical locations as a result of transportation, communication, and related technological and social innovations. Distance Decay- The effect of distance on cultural or spatial interactions. Diffusion is easier than ever today, due to technology. As more places connect, more culture can be spread around the world. Mr. Sinn's Video 3.7 All around the world, there are different religions, languages and traditions. Languages are often grouped together in groups and families. Many languages are similar to other languages because they have built off of each other. English is a widely known language around the world, but it still differs slightly due to other cultures and traditions taking the languages and changing it. Dialect- Regional differences in the spelling and pronunciation and meaning of words. Grey and Gray, Pop and Soda. Universalizing religions- Religions that want to spread their religion and convert people to their religion, usually using missionaries. Christianity. Christianity is monothisitic, which means the belief in only one god. It is based around Jesus Christ and the Bible is very important to them. Islam is a monothistic religon, which is based on a man named Muhammad. Buddhism is based on the beliefs of Budda and how people can develop. Sikhism is a polytheistic religion and is a peaceful religion. Ethic Religions- These religions aren't seeking to convert people, instead keeping to themselves closer to their hearth. Hinduism is located in India and, depending on who you are talking to, can be polytheistic or monotheistic. It is also one of the oldest religions and they believe in karma. Judaism is located in the Eastern Mediterranean and Israel is considered to be the homeland. Mr. Sinn's Video 3.8 Acculturation- People who retain their original culture while also adopting aspects of the new culture. Assimilation- People lose their original cultural traits when they join a new culture. Some migration is an example and people can be unfortunately forced into assimilation, like the Native Americans being forced to go to American boarding schools to learn English and English culture. Syncretism- Two cultures come in contact with each other and the end result is a new Multiculturalism- When various ethnic and cultural groups coexist in a society. Cultural resistances happened because people might fear changes that might happen or want to protect their way of life. It is better for everyone to try to understand other cultures than try to fight them. Mr. Sinn's Video culture. Unit 2 2.1 Demography- The study of population. The majority of the world's population resided in Europe, East Asia, South Asia and Southeast Asia. The highest population density is often found closest to the coastline and rivers. Site Factors- The physical features of a location. Rivers, oceans, mountains. Situation Factors- Deal with factors in the surrounding area. Many settlements are created around oceans, rivers, fertile soil and freshwater because they need it to survive. Having access to large bodies of water like rivers and oceans opens that country up to trade. Job opportunities also bring people to communities along with cultural reasons and historical reasons. There are also many places that people don't want to live in. If this place is convenient or makes people uncomfortable when living there, people aren't going to want to live there, like if it's too hot or too cold. If it is difficult to survive there, like difficulty to grow crops, then people don't want to live there. As advancements in technology are able to change the environment and what resources we can get, the number of undesirable places is decreasing. Arithmetic Density- Population/ Amount of Land Physiological Density- Population/ Arable Land Agricultural Density- Farmers/ Arable Land Mr. Sinn's Video 2.2 Politically, having a large population in an area decreases the effect a single person will have on the vote. The population also influences the resources that will be available to them. Larger populations have more resources, like jobs, schools, goods, services and more, well smaller populations might have to travel farther to enjoy these same resources. The cost for the land will also go up as the population increases in an area. Family sizes in large populations, most of the time in urban cities, will have less childs because there is less of a benefit to having them. Areas with smaller populations, like rural areas, will have larger families because of the need for children to help around the household. Areas with larger populations also risk pollution and loss of wildlife and forest. They also use lots of power and water to run these large cities. Carrying capacity- How much life can be supported by the environment without damaging it. It is very dangerous if a region goes over its carrying capacity. Mr. Sinn's Video 2.3 Population pyramid- A graph showing the breakdown of a societies sex and age in an amount of time. 100+ 85-89 45.45 15-18 10.30 GA LON af Male 2.4 24% 318 156 40% 4.55 4.35 4.4% 458 45 PopulationPyramid.net ons on SON/COM 01 215 426 0.35 EL CAS 1.95 67% EIN L3N 2.35 25% Female 2.25 L.PS 3.78 AIN WORLD-2019 Population: 7,713,468,205 Dependency Ratio- The amount of people who are 0-14 and add them to the 66+ and divide by the working population and multiply by 100. This needs to be thought about since it shows the amount of people who aren't currently working in the economy and a country has to provide for them as well with either retirement plans or schools. A low ratio makes it easy to take care of the nonworking population. Sex Ratio- Men to women. Live male births divided by live female births multiplied by 100. If the number is over 100, it means there are more males than females. Overtime women start to overtake men as women live longer but if a country is struggling to have children or favours a certain gender the sex ration could change. Seeing a large base to a pyramid indicates that there was a recent boom in children. If it is more equal, that means the growth rate is evening out and population growth will slow down. If the top is larger that probably means that there will be a decrease in the population. These can also show us historical events, like wars. Mr. Sinn's Video Crude Birth Rate(CBR)- Total live births/ 1000 people Crude Death Rate(CDR)- Total deaths/ 1000 people Natural Increase Rate(NIR)- How much is society growing. CBR-CDR. If it is + it means the population is growing, well if it is that means it is shrinking. This only applies to natural births within the country, not immigrants. Infant Mortality Rate(IMR)- Number of children under 1 year old who died/ 1000 live births. Total Fertility Rate(TFR)- Number of children/ Women. Countries with higher IMR often have a higher TFR. Replacement Rate- Having a TFR of at least 2.1. This keeps the population replacing itself and doesn't let the population die out. If you live in an environment which you feel unsafe in, you will have less children. People who work in agriculture often have larger families since they need the children to work on the farm. Resources around where people live will be factored into the decision about having kids and the amount they will have. Doubling Time- The amount of time it would take for a society's population to double in size. Mr. Sinn's Video 2.5 Stage 1 of the DTM- Majority of human history takes place here. Births are very high but so are deaths, they are about the same and have low growth. There is no medicine, schooling, electricity or any basic resources we have today. There are no countries today that are still on the stage, only small settlements who chose to be disconnected from the outside world. Stage 2 of the DTM- This happens whenever industrial or medicine revolutions take place. This has high growth, keeping their high birth rate and their birth rate lowering. Afghanistan. Stage 3 of the DTM- There is moderate growth as women start getting jobs and going to school, having less kids. The TFR is starting to decrease and there is an increase in urbanisation. There is still a low death rate. More medical advancements and opportunities for people, people live longer. Mexico. Stage 4 of the DTM- Countries urbanise and have more equality. The CBR and CDR are the same, there is little to no growth rate. Women now have lots of opportunities in society and are getting higher education. The average time people get married is getting pushed back and people are living longer. America and China. Stage 5 of the DTM- Negative growth. People are living longer then ever before and there is an extremely low birth rate. Japan. Epidemiologic transition model- Focus on disease and death. Stage 1 of the ETM- Focuses on famine and pestilence, unfortunately you will easily die here. Connects to the stage 1 model. The Black Death. Stage 2 of the ETM- Less death than before, infectious diseases are still a large problem. Stage 3 of the ETM- Better medicine and sanitation, human created diseases are now a problem. Things like cancer, diabetes and heart attacks are examples. Stage 4 of the ETM- Delaying degenerative disease and trying to have healthier lifestyles. Lots of effort is put into sanitation and medicine. More people become lazier and intake more junk food, which can lead to obesity. Stage 5 of the ETM- The reemergence of infectious diseases. Diseases start to evolve and not be stopped by our medicines and vaccines. More people living close together lets diseases quickly spread. Globalisation helps to quickly spread diseases around the world and introduces us to new diseases our bodies can handle. Covid-19 is a good example of this. Mr. Sinn's Video 2.6 Malthusian Theory- A theory that says the population will grow too large for food production and people would start to starve. Malthus believes the government should step in to keep the population low enough to not overwhelm the food supply. He was kind of wrong though. He didn't think of new technology and that the population would start to slow down. Even at the time, people didn't believe him and criticised his small family ideas. He wasn't entirely wrong though and even today we see some countries that are struggling to get out of stage 2 and are struggling to make enough food. Neo-Malthusians- People who believe in his theory but say that it's not just food that we are going to run out of, its natural resources too. Thanos. Mr. Sinn's Video 2.7 Pro-natalist Policies- Policies that promote births. This can be done by the government offering things to make it easier to have children, things like paying for hospital bills or daycare and offering paid maternity leaves. An example of this is Russia and South Korea. Anti-natalist Policies- Policies that promote not having children. China is an example of this as the amount of children families can have is limited. Mr. Sinn's Video 2.8 The world's TFR(The total fertility rate) as women get more opportunities and schooling. As women get education, they will use this education to get a job, having less time to raise children. They also don't need men as much, since they can have a reliable job by themselves. Larger families would make women take time off at work which wouldn't allow them to advance in their jobs. In the developing world, children aren't as useful as they once were whenever we needed them to work on the farm. Now they are just expensive. Advances in health care help children live longer so families often want less children. If contraceptives are more available, there are less chances of accidental children. Ravensteins's Law of Migration- These laws focus on demographic patterns and migrations affect the world today. These have changed over time as we developed and equality spread. One of the laws says that most migration reasons are economic and most people migrating are young adults, we don't see families migrating as much over borders because it is dangerous. We also see that many people migrating will travel short distances, taking it step by step. Migrants are more likely to come from rural areas and go to urban areas because of the opportunities. Large urban areas grow through migration more than their birth rate, since they have lots of pull factors. Migration equals more economic development. Mr. Sinn's Video 2.9 Life expectancy- How long the citizens are expected to live. As a country develops, this goes up as medicatines evolves and people live healthier lives. As more people retire, they stop working and that puts more pressure on the current work force as the retired need support. Honestly, old people are just a problem. Mr. Sinn's Video 2.10 Push factors- Reasons that people would want to leave a specific area. Increased taxes, homelessness, high amount of corruption, discrimation, not protected, lacking services, overwhelming cultures, poor access to healthcare or education, high crime rates and harsh climates. Pull factors- Reasons that make people want to live in a certain area. A variety of goods and services, economic opportunities, schools, entertainment, accepting, healthcare, nice climates and safe from natural disasters. Everyone has different push and pull factors depending on age, interest, where you are in life and other factors. Mr. Sinn's Video 2.11 Immagration- A permanent move into a place. Emigration- Leaving a place as part of a permanent move. People can be forced to migrate due to fear for their safety. This can happen due to human trafficking, forced child labor, terriosom, unequality and forms of slavery. Asylum Seekers- Refugees who are seeking protection from another country. Transnational Migration- Movement and settlement across international borders. They will most likely immigrate to areas with similar cultures. Transhumance Migration- Seasonal movement of livestock. Intraregional Migration- A permanent move within one region of a country. Moving from the rural area to an urban area. Interregional Migration- A permanent move from the region of a country to another region of the country. Chain migration- Migration to reunite a family. Most countries have laws to keep families together. Step migration- Migration occurs in stages. Imagen it like a staircase. Intervening Opportunities- Things that would entice someone to stop migrating, a positive thing that makes them want to stay there. Intervening Obstacles- Things that would prevent someone from migrating. Guest Workers- A migrant is given temporary legal status to work. Remittance- Whenever a guest worker sends their pay cheeks back home to support their families. Rural to Urban Migration- Movement of people from rural settlements to urban areas. Mr. Sinn's Video 2.12 World War II was a direct example of negative causes causing forced imagration. Not only did people lose their lives to the war, we also lost culture and history. We can still see the impact of forced migration. Immagration can cause stereotypes to be formed around certain cultures and people and it can be dangerous for people to try to get into other countries or escaping their own. If people are trying to escape their own country for safety reasons, they may not know where to go and that can cause displacement problems. Citizens will get involved in what they think the laws should be about immigrants and refugees. Countries can put limitations on other countries on how many people can immigrate to the country. Immagration is a great way to fill in the workforce of MDC as their birth rate decreases. Brain Drain-Without provided opportunities and reasons to stay in a country, the smartest and talented people in our countries could leave for different opportunities. Mr. Sinn's Video Unit 1 1.1 Thematic Maps- Use data, are forced around a theme, like population in an area. Reference Maps- Used to get from point A to point B. Absolute distance- In quantitative terms, or numbers, like miles. Relative distance- In qualitative terms, or time. Map distortion- An error in the distance, shape of land masses or location on maps. All maps have this. To try to remove this they often expand other distortions. Thematic maps can have distortion because of size, scale and loss of information. Mr. Sinn's Video Types of maps because they suck Topographic Maps- Displays contour lines of elevation to show physical things on the Earth's surface. Confirmed Cases of COVID-19 in the United States. Gases per 100.000 population similar values. Dot-Dersity Theme 20,000 t Haper or Lan 20,000 p Choropleth Maps- A thematic map that uses colours to represent spatial data. location. Isoline Maps- Information is connected through points of equal or very DIZ Tue Jun 10 2003 Dot Density Maps- Points show the precise locations of data. Graduated Symbol Map- This map shows the amount of something and Cartogram Maps- Data is shown in a dynamic way with the greatest value represented by the largest area. am com eshme fine h goods or ideas. distortion. EAT Flow Line Map- Map uses lines to show the movement of people, Interrupted Maps- Wedges are removed in a map to try and remove Uninterrupted Maps- Maps have more distortion but have no wedges or "break points" in the map. Mercator Map Projection- This is best used in direction, using longitude and latitude and removes distortion in direct but has distortion in size of the landmasses. Some people say that this map is biassed since LDC is smaller then MDC on this map. Uninterrupted map. Goode Homolosine Projection- Interrupted map, does a good job at decreasing distortion in shape and size, but struggles in direction since parts of the ocean were taken out. an Fuller Projection- Interrupted map, keeps size and shape of land masses but struggles with direction and interpreting the data from the map. \ FA Robinson Projection- Uninterrupted map, this map spread the distinction throughout the whole map, everything has a bit of distortion. Winkel Tripel Projection- Uninterrupted map, shows distortion in the poles, the North and South poles. Everything else has very little distortion. Mr. Sinn's Video Mr. Sinn's Video 2 1.2 Qualitative Data- Information based on opinions that tries to describe or provide charactics of a topic. Often gathered through polls or interviews. This data is up for discussion and helps cities understand what people in their cities want and need. They will often gather information about people's opinions on their services, like schools and police. The information is very subjective because it is based on thoughts and beliefs, not facts. Quantitative data- Information that is often in numbers and statistics and isn't up for debate. This is often collected by studies to help the city understand how to make the city more efficient. This uses real facts, not options and is often in number form. Geographic Information System- A computer system that analyzes and manages and displays a large variety of information on an area. Remote Sensing- Collecting geographic information of an area without actually having to be there. Mr. Sinn's Video 1.3 Local Scale- We can look at governments, where we would need a new school, maybe a new stop sign or stoplight or even just for redistricting. Businesses can use this to understand what their customers want from them. Region Scale-Government uses this to understand which states need more money or how citizens are viewing political decisions. Businesses will look at this to see how well their products are doing in different areas. National Scale- Government us this to determine how they will use their money, how they will trade, where they will put their military bases and anything else that involves other states. Census Data- Official count of a population that happens every ten years. Global scale- This looks at the entire world and super national organisations will use this. Mr. Sinn's Video 1.4 Distance Decay- The effect of distance on cultural or spatial interactions. As you move further apart, the less interaction will occur. Time-Space Compression- Advancements in technology and connectivity reduce the impact of distance decay. Spatial Association- How are things arranged inside a place? Are there patterns? Flow-Movement of people, ideas and goods. Absolute location- Longitude and latitude, pin point locations. Relative location- A location described by physical features and human characteristics. Mr. Sinn's Video 1.5 Humans have a huge impact on the environment, positive and negative. The environment also impacts us, from dietary preferences, the clothes we wear and houses we build. It even influences the colour of our skin. Environmental Determinism- The idea that the environment is what allows us to succeed or fail and is the reason for our development and we can't change that. Environmental Possibilism- The environment puts limits on society, however, people have the ability to adjust the physical environment and set their own path in life. Mr. Sinn's Video 1.6 scale. cities. Scale of Analysis- Observation of data at the global, national, regional and local Scale- The ratio of a distance on a map in relation to the Earth's surface. States- Countries. Subnational- When we have a group below the national level. The 50 states or Small Scale- Map of the entire world, limits information, very little details. Large Scale- Map that is zoomed in, great at showing detail. Scales of analysis focus on the data being presented on the map. If it is by state, it would be on a national scale. If it doesn't have borders for the states, it would be on a global scale. Whatever borders are shown is the scale of analysis. Mr. Sinn's Video 1.7 Region- A geographic area with common characteristics and patterns. Formal (Uniform) Regions- A geographic area with common attributes, traditionally defined by economics, social, political, or environmental characteristics. Their regions aren't put for debate. An example is the EU or European Union, which we can't argue about the states within the region. Functional (Nodal) Region- Geographic area organised around a node, or centre point and often based around economic activities, travel, or communication. An example of this is a power plant, which can only serve so many people and is centred around a node. Perceptual (Vernacular) Region- Geographic area that has no perfect definition, it only exists because of people's ideas or feelings of the region. They will most likely overlap depending on who you ask. Based on opinion. The South. Mr. Sinn's Video Extra Review Vocab Quizlet