ap psychology unit 2 notes - biological bases of behavior

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and arousal helps control alortness Serotonin norepinephrine gamma-aminobutryic acid (GABA) glutamate endorphins epinephrine and arousal a major inhibitory neurotransmitter a major excitatory neurotransmitter, involved in memory pain control and pleasure and malfunctions Ach producing neurons deteriorate w/ Alzheimer's 1. oplates act as endorphins dopamine stops tremors oversupply → schizophrenia undersupply → tremors, Parkinson's under supply → depression. Some antidepressants raise serotonin undersupply depress mood fight or flight → undersupply → seizures, tremors, insomnia hard to sleep) energy sympathetic nervous system, adrenaline high emotions over supply → overstimulate brain, producing migranos/seizures MSG is avoided in food linked to OCD, can why: cause indifference to pain forms memories and GABA:get a break adjustment -slows down CNS activity to calm someone down in a stressful place alconal opposes glutamate gots as depressant agonist: a molecule that binds to a receptor site, stimulating a response antagonist: a molecule that binds to a receptor site, inhibiting blocking responst reuptake inhibitor: blocks neurotransmitters from reuptake absorbtion 2. botox doesn't contract muscles opposes Ach 4 stops Lorinkies, orc. 3. SSRI's Selective serotonin reuptaut inhibitors anti-depressant /anxiety stops absorption of serotonin Module 10: The Nervous and Endocrine Systems The Nervous System the body's speedy, electrochemical communication network -all of the nerve cells of the central and peripheral nervous systems 1 Fluid around the brain is shock absorber peripheral PNS autonomic ANS the nervous system Somatic divisions the CNS (brain and spinal cord) controls our movements, creates thoughts, forms emotions, produces behaviors, and transmitts messages from brain to muscles to glands, govern reflexes central CNS sympathetic parasympathetic the PNS is divided into somatic and autonomic "Outside of the CNS, orders from it are carried somatic: aka skeletal nervous system → voluntary movement of skeletal muscles -sensory and somatosensory → skin and muscle senses autonomic: ic: involuntary system don't think about unless thero's a problem -in emergency, parasympathetic and sympathetic (during stressfull times) • sympathetic → requires alertness, mobilizing energy 1 parasympathetic → calms down, conserving energy after emergency -back to default or relaxation also, the spinal cord of the CNS is a two-way information pathway with the PNS and the brain - those pathways govern our reflexes, simple automatic responses to a sensory stimulus •examples: knee-jeru response and pain roflex | touching flame) brain neurons work in group clusters called neural networks internally, interneurons within CNS communicate and intervene between the sensory inputs and motor outputs The Endocrine System 2 the body's "slow" chemical communication system -the glands secrete hormones into the bloodstrem •these hormones are chemical messengers made by the endocrine glands that travel through the bloodstream and affect other tissues hormones are used to talk to other glands intertwined with nervous and other body systems. the adrenal glands → located on top of kidneys and secrete adrenaline in times of emergency / stress + affects sympathetic system -can increase blood pressure, heart rate, and blood sugar ·also fight. -or- -flight may occur in stressful situations - the trigger for adrenaline is from the hypothalamus, which affects hunger, fear, anger, and sexual desire glands hypothalamus-brain region that controls the pituitary gland' pituitary-secretes hormones that affect other glands pincal produces melatonin (mental alarm) thyroid-regulates and affects motabolism Parathyroid-regulates the level of calcium in blood adrenal-produces adrenaline with crisis, surge of energy → fight -or- flight release epinephrine and norepinephrine (adrenaline and noradrenaline) pancreas-regulates level of sugar in blood / insulin (energy from food) ovary-secretes female sex hormones 5 (estrogen and progesterone) testis- secretes male sex hormones (testosterone / androgen → arousal) feedback loop / system connection of both systems brain Pituitary (connection of nervous + endoorine] other glands and brain hormones body Oxycotin (love drug) us vs. them leptin (lean) turns off hunger. ghrelin (grr)turns on hurger [adrenaline + cortisol → stress module 11: Studying the Brain, and Older Brain Structures Tools to Study the Brain met welke lesion is tissue destruction caused naturally /experimentally without harming surrounding tissue EEG tools used to examine the brain G (electroencephalogram) CT or CAT (computed tomography) scan PET (positron emission tomography) scan MRI (magnetic responst resonance imaging) FMRI (functional MRI) •amplified recording of neural electrical activity by electrodes placed on scalp can reveal brain damage •x-ray photos taken from different angles to make a representation of a slice of the brain's structure • injected with radioactive glucose to detect any hotspots (red) of cellular activity where neurons are active, it is used to See brain areas' consumption •placed in low-level magnetic field which distorts atoms - when moving back in place, it produces detailed slices about Structure of the brain ·• reveals oxygen and bloodflow to see brain anatomy and activity. I shows slices of and to my and not spots like PET Older Brain Structures The Brainstem (Hindbrain) • oldest and innermost part of the brain • consists of medulla oblongata and pons -the medulla is the base of the brainstem and controls b autonomic functions necessary for survival (respiration, reflexes, heartbeat, blood pressure) -the pons (above medulla) helps coordinate movements and autonomic functions: regulating sleep cycles. communicating between cerebellum and forebrain, bladder controln •the reticular formation is a nerve network that helps control attention, arousal, consciousness, regulating sleep cycles hok the cerebellum (little brain) is located at the brainstom rear to control balance posture, coordination, implicit memory formation, learning nonverbal and memory The Limbic System (midbrain) •the "emotional" brain, the corpus callosum consists of fibers to make sure that the brain hemispheres Communicate •contains the hypothalamus, amygdala, hippocampus -the hypothalamus sits below the thalamus and maintains. bodily homeostasis (hunger, thirst temperature) for •helps control the pituitary gland to secrete hormones fight-or-flight, sex drive, social bonding reward pathways. - the amygdala is two lima bean-sized clusters that affect emotional reactions, including fear and aggression the hippocampus processes memory formation , learning cognition, regulatos emotion and the thalamus sits on top of the brainstem and is the sensory" control center, routes sensory signals to forebrain to be interpreted thalamail us mails and receives all senses, not smell) Module 12: The cerebral cortex Cerebral Cortex (Forebrain) • interconnected neural cells covering cerebral hemispheres ·body's ultimate control and information -processing center •divided into 4 lobes, separated by fissures / folds neurons: queen bees, glial cells: worker bees the glial cells support, nourish, and protect neurons and in learning and thinking. frontal lobe: behind forehead, judgement, foresight, voluntary movement. the Broca's Area produces speech and motor cortex controis movements pariental lobe: top and rear of head, receives sensory input for touch and body position, somatoson: sonsory cortex registers body touch and movement sensations 3 higher remembering, thinking, speaking Play occipital lobe: back of head, receive information from visual fiolds through the primary visual cortex to process what you seeIRA temporal lobe: above ears, auditory areas, receives information primarily from opposite ear, Wernicke's Area interprets auditory sounds.... association areas: parts of cortex not involved in primary motor or sensory functions, involved in mental functions, likt learning, men memory! a yole Neurogenesis formation of new neurons Plasticity brain's ability to change, especially during childhood, by reorganizing after damage or by building new pathways based on experience. •severed neurons usually don't regenerate (spinal cord injury • some brain functions seem preassigned to certain areas → paralyzed) O 1 Case Studies can help to learn about structures of the brain, including brain damage injury, illness and gather behavior and mental process changes -for future research HM (Henry moliason) •had consistant seizures (epilepsy) ·got hippocampus removed -was able to hold old memories, not make new ones - Penfield and Milner, were able to see that hippocampus could form long-term memories TAN (Louis Victor Leborgne), • had a stroke and could only use the word "tan" • right side of body became impaired -damage to left hemisphere → Broca's Aphasia (speech isn't properly produced) his Broca's Area to be able to produce speech and word choice • damaged Phineas Gage railroad worker who had rod go through head to prefrontal cortex (Limble System) → frontal lobo g -caused damage • frontal lobe affects judgement, emotional planning Iregulation, personality module 13: Brain Hemisphere Organization and the Biology of consciousness Our Divided Brain someone with epilepsy, has a severed corpus callosum the corpus callosum is the large band of neural fibers connecting the two brain nemispheres and carrying messages between them •split brain isolates the brain's two hemispheres by cutting it left visual field lors right visual cortex (r.h) can draw what they see and left= ·language understanding, logic right visual field left visual cortex (1.n) can they See What say right vision, faces, and recognition the optic chiasm is where optic and reasoning Broog's and Wornicke's Area nerves cross (pathway) Dual Processing in Cognitive Neuroscience consciousness is awarness awareness of ourselves and environment ·cognitive neuroscience is study of brain activity linked with is the principle that information is often cognition (including perception, thinking, memory, language) •dual processing simultaneously processed on separate conscious and unconscious tracks (affects perception, memory, attitudes, and others) Interaction of Heredity and Environment heredity environment aka nature aka nurture epigenetics - environmental pressures can change gene activity, not structure 1. change metabolic processes and behaviors 2. can be passed on to the next generation polygenic - behavior was caused by many genes, not just one diathesis-related to psychological disorders (environment could've triggered genetic predisposition focus on working together, not nature vs. nurture maturationism - development (now genes are shown chronologically) through environment plasticity-brain changes on cellular level to respond to environment plasticity brain changes ·can occur quickly • Flexible brains help learning and therapy epigenetics ・genes turn on/off due to sustained environmental pressure or trauma • slowly changes ・important for benefit of species Psychoactive Drugs chemical substances used to alter perceptions, moods, conciousness •Physical and psychological dependance type depressants opioids stimulants hallucinogens function Slow neural activity and body function highly addictive depressant, pain relief and endorphin ant. excito neuval activity, speed up body functions aka psychedelics, evoke perceptions and hallucinations examples steeping pills, alcohol, tranquillers, opioids morphine, heroim oxycodone, codeine Caffeine, nicotine, Cocaine, amphetamines LSD, THC, marijuana (cannabis) Sleep and Dreams •we sleep in cyoles - NREM 1, 2, 3, REM ·lowering physical activity •NREM 3 gets shorter • REM gets longer } NREM I • 5-10 minutes • light sleep • alpha waves 90-120 minutas 4 REM •rapid eye movement ·bera waves • internally very active • externally paralyzed •dreams /nightmares • memory synthesis /mind prem) nrem 2 vem (rapid eye movement) nrem a(deepest) NREM 2 •subtle transitional stage • 10-20 minutes . • harder to awaken • theta waves NREM 3 • deepest sleep • hardest to awaken • delta waves-low activity • gets shorter •growth hormone ·body sleep •night tremors •Sleep walking) talking ·body Sleep Theories • restoration theory - we use up resources, used to energize the body • adaptive theory (evolutionary) sleep in night, increase energy in day •cognitive and info-helps us restore and rebuild memories; REM •Psychological theory- latent (hidden) content and manifest (surface) content • biological and informational - dreams sort out day's events; activation- synthesis model; LEM triggers neural activity in cortex