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Evaluating Memory Studies in Psychology
When assessing famous psychology memory experiments, it's important to consider their strengths and limitations:
Strengths:
- Bahrick's study used real-life memories, enhancing external validity
- Multiple studies have confirmed the general findings of the digit span task
Limitations:
- Peterson & Peterson's study used artificial stimuli, potentially reducing ecological validity
- Jacobs' digit span research is quite old and may not have controlled for all confounding variables
- Participants in Bahrick's study may have reviewed yearbooks over the years, affecting results
Highlight: While these studies have provided valuable insights into memory processes, their limitations underscore the need for ongoing research in memory psychology.
These classic experiments form the foundation of our understanding of memory, but current research continues to refine and expand upon these findings. For students preparing for AQA A level Psychology memory exam questions and answers, it's crucial to understand both the seminal studies and more recent developments in the field.
Example: Modern memory research often incorporates neuroimaging techniques to observe brain activity during memory tasks, providing new insights into the neural basis of encoding, storage, and retrieval processes.
By critically evaluating these studies, students can develop a deeper understanding of research methods in psychology and the complexities of human memory systems. This knowledge is essential for success in Psychology Memory A Level coursework and exams.
Research on Coding in Memory Psychology
Baddeley's 1966 coding study examined how information is encoded in short-term and long-term memory. Participants were given different types of words to recall:
- Acoustically similar
- Acoustically dissimilar
- Semantically similar
- Semantically dissimilar
The results showed that for immediate recall , participants performed worse with acoustically similar words. For delayed recall after 20 minutes , they performed worse with semantically similar words. This suggests that short-term memory coding is primarily acoustic, while long-term memory coding is primarily semantic.
Highlight: The study provides evidence that STM and LTM use different coding processes.
Vocabulary: Coding refers to the process of converting information from one memory store to another.
However, this study has limitations:
Example: The use of artificial word lists may not generalize well to real-world memory tasks.
Capacity and Duration of Short-Term and Long-Term Memory
Research on STM capacity includes:
- Jacobs digit span test: Found mean spans of 9.3 for digits and 7.3 for letters
- Miller's "magical number seven": Proposed STM capacity of 7 +/- 2 items
- Cowan's revised estimate: Suggests true STM capacity may be closer to 4 items
Definition: Chunking is the process of grouping individual pieces of information into larger, meaningful units to increase memory capacity.
Studies on memory duration include:
- Peterson & Peterson : Demonstrated rapid forgetting in STM without rehearsal
- Bahrick : Showed impressive long-term retention of high school memories decades later
Quote: "Photo recognition: 15 years after graduation - 90% accurate, 48 years -70%"
These studies highlight the stark differences between short-term memory duration and long-term memory duration .
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Stefan S
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This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
I think it’s very much worth it and you’ll end up using it a lot once you get the hang of it and even after looking at others notes you can still ask your Artificial intelligence buddy the question and ask to simplify it if you still don’t get it!!! In the end I think it’s worth it 😊👍 ⚠️Also DID I MENTION ITS FREEE YOU DON’T HAVE TO PAY FOR ANYTHING AND STILL GET YOUR GRADES IN PERFECTLY❗️❗️⚠️
Thomas R
iOS user
Knowunity is the BEST app I’ve used in a minute. This is not an ai review or anything this is genuinely coming from a 7th grade student (I know 2011 im young) but dude this app is a 10/10 i have maintained a 3.8 gpa and have plenty of time for gaming. I love it and my mom is just happy I got good grades
Brad T
Android user
Not only did it help me find the answer but it also showed me alternative ways to solve it. I was horrible in math and science but now I have an a in both subjects. Thanks for the help🤍🤍
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
I found this app a couple years ago and it has only gotten better since then. I really love it because it can help with written questions and photo questions. Also, it can find study guides that other people have made as well as flashcard sets and practice tests. The free version is also amazing for students who might not be able to afford it. Would 100% recommend
Aubrey
iOS user
Best app if you're in Highschool or Junior high. I have been using this app for 2 school years and it's the best, it's good if you don't have anyone to help you with school work.😋🩷🎀
Marco B
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This app is phenomenal down to the correct info and the various topics you can study! I greatly recommend it for people who struggle with procrastination and those who need homework help. It has been perfectly accurate for world 1 history as far as I’ve seen! Geometry too!
Paul T
iOS user
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
I think it’s very much worth it and you’ll end up using it a lot once you get the hang of it and even after looking at others notes you can still ask your Artificial intelligence buddy the question and ask to simplify it if you still don’t get it!!! In the end I think it’s worth it 😊👍 ⚠️Also DID I MENTION ITS FREEE YOU DON’T HAVE TO PAY FOR ANYTHING AND STILL GET YOUR GRADES IN PERFECTLY❗️❗️⚠️
Thomas R
iOS user
Knowunity is the BEST app I’ve used in a minute. This is not an ai review or anything this is genuinely coming from a 7th grade student (I know 2011 im young) but dude this app is a 10/10 i have maintained a 3.8 gpa and have plenty of time for gaming. I love it and my mom is just happy I got good grades
Brad T
Android user
Not only did it help me find the answer but it also showed me alternative ways to solve it. I was horrible in math and science but now I have an a in both subjects. Thanks for the help🤍🤍
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
I found this app a couple years ago and it has only gotten better since then. I really love it because it can help with written questions and photo questions. Also, it can find study guides that other people have made as well as flashcard sets and practice tests. The free version is also amazing for students who might not be able to afford it. Would 100% recommend
Aubrey
iOS user
Best app if you're in Highschool or Junior high. I have been using this app for 2 school years and it's the best, it's good if you don't have anyone to help you with school work.😋🩷🎀
Marco B
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This app is phenomenal down to the correct info and the various topics you can study! I greatly recommend it for people who struggle with procrastination and those who need homework help. It has been perfectly accurate for world 1 history as far as I’ve seen! Geometry too!
Paul T
iOS user
What is Memory Psychology? Coding, Capacity, and Duration Explained!
Coding, Capacity, and Duration of Memory in Psychology - This summary explores key research on how information is encoded, stored, and retrieved in short-term and long-term memory, including studies by Baddeley, Miller, and Peterson & Peterson.
- Examines coding processes in... Show more
Evaluating Memory Studies in Psychology
When assessing famous psychology memory experiments, it's important to consider their strengths and limitations:
Strengths:
- Bahrick's study used real-life memories, enhancing external validity
- Multiple studies have confirmed the general findings of the digit span task
Limitations:
- Peterson & Peterson's study used artificial stimuli, potentially reducing ecological validity
- Jacobs' digit span research is quite old and may not have controlled for all confounding variables
- Participants in Bahrick's study may have reviewed yearbooks over the years, affecting results
Highlight: While these studies have provided valuable insights into memory processes, their limitations underscore the need for ongoing research in memory psychology.
These classic experiments form the foundation of our understanding of memory, but current research continues to refine and expand upon these findings. For students preparing for AQA A level Psychology memory exam questions and answers, it's crucial to understand both the seminal studies and more recent developments in the field.
Example: Modern memory research often incorporates neuroimaging techniques to observe brain activity during memory tasks, providing new insights into the neural basis of encoding, storage, and retrieval processes.
By critically evaluating these studies, students can develop a deeper understanding of research methods in psychology and the complexities of human memory systems. This knowledge is essential for success in Psychology Memory A Level coursework and exams.
Sign up to see the contentIt's free!
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
Research on Coding in Memory Psychology
Baddeley's 1966 coding study examined how information is encoded in short-term and long-term memory. Participants were given different types of words to recall:
- Acoustically similar
- Acoustically dissimilar
- Semantically similar
- Semantically dissimilar
The results showed that for immediate recall , participants performed worse with acoustically similar words. For delayed recall after 20 minutes , they performed worse with semantically similar words. This suggests that short-term memory coding is primarily acoustic, while long-term memory coding is primarily semantic.
Highlight: The study provides evidence that STM and LTM use different coding processes.
Vocabulary: Coding refers to the process of converting information from one memory store to another.
However, this study has limitations:
Example: The use of artificial word lists may not generalize well to real-world memory tasks.
Capacity and Duration of Short-Term and Long-Term Memory
Research on STM capacity includes:
- Jacobs digit span test: Found mean spans of 9.3 for digits and 7.3 for letters
- Miller's "magical number seven": Proposed STM capacity of 7 +/- 2 items
- Cowan's revised estimate: Suggests true STM capacity may be closer to 4 items
Definition: Chunking is the process of grouping individual pieces of information into larger, meaningful units to increase memory capacity.
Studies on memory duration include:
- Peterson & Peterson : Demonstrated rapid forgetting in STM without rehearsal
- Bahrick : Showed impressive long-term retention of high school memories decades later
Quote: "Photo recognition: 15 years after graduation - 90% accurate, 48 years -70%"
These studies highlight the stark differences between short-term memory duration and long-term memory duration .
Can't find what you're looking for? Explore other subjects.
Students love us — and so will you.
4.9/5
App Store
4.8/5
Google Play
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
I think it’s very much worth it and you’ll end up using it a lot once you get the hang of it and even after looking at others notes you can still ask your Artificial intelligence buddy the question and ask to simplify it if you still don’t get it!!! In the end I think it’s worth it 😊👍 ⚠️Also DID I MENTION ITS FREEE YOU DON’T HAVE TO PAY FOR ANYTHING AND STILL GET YOUR GRADES IN PERFECTLY❗️❗️⚠️
Thomas R
iOS user
Knowunity is the BEST app I’ve used in a minute. This is not an ai review or anything this is genuinely coming from a 7th grade student (I know 2011 im young) but dude this app is a 10/10 i have maintained a 3.8 gpa and have plenty of time for gaming. I love it and my mom is just happy I got good grades
Brad T
Android user
Not only did it help me find the answer but it also showed me alternative ways to solve it. I was horrible in math and science but now I have an a in both subjects. Thanks for the help🤍🤍
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
I found this app a couple years ago and it has only gotten better since then. I really love it because it can help with written questions and photo questions. Also, it can find study guides that other people have made as well as flashcard sets and practice tests. The free version is also amazing for students who might not be able to afford it. Would 100% recommend
Aubrey
iOS user
Best app if you're in Highschool or Junior high. I have been using this app for 2 school years and it's the best, it's good if you don't have anyone to help you with school work.😋🩷🎀
Marco B
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This app is phenomenal down to the correct info and the various topics you can study! I greatly recommend it for people who struggle with procrastination and those who need homework help. It has been perfectly accurate for world 1 history as far as I’ve seen! Geometry too!
Paul T
iOS user
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
I think it’s very much worth it and you’ll end up using it a lot once you get the hang of it and even after looking at others notes you can still ask your Artificial intelligence buddy the question and ask to simplify it if you still don’t get it!!! In the end I think it’s worth it 😊👍 ⚠️Also DID I MENTION ITS FREEE YOU DON’T HAVE TO PAY FOR ANYTHING AND STILL GET YOUR GRADES IN PERFECTLY❗️❗️⚠️
Thomas R
iOS user
Knowunity is the BEST app I’ve used in a minute. This is not an ai review or anything this is genuinely coming from a 7th grade student (I know 2011 im young) but dude this app is a 10/10 i have maintained a 3.8 gpa and have plenty of time for gaming. I love it and my mom is just happy I got good grades
Brad T
Android user
Not only did it help me find the answer but it also showed me alternative ways to solve it. I was horrible in math and science but now I have an a in both subjects. Thanks for the help🤍🤍
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
I found this app a couple years ago and it has only gotten better since then. I really love it because it can help with written questions and photo questions. Also, it can find study guides that other people have made as well as flashcard sets and practice tests. The free version is also amazing for students who might not be able to afford it. Would 100% recommend
Aubrey
iOS user
Best app if you're in Highschool or Junior high. I have been using this app for 2 school years and it's the best, it's good if you don't have anyone to help you with school work.😋🩷🎀
Marco B
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This app is phenomenal down to the correct info and the various topics you can study! I greatly recommend it for people who struggle with procrastination and those who need homework help. It has been perfectly accurate for world 1 history as far as I’ve seen! Geometry too!
Paul T
iOS user