- Cognition and Concepts: Concepts are mental categories that help us understand the world, and they can be formal or natural.
- Problem Solving: Problems are situations with an unaccomplished goal, and they can be solved using algorithms or heuristics.
- Heuristics and Biases: Heuristics are mental shortcuts for problem-solving, but they can also lead to biases and obstacles.
- Confirmation Bias and Belief Perseverance: These biases lead us to seek information that supports our beliefs and cling to those beliefs even when presented with contrary evidence.
- Cognitive Dissonance Theory: Proposed by Leon Festinger, this theory explains how individuals experience discomfort when their beliefs or behaviors conflict, leading them to try to reduce this dissonance by altering their beliefs or behaviors.
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