The Loftus and Palmer (1974) studyexamined how leading questions... Show more
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Feb 20, 2023
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Phoebe Reeves
@phoebereeves_udlm
The Loftus and Palmer (1974) studyexamined how leading questions... Show more
The results of the Loftus and Palmer study provided compelling evidence for the influence of leading questions on eyewitness testimony. The findings have significant implications for understanding memory processes and the reliability of eyewitness accounts in legal settings.
In the first experiment, the researchers found a clear correlation between the verb used in the critical question and the estimated speed of the vehicles:
Highlight: The 9 mph difference between the highest and lowest estimates demonstrates the significant impact of word choice on memory recall.
The second experiment further supported these findings and explored the long-term effects of suggestive language. When asked about broken glass a week after viewing the accident footage:
Quote: "The critical word changes a person's memory so that their perception of the accident is affected."
These results led Loftus and Palmer to conclude that the choice of words in questions can significantly influence a witness's memory and perception of events. The researchers proposed that suggestive language might lead individuals to reconstruct their memories, incorporating information implied by the questions into their recollection of the event.
The Loftus and Palmer study on eyewitness testimony has both strengths and weaknesses that are important to consider when evaluating its impact and validity.
Strengths:
Highlight: The laboratory setting helped control confounding variables, increasing confidence that the results were due to the independent variable rather than other factors.
Weaknesses:
Example: In a real accident, witnesses might be more attentive or emotionally affected, potentially leading to different memory outcomes.
Vocabulary: Ecological validity refers to the extent to which research findings can be applied to real-world situations outside the laboratory.
Despite these limitations, the Loftus and Palmer study remains a seminal work in cognitive psychology and has significantly influenced our understanding of memory processes and the factors affecting eyewitness testimony.
The Loftus and Palmer study has had far-reaching implications for both psychology and the legal system. Its findings have sparked further research into memory processes and have influenced how eyewitness testimony is handled in legal proceedings.
Key implications:
Highlight: The Loftus and Palmer findings have led to changes in police interview techniques and legal practices to reduce the risk of false or distorted memories.
Future research directions:
Example: Future studies might explore how the emotional impact of witnessing a real crime affects memory malleability compared to viewing simulated events.
The Loftus and Palmer schema theory suggests that memories are reconstructed based on existing knowledge and new information. This concept continues to influence research on memory processes and eyewitness testimony, highlighting the complex nature of human recall and the potential for memory distortion.
Loftus and Palmer conducted two experiments to investigate the effect of leading questions on eyewitness testimony. Their research focused on how specific word choices could influence participants' memory and perception of car accidents.
Definition: Leading questions are questions that suggest or prompt a specific answer, potentially influencing the respondent's recall or judgment.
In the first experiment, 45 student participants watched seven film clips of traffic accidents. After each clip, they completed a questionnaire about the accident, including a critical question about the cars' speed. The researchers varied the verb used in this question to assess its impact on speed estimates.
Example: The critical question might be phrased as "How fast were the cars going when they smashed into each other?" or "How fast were the cars going when they contacted each other?"
The second experiment involved 150 participants divided into three groups. They watched a film of a multiple-car crash and were asked questions, including the critical speed question. One week later, participants returned to answer additional questions, including whether they had seen broken glass in the accident footage.
Highlight: The inclusion of a one-week delay in the second experiment allowed researchers to examine the long-term effects of suggestive language on memory.
App Store
Google Play
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
I think it’s very much worth it and you’ll end up using it a lot once you get the hang of it and even after looking at others notes you can still ask your Artificial intelligence buddy the question and ask to simplify it if you still don’t get it!!! In the end I think it’s worth it 😊👍 ⚠️Also DID I MENTION ITS FREEE YOU DON’T HAVE TO PAY FOR ANYTHING AND STILL GET YOUR GRADES IN PERFECTLY❗️❗️⚠️
Thomas R
iOS user
Knowunity is the BEST app I’ve used in a minute. This is not an ai review or anything this is genuinely coming from a 7th grade student (I know 2011 im young) but dude this app is a 10/10 i have maintained a 3.8 gpa and have plenty of time for gaming. I love it and my mom is just happy I got good grades
Brad T
Android user
Not only did it help me find the answer but it also showed me alternative ways to solve it. I was horrible in math and science but now I have an a in both subjects. Thanks for the help🤍🤍
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
I found this app a couple years ago and it has only gotten better since then. I really love it because it can help with written questions and photo questions. Also, it can find study guides that other people have made as well as flashcard sets and practice tests. The free version is also amazing for students who might not be able to afford it. Would 100% recommend
Aubrey
iOS user
Best app if you're in Highschool or Junior high. I have been using this app for 2 school years and it's the best, it's good if you don't have anyone to help you with school work.😋🩷🎀
Marco B
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This app is phenomenal down to the correct info and the various topics you can study! I greatly recommend it for people who struggle with procrastination and those who need homework help. It has been perfectly accurate for world 1 history as far as I’ve seen! Geometry too!
Paul T
iOS user
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
I think it’s very much worth it and you’ll end up using it a lot once you get the hang of it and even after looking at others notes you can still ask your Artificial intelligence buddy the question and ask to simplify it if you still don’t get it!!! In the end I think it’s worth it 😊👍 ⚠️Also DID I MENTION ITS FREEE YOU DON’T HAVE TO PAY FOR ANYTHING AND STILL GET YOUR GRADES IN PERFECTLY❗️❗️⚠️
Thomas R
iOS user
Knowunity is the BEST app I’ve used in a minute. This is not an ai review or anything this is genuinely coming from a 7th grade student (I know 2011 im young) but dude this app is a 10/10 i have maintained a 3.8 gpa and have plenty of time for gaming. I love it and my mom is just happy I got good grades
Brad T
Android user
Not only did it help me find the answer but it also showed me alternative ways to solve it. I was horrible in math and science but now I have an a in both subjects. Thanks for the help🤍🤍
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
I found this app a couple years ago and it has only gotten better since then. I really love it because it can help with written questions and photo questions. Also, it can find study guides that other people have made as well as flashcard sets and practice tests. The free version is also amazing for students who might not be able to afford it. Would 100% recommend
Aubrey
iOS user
Best app if you're in Highschool or Junior high. I have been using this app for 2 school years and it's the best, it's good if you don't have anyone to help you with school work.😋🩷🎀
Marco B
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This app is phenomenal down to the correct info and the various topics you can study! I greatly recommend it for people who struggle with procrastination and those who need homework help. It has been perfectly accurate for world 1 history as far as I’ve seen! Geometry too!
Paul T
iOS user
Phoebe Reeves
@phoebereeves_udlm
The Loftus and Palmer (1974) studyexamined how leading questions affect eyewitness testimony, particularly in estimating vehicle speeds during accidents. This influential research in cognitive psychology revealed the significant impact of subtle language differences on memory recall and perception of... Show more
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
The results of the Loftus and Palmer study provided compelling evidence for the influence of leading questions on eyewitness testimony. The findings have significant implications for understanding memory processes and the reliability of eyewitness accounts in legal settings.
In the first experiment, the researchers found a clear correlation between the verb used in the critical question and the estimated speed of the vehicles:
Highlight: The 9 mph difference between the highest and lowest estimates demonstrates the significant impact of word choice on memory recall.
The second experiment further supported these findings and explored the long-term effects of suggestive language. When asked about broken glass a week after viewing the accident footage:
Quote: "The critical word changes a person's memory so that their perception of the accident is affected."
These results led Loftus and Palmer to conclude that the choice of words in questions can significantly influence a witness's memory and perception of events. The researchers proposed that suggestive language might lead individuals to reconstruct their memories, incorporating information implied by the questions into their recollection of the event.
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
The Loftus and Palmer study on eyewitness testimony has both strengths and weaknesses that are important to consider when evaluating its impact and validity.
Strengths:
Highlight: The laboratory setting helped control confounding variables, increasing confidence that the results were due to the independent variable rather than other factors.
Weaknesses:
Example: In a real accident, witnesses might be more attentive or emotionally affected, potentially leading to different memory outcomes.
Vocabulary: Ecological validity refers to the extent to which research findings can be applied to real-world situations outside the laboratory.
Despite these limitations, the Loftus and Palmer study remains a seminal work in cognitive psychology and has significantly influenced our understanding of memory processes and the factors affecting eyewitness testimony.
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
The Loftus and Palmer study has had far-reaching implications for both psychology and the legal system. Its findings have sparked further research into memory processes and have influenced how eyewitness testimony is handled in legal proceedings.
Key implications:
Highlight: The Loftus and Palmer findings have led to changes in police interview techniques and legal practices to reduce the risk of false or distorted memories.
Future research directions:
Example: Future studies might explore how the emotional impact of witnessing a real crime affects memory malleability compared to viewing simulated events.
The Loftus and Palmer schema theory suggests that memories are reconstructed based on existing knowledge and new information. This concept continues to influence research on memory processes and eyewitness testimony, highlighting the complex nature of human recall and the potential for memory distortion.
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
Loftus and Palmer conducted two experiments to investigate the effect of leading questions on eyewitness testimony. Their research focused on how specific word choices could influence participants' memory and perception of car accidents.
Definition: Leading questions are questions that suggest or prompt a specific answer, potentially influencing the respondent's recall or judgment.
In the first experiment, 45 student participants watched seven film clips of traffic accidents. After each clip, they completed a questionnaire about the accident, including a critical question about the cars' speed. The researchers varied the verb used in this question to assess its impact on speed estimates.
Example: The critical question might be phrased as "How fast were the cars going when they smashed into each other?" or "How fast were the cars going when they contacted each other?"
The second experiment involved 150 participants divided into three groups. They watched a film of a multiple-car crash and were asked questions, including the critical speed question. One week later, participants returned to answer additional questions, including whether they had seen broken glass in the accident footage.
Highlight: The inclusion of a one-week delay in the second experiment allowed researchers to examine the long-term effects of suggestive language on memory.
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
App Store
Google Play
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
I think it’s very much worth it and you’ll end up using it a lot once you get the hang of it and even after looking at others notes you can still ask your Artificial intelligence buddy the question and ask to simplify it if you still don’t get it!!! In the end I think it’s worth it 😊👍 ⚠️Also DID I MENTION ITS FREEE YOU DON’T HAVE TO PAY FOR ANYTHING AND STILL GET YOUR GRADES IN PERFECTLY❗️❗️⚠️
Thomas R
iOS user
Knowunity is the BEST app I’ve used in a minute. This is not an ai review or anything this is genuinely coming from a 7th grade student (I know 2011 im young) but dude this app is a 10/10 i have maintained a 3.8 gpa and have plenty of time for gaming. I love it and my mom is just happy I got good grades
Brad T
Android user
Not only did it help me find the answer but it also showed me alternative ways to solve it. I was horrible in math and science but now I have an a in both subjects. Thanks for the help🤍🤍
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
I found this app a couple years ago and it has only gotten better since then. I really love it because it can help with written questions and photo questions. Also, it can find study guides that other people have made as well as flashcard sets and practice tests. The free version is also amazing for students who might not be able to afford it. Would 100% recommend
Aubrey
iOS user
Best app if you're in Highschool or Junior high. I have been using this app for 2 school years and it's the best, it's good if you don't have anyone to help you with school work.😋🩷🎀
Marco B
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This app is phenomenal down to the correct info and the various topics you can study! I greatly recommend it for people who struggle with procrastination and those who need homework help. It has been perfectly accurate for world 1 history as far as I’ve seen! Geometry too!
Paul T
iOS user
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
I think it’s very much worth it and you’ll end up using it a lot once you get the hang of it and even after looking at others notes you can still ask your Artificial intelligence buddy the question and ask to simplify it if you still don’t get it!!! In the end I think it’s worth it 😊👍 ⚠️Also DID I MENTION ITS FREEE YOU DON’T HAVE TO PAY FOR ANYTHING AND STILL GET YOUR GRADES IN PERFECTLY❗️❗️⚠️
Thomas R
iOS user
Knowunity is the BEST app I’ve used in a minute. This is not an ai review or anything this is genuinely coming from a 7th grade student (I know 2011 im young) but dude this app is a 10/10 i have maintained a 3.8 gpa and have plenty of time for gaming. I love it and my mom is just happy I got good grades
Brad T
Android user
Not only did it help me find the answer but it also showed me alternative ways to solve it. I was horrible in math and science but now I have an a in both subjects. Thanks for the help🤍🤍
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
I found this app a couple years ago and it has only gotten better since then. I really love it because it can help with written questions and photo questions. Also, it can find study guides that other people have made as well as flashcard sets and practice tests. The free version is also amazing for students who might not be able to afford it. Would 100% recommend
Aubrey
iOS user
Best app if you're in Highschool or Junior high. I have been using this app for 2 school years and it's the best, it's good if you don't have anyone to help you with school work.😋🩷🎀
Marco B
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This app is phenomenal down to the correct info and the various topics you can study! I greatly recommend it for people who struggle with procrastination and those who need homework help. It has been perfectly accurate for world 1 history as far as I’ve seen! Geometry too!
Paul T
iOS user