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disorders Introduction o Catatonia - staying in position for hours on end/ days on end, cut off from the world thought disorder - where there are breaks in the train of thought and the person appears to illogical make jumps from one topic to another (loose association) o words may become confused and sentences may be incoherent Alogia (speech poverty) - a thought disorder where correct words are used with very little meaning • Avolition - person becomes completely apathetic and sits around waiting for things to happen and engage in no self motivated behaviour Evaluation 2 • Slater and Roth - hallucinations are the least important of all symptoms because they are not exclusive to people with schizophrenia • classification and diagnosis has advantages as it allows doctors to communicate more effectively and use the right terminology when talking about them o they can then predict the outcome of the disorder and recommend treatments • Scheff - diagnosis classification labels the individual and this can cause effects like self fulfilling prophecy • ethics - do the benefits outweigh the potential costs o possible misdiagnosis o mistreatment o loss of rights and responsibility O prejudice due to labels Reliability and validity of diagnosis and classification Reliability • for the classification system to be reliable, different clinicians using the same system should arrive at the same diagnosis for the same individual Introduction . reliability is the level of agreement on the diagnosis by different psychiatrists across time and cultures 3 ● diagnosis is hard because the practitioner has no physical signs, only symptoms that the person reports to make a judgement off Introduction Jakobsen - tested reliability of the ICD-10 o 100 Danish patients with a history of psychosis were assessed o concordance rate of 98% was achieved o demonstrates the high reliability of the clinical diagnosis of schizophrenia co-morbidity o hard to diagnose schizophrenia with people who also have depression because symptoms can overlap • Loring and Powell - found that some behaviour that was regarded as psychotic in males was not regarded as psychotic in females 4