Subjects
Biology
Chemistry
AP Chemistry
English
AP English Literature
Psychology
Nov 23, 2025
51
2 pages
Vanita Rabsatt @v_maeee
Sleep and consciousness are fascinating processes that impact how our bodies and minds function every day. From the... Show more
Ever feel that sudden jerk while dozing off in class? That's a hypnic jerk in Stage 1 sleep, the lightest sleep phase where you might not even realize you were sleeping. As you drift deeper into Stage 2, your heart rate slows, and brief bursts of brain activity called sleep spindles occur.
The deepest phase, Stage 3, is when you'd wake up feeling disoriented and growth hormones are released. REM sleep is where dreams happen—your brain activity actually resembles your waking state! This completes the full sleep cycle that repeats throughout the night.
Sleep disorders can significantly impact health. Nightmares occur during REM sleep, while night terrors happen in deep sleep, causing extreme fear without fully waking. People with sleep apnea stop breathing for 10+ seconds, and those with narcolepsy fall directly into REM sleep during daytime. Insomnia—the inability to fall or stay asleep—affects millions of people.
Did you know? In REM behavior disorder (RBD), people physically act out their dreams because the mechanism that normally paralyzes muscles during REM sleep fails!
Hypnosis works through either dissociation (part of your consciousness remains aware while another doesn't) or social cognitive theory (you're essentially playing a role). Think about times you've driven somewhere but can't remember passing certain landmarks—that's dissociation at work!
The difference between needing a substance mentally versus physically is crucial to understand. Psychological dependence means you believe you need the drug to function properly—like when someone runs out of marijuana and panics. Physical dependence involves your body actually requiring the substance, often developing tolerance where you need increasingly higher doses for the same effect.
Stimulants increase nervous system activity, giving users energy and alertness. This category includes amphetamines, cocaine, nicotine, and even your morning caffeine! That energy boost from your coffee is a mild form of stimulation affecting your central nervous system.
On the opposite end, depressants slow down nervous system functioning. Alcohol is the most widely used depressant, alongside medications like Xanax, Valium, and opiates. The dangerous aspect of narcotics like opiates is the risk of overdose as they severely decrease nervous system function.
Warning Hallucinogens like PCP, LSD, and marijuana cause users to lose touch with reality through hallucinations, altering perception in ways that can be unpredictable and sometimes dangerous.
Each drug category affects the brain differently, but all can lead to dependence when misused. Understanding these effects helps explain why certain substances are controlled or illegal despite their appeal to users.
Our AI companion is specifically built for the needs of students. Based on the millions of content pieces we have on the platform we can provide truly meaningful and relevant answers to students. But its not only about answers, the companion is even more about guiding students through their daily learning challenges, with personalised study plans, quizzes or content pieces in the chat and 100% personalisation based on the students skills and developments.
You can download the app in the Google Play Store and in the Apple App Store.
That's right! Enjoy free access to study content, connect with fellow students, and get instant help – all at your fingertips.
3
Smart Tools NEW
Transform this note into: ✓ 50+ Practice Questions ✓ Interactive Flashcards ✓ Full Mock Exam ✓ Essay Outlines
Study guide on chapter 3, including information on sleep and substances. Information was from the textbook Introduction to Psychology by Hawkes Learning and supplemented by my professor's resources.
PsychologyExplore the intricacies of biological rhythms in biopsychology, focusing on infradian rhythms like the menstrual cycle and ultradian rhythms such as the stages of sleep. This summary covers key concepts including menstrual synchrony, seasonal affective disorder, and the five stages of sleep, along with their evolutionary significance and methodological evaluations. Ideal for psychology students preparing for exams.
PsychologyStudy notes covering AP Psych curriculum
AP PsychologyExplore the intricate relationship between brain structures and their functions in this comprehensive overview of biopsychology. This study note covers key concepts such as sleep cycles, REM and non-REM sleep, neuroplasticity, and the biological bases of behavior. Ideal for students studying cognitive neuroscience, this resource provides insights into the cerebral cortex, central and peripheral nervous systems, and the role of neuroimaging techniques like EEG. Enhance your understanding of how biological processes influence behavior and cognition.
PsychologyIn class notes
AP PsychologyAP Psych
AP PsychologyApp Store
Google Play
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
I think it’s very much worth it and you’ll end up using it a lot once you get the hang of it and even after looking at others notes you can still ask your Artificial intelligence buddy the question and ask to simplify it if you still don’t get it!!! In the end I think it’s worth it 😊👍 ⚠️Also DID I MENTION ITS FREEE YOU DON’T HAVE TO PAY FOR ANYTHING AND STILL GET YOUR GRADES IN PERFECTLY❗️❗️⚠️
Thomas R
iOS user
Knowunity is the BEST app I’ve used in a minute. This is not an ai review or anything this is genuinely coming from a 7th grade student (I know 2011 im young) but dude this app is a 10/10 i have maintained a 3.8 gpa and have plenty of time for gaming. I love it and my mom is just happy I got good grades
Brad T
Android user
Not only did it help me find the answer but it also showed me alternative ways to solve it. I was horrible in math and science but now I have an a in both subjects. Thanks for the help🤍🤍
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
I found this app a couple years ago and it has only gotten better since then. I really love it because it can help with written questions and photo questions. Also, it can find study guides that other people have made as well as flashcard sets and practice tests. The free version is also amazing for students who might not be able to afford it. Would 100% recommend
Aubrey
iOS user
Best app if you're in Highschool or Junior high. I have been using this app for 2 school years and it's the best, it's good if you don't have anyone to help you with school work.😋🩷🎀
Marco B
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This app is phenomenal down to the correct info and the various topics you can study! I greatly recommend it for people who struggle with procrastination and those who need homework help. It has been perfectly accurate for world 1 history as far as I’ve seen! Geometry too!
Paul T
iOS user
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
I think it’s very much worth it and you’ll end up using it a lot once you get the hang of it and even after looking at others notes you can still ask your Artificial intelligence buddy the question and ask to simplify it if you still don’t get it!!! In the end I think it’s worth it 😊👍 ⚠️Also DID I MENTION ITS FREEE YOU DON’T HAVE TO PAY FOR ANYTHING AND STILL GET YOUR GRADES IN PERFECTLY❗️❗️⚠️
Thomas R
iOS user
Knowunity is the BEST app I’ve used in a minute. This is not an ai review or anything this is genuinely coming from a 7th grade student (I know 2011 im young) but dude this app is a 10/10 i have maintained a 3.8 gpa and have plenty of time for gaming. I love it and my mom is just happy I got good grades
Brad T
Android user
Not only did it help me find the answer but it also showed me alternative ways to solve it. I was horrible in math and science but now I have an a in both subjects. Thanks for the help🤍🤍
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
I found this app a couple years ago and it has only gotten better since then. I really love it because it can help with written questions and photo questions. Also, it can find study guides that other people have made as well as flashcard sets and practice tests. The free version is also amazing for students who might not be able to afford it. Would 100% recommend
Aubrey
iOS user
Best app if you're in Highschool or Junior high. I have been using this app for 2 school years and it's the best, it's good if you don't have anyone to help you with school work.😋🩷🎀
Marco B
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This app is phenomenal down to the correct info and the various topics you can study! I greatly recommend it for people who struggle with procrastination and those who need homework help. It has been perfectly accurate for world 1 history as far as I’ve seen! Geometry too!
Paul T
iOS user
Vanita Rabsatt
@v_maeee
Sleep and consciousness are fascinating processes that impact how our bodies and minds function every day. From the stages of sleep to the effects of drugs on our nervous system, understanding these concepts helps us make sense of how our... Show more
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
Ever feel that sudden jerk while dozing off in class? That's a hypnic jerk in Stage 1 sleep, the lightest sleep phase where you might not even realize you were sleeping. As you drift deeper into Stage 2, your heart rate slows, and brief bursts of brain activity called sleep spindles occur.
The deepest phase, Stage 3, is when you'd wake up feeling disoriented and growth hormones are released. REM sleep is where dreams happen—your brain activity actually resembles your waking state! This completes the full sleep cycle that repeats throughout the night.
Sleep disorders can significantly impact health. Nightmares occur during REM sleep, while night terrors happen in deep sleep, causing extreme fear without fully waking. People with sleep apnea stop breathing for 10+ seconds, and those with narcolepsy fall directly into REM sleep during daytime. Insomnia—the inability to fall or stay asleep—affects millions of people.
Did you know? In REM behavior disorder (RBD), people physically act out their dreams because the mechanism that normally paralyzes muscles during REM sleep fails!
Hypnosis works through either dissociation (part of your consciousness remains aware while another doesn't) or social cognitive theory (you're essentially playing a role). Think about times you've driven somewhere but can't remember passing certain landmarks—that's dissociation at work!
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
The difference between needing a substance mentally versus physically is crucial to understand. Psychological dependence means you believe you need the drug to function properly—like when someone runs out of marijuana and panics. Physical dependence involves your body actually requiring the substance, often developing tolerance where you need increasingly higher doses for the same effect.
Stimulants increase nervous system activity, giving users energy and alertness. This category includes amphetamines, cocaine, nicotine, and even your morning caffeine! That energy boost from your coffee is a mild form of stimulation affecting your central nervous system.
On the opposite end, depressants slow down nervous system functioning. Alcohol is the most widely used depressant, alongside medications like Xanax, Valium, and opiates. The dangerous aspect of narcotics like opiates is the risk of overdose as they severely decrease nervous system function.
Warning: Hallucinogens like PCP, LSD, and marijuana cause users to lose touch with reality through hallucinations, altering perception in ways that can be unpredictable and sometimes dangerous.
Each drug category affects the brain differently, but all can lead to dependence when misused. Understanding these effects helps explain why certain substances are controlled or illegal despite their appeal to users.
Our AI companion is specifically built for the needs of students. Based on the millions of content pieces we have on the platform we can provide truly meaningful and relevant answers to students. But its not only about answers, the companion is even more about guiding students through their daily learning challenges, with personalised study plans, quizzes or content pieces in the chat and 100% personalisation based on the students skills and developments.
You can download the app in the Google Play Store and in the Apple App Store.
That's right! Enjoy free access to study content, connect with fellow students, and get instant help – all at your fingertips.
3
Smart Tools NEW
Transform this note into: ✓ 50+ Practice Questions ✓ Interactive Flashcards ✓ Full Mock Exam ✓ Essay Outlines
Study guide on chapter 3, including information on sleep and substances. Information was from the textbook Introduction to Psychology by Hawkes Learning and supplemented by my professor's resources.
PsychologyExplore the intricacies of biological rhythms in biopsychology, focusing on infradian rhythms like the menstrual cycle and ultradian rhythms such as the stages of sleep. This summary covers key concepts including menstrual synchrony, seasonal affective disorder, and the five stages of sleep, along with their evolutionary significance and methodological evaluations. Ideal for psychology students preparing for exams.
PsychologyStudy notes covering AP Psych curriculum
AP PsychologyExplore the intricate relationship between brain structures and their functions in this comprehensive overview of biopsychology. This study note covers key concepts such as sleep cycles, REM and non-REM sleep, neuroplasticity, and the biological bases of behavior. Ideal for students studying cognitive neuroscience, this resource provides insights into the cerebral cortex, central and peripheral nervous systems, and the role of neuroimaging techniques like EEG. Enhance your understanding of how biological processes influence behavior and cognition.
PsychologyIn class notes
AP PsychologyAP Psych
AP PsychologyApp Store
Google Play
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
I think it’s very much worth it and you’ll end up using it a lot once you get the hang of it and even after looking at others notes you can still ask your Artificial intelligence buddy the question and ask to simplify it if you still don’t get it!!! In the end I think it’s worth it 😊👍 ⚠️Also DID I MENTION ITS FREEE YOU DON’T HAVE TO PAY FOR ANYTHING AND STILL GET YOUR GRADES IN PERFECTLY❗️❗️⚠️
Thomas R
iOS user
Knowunity is the BEST app I’ve used in a minute. This is not an ai review or anything this is genuinely coming from a 7th grade student (I know 2011 im young) but dude this app is a 10/10 i have maintained a 3.8 gpa and have plenty of time for gaming. I love it and my mom is just happy I got good grades
Brad T
Android user
Not only did it help me find the answer but it also showed me alternative ways to solve it. I was horrible in math and science but now I have an a in both subjects. Thanks for the help🤍🤍
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
I found this app a couple years ago and it has only gotten better since then. I really love it because it can help with written questions and photo questions. Also, it can find study guides that other people have made as well as flashcard sets and practice tests. The free version is also amazing for students who might not be able to afford it. Would 100% recommend
Aubrey
iOS user
Best app if you're in Highschool or Junior high. I have been using this app for 2 school years and it's the best, it's good if you don't have anyone to help you with school work.😋🩷🎀
Marco B
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This app is phenomenal down to the correct info and the various topics you can study! I greatly recommend it for people who struggle with procrastination and those who need homework help. It has been perfectly accurate for world 1 history as far as I’ve seen! Geometry too!
Paul T
iOS user
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
I think it’s very much worth it and you’ll end up using it a lot once you get the hang of it and even after looking at others notes you can still ask your Artificial intelligence buddy the question and ask to simplify it if you still don’t get it!!! In the end I think it’s worth it 😊👍 ⚠️Also DID I MENTION ITS FREEE YOU DON’T HAVE TO PAY FOR ANYTHING AND STILL GET YOUR GRADES IN PERFECTLY❗️❗️⚠️
Thomas R
iOS user
Knowunity is the BEST app I’ve used in a minute. This is not an ai review or anything this is genuinely coming from a 7th grade student (I know 2011 im young) but dude this app is a 10/10 i have maintained a 3.8 gpa and have plenty of time for gaming. I love it and my mom is just happy I got good grades
Brad T
Android user
Not only did it help me find the answer but it also showed me alternative ways to solve it. I was horrible in math and science but now I have an a in both subjects. Thanks for the help🤍🤍
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
I found this app a couple years ago and it has only gotten better since then. I really love it because it can help with written questions and photo questions. Also, it can find study guides that other people have made as well as flashcard sets and practice tests. The free version is also amazing for students who might not be able to afford it. Would 100% recommend
Aubrey
iOS user
Best app if you're in Highschool or Junior high. I have been using this app for 2 school years and it's the best, it's good if you don't have anyone to help you with school work.😋🩷🎀
Marco B
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This app is phenomenal down to the correct info and the various topics you can study! I greatly recommend it for people who struggle with procrastination and those who need homework help. It has been perfectly accurate for world 1 history as far as I’ve seen! Geometry too!
Paul T
iOS user
