Social Development of Children

When it comes to how children develop socially, everything starts with attachment. This special emotional connection forms between a child and their parent or caregiver early in life.

Attachment isn't just about being close physically—it's the emotional and social bond that helps children feel secure and learn how to relate to others. This foundation shapes how kids will build relationships throughout their lives.

Quick Fact: The quality of attachment a child forms in their early years can influence their social relationships well into adulthood!

Research on Attachment

Konrad Lorenz, an Austrian zoologist, pioneered attachment research through his famous experiments on imprinting. This is a basic, natural form of attachment commonly seen in birds like geese and ducks.

Lorenz discovered that newly hatched geese naturally attach to (imprint upon) the first moving object they see, usually their mother. What's fascinating is that if mother goose isn't around, the baby geese will wait about 15 hours and then imprint on whatever or whoever they see next!

This research showed that attachment isn't just learned—it's partly built into animals from birth. This discovery helped researchers begin to understand how human attachment might work too.

Remember: Imprinting happens during a "critical period"—if missed, normal attachment might not develop properly.

Lorenz's 1936 Imprinting Study

In his groundbreaking experiment, Lorenz divided goose eggs into two groups: a control group and an experimental group. The control group hatched with their mother present, while the experimental group first saw Lorenz after hatching.

The results were remarkable! The experimental group of goslings imprinted on Lorenz himself and started following him around as if he were their mother. Even when these goslings were later mixed with those that had imprinted on the actual mother goose, they still preferred to follow Lorenz.

This experiment demonstrated how powerful early experiences are in forming attachments. The goslings formed an attachment to the first suitable moving object they saw after hatching—whether it was their actual mother or a human scientist!

Interesting Point: Lorenz often had to wade into a pond while the goslings swam behind him in a perfect line—they were completely convinced he was their mother!

Interpretation of Results

Lorenz's imprinting research revealed the crucial purpose of attachment in animal development. Imprinting ensures young animals attach to their mother for protection, food, and learning essential survival behaviors.

Perhaps most importantly, this study showed there's a critical period for healthy development. Geese that didn't imprint on their mother during this window experienced abnormal development, suggesting that some developmental opportunities happen in specific timeframes.

This concept of critical periods would later become important for understanding human development too. It suggests that certain experiences need to happen at specific times for normal development to occur.

Think About This: How might the concept of critical periods apply to human development? Are there windows of opportunity for learning certain skills?

Human Attachment

Moving from geese to humans, Mary Ainsworth, an American developmental psychologist, took attachment research to the next level. She wanted to understand how human babies form attachments with their caregivers.

Ainsworth developed an ingenious method called the strange situation procedure. This carefully designed experiment helped identify different types of attachments that form between children and their mothers or primary caregivers.

Her work showed that not all attachments are created equal—some children develop secure attachments while others form different patterns of insecure attachment. These early attachment styles can influence how we relate to others throughout our lives.

Connection: While Lorenz studied natural attachment in animals, Ainsworth focused on the quality of attachment in humans—both foundational to understanding social development!

Ainsworth's 1965 Strange Situation Study

Ainsworth's strange situation procedure is a 20-minute structured observation that reveals a child's attachment type. The experiment involves a sequence of separations and reunions between the child, caregiver, and a stranger.

Here's how it works: First, a child and caregiver enter a room with toys. Then, a stranger enters, the caregiver leaves, and the child's reactions are observed. When the caregiver returns, researchers note how the child responds to this reunion. This pattern of separation and reunion happens twice.

Throughout these eight carefully designed steps, researchers watch how comfortable the child is exploring the environment when the caregiver is present versus absent. They also pay close attention to how the child reacts when the caregiver returns after being gone.

Critical Insight: The way a child responds when reunited with their caregiver reveals more about their attachment style than how they react when the caregiver leaves!

Ainsworth's Study Observations

During the strange situation, researchers focused on two key aspects of children's behavior. First, they observed how much the children explored their surroundings by playing with new toys. Second, they carefully noted how children reacted when their caregivers left and returned.

These observations allowed Ainsworth to identify patterns in how children behaved. Some kids were upset when mom left but quickly settled when she returned. Others seemed hardly bothered when she left but ignored her upon return. Some became extremely distressed and were difficult to console.

Based on these different reaction patterns, Ainsworth identified three distinct types of attachment relationships between children and their caregivers. Each attachment style reflected different experiences in the child-caregiver relationship.

Make Connections: Think about your own reactions when separating from important people in your life—do you see any patterns similar to those Ainsworth observed?

Mary Ainsworth's Attachment Types: Secure Attachment

The most common attachment style Ainsworth identified was secure attachment, seen in about 66% of children in her original study. These children showed a healthy balance of independence and connection to their caregivers.

When the parent left the room, securely attached children typically showed some distress—they missed their caregiver and might cry or look for them. This showed they valued the relationship and felt safe with their parent.

The key characteristic of secure attachment appeared during reunion: these children were easily comforted when their caregiver returned. They welcomed their parent back, accepted comfort, and then returned to playing and exploring. This pattern shows a healthy trust that their needs will be met.

Success Pattern: Securely attached children typically grow up to have better social skills, higher self-esteem, and healthier relationships than those with insecure attachments!

Mary Ainsworth's Attachment Types: Insecure Attachment-Avoidant Type

Children with avoidant attachment showed a very different pattern of behavior in the strange situation. While in the playroom, these children had minimal interaction with their parent, often seeming indifferent to their presence.

The most telling behavior came during reunion: these children actively avoided their caregiver's attempts to provide comfort after separation. They might turn away, ignore the parent, or continue playing as if the parent's return didn't matter to them.

This avoidance doesn't mean these children don't need their caregivers. Instead, it suggests they've learned to hide their feelings because their emotional needs haven't been consistently met in the past.

Behind the Behavior: Avoidant attachment often develops when caregivers are consistently dismissive or uncomfortable with emotional needs—children learn to suppress their own emotions as a result.

Mary Ainsworth's Attachment Types: Insecure Attachment-Ambivalent Type

Children with ambivalent attachment (sometimes called resistant or anxious attachment) showed conflicted behaviors that revealed their uncertainty about their relationship with their caregiver. These children displayed a confusing mix of reactions.

When reunited with their parent after separation, these children sought comfort but simultaneously showed signs of resentment or resistance. They might reach for their parent while also hitting them, or cling desperately while refusing to be comforted.

This push-pull behavior reveals these children's internal conflict. They desperately want connection but are uncertain if their needs will be met consistently, leading to frustrated and contradictory behaviors.

Think About It: Ambivalent attachment behaviors might seem confusing, but they make sense as responses to unpredictable caregiving—the child never knows what to expect!