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Continental Congress approved the final draft of the declaration of independence declaring the thirteen free and independent of Great Britain. 9. confederation states do not give up the power to act independently - A loose alliance of independent states where the individual 10 Since the thirteen former colonies were wary of centralized authority, the government established by the Articles of Confederation had very powers. 11. The virginia plan was a plan for government in which the national government would have supreme power and a legislative branch would have two houses with representation determined by state population. 12. The new jersey plan was a proposal to create a unicameral legislature with equal representation of states instead of representation by population. 13. antifederalist a. Opposed the Constitution b. Feared a too-strong national government c. Believed only a small republic could protect rights d. Drew support from small farmers in rural areas e. Believed a bill of rights was necessary to protect individual liberties 14. Federalists a. Supported the Constitution b. Wanted a strong national government limited c. Believed a large republic could best protect individual liberty d. Drew support from large farmers, merchants, and artisans e. Believed a bill of rights was unnecessary 15. Three of the most intellectually gifted Federalists-Alexander Hamilton, James 3-- Madison, and John Jay-teamed up to write a series of articles defending the Constitution for New York newspapers collectively known as The Federalists Papers 16. On April 30, George Washington was sworn in as the first constitutionally elected President of The United States. 17. Popular Sovereignty source of its power - The people establish the government and are the 18. Limited Government - The Constitution limits the actions of government by specifically listing powers it does and does not have in order to protect individual rights. 19. Federalism - The rights of the states are protected by dividing powers between the national government and the state governments. 20. Enumerated Powers - powers belonging only to the federal government including the power to coin money, regulate interstate and foreign trade, maintain the armed forces, and create federal courts 21. Reserved Powers - Those constitutional powers not granted to the national government, but reserved to the states including such rights as the power to establish schools, pass marriage and divorce laws, and regulate trade within a state 22. Concurrent Powers - powers shared by the state and federal governments including the right to raise taxes, borrow money, provide for public welfare, and administer criminal justice 23. Seperation of Powers - The power to govern is divided among executive, legislative, and judicial branches to prevent the concentration and abuse of power by any one branch 24. Checks and Balance - Each branch of government has the authority to check, or restrain, some powers of the other two branches so that no branch of the federal government becomes too powerful 4-- 25. Individual Rights - Basic liberties and rights of all citizens are guaranteed in the Bill of Rights Lesson 2 - The Legislature 26. The purpose of the preamble was to be an Introduction U.S. Constitution. Six Goals of the Constitution 27. Goal #1 - To form "a more perfect Union" the framers believed the states needed on major issues to agree to operate as a Single country and Cooperate 28. Goal #2 -Establishing justice - provide laws that are reasonable, fair, and impartial in order to ensure that each citizen is treated Equally under the law to the 29. Goal #3 - Domestic Tranquility - to keep peace and maintain order within the country 30. Goal #4 - Provide for the common defense - the federal government has the power to maintain armed forces to Defend the nation against foreign enemies 31. Goal #5 - General welfare - Allow all states and citizens to benefit militarily and economically from the Protections of a strong national government 32. Goal #6 - Secure the Blessings of Liberty - Protect the Freedoms recently won in the American Revolution and preserve them for the generations to come 5-- 33. There are Seven articles to the U.S. Constitution. 34. The chief purpose of the legislative branch is to Make Laws 35. Congress is made up of the Senate and the House of Representatives. 36. A U.S. Representative serves for Two Years 37. A U.S. Representative serves for a. must be at least 25 b. must have been a U.S. citizen for c. must live in the State 38. Our local U.S. Representative: old 7 Years he or she was elected from a. The U.S Representative from 15th Congressional District in Illinois is Mary Miller (most of Mattoon). b. The U.S Representative from 12th Congressional District in Illinois is Mike Bost (part of Mattoon). 39. According to the Constitution, the number of representatives each state can elect to the House of Representatives is based on the State's Population 40. There are 435 members in the U.S House of Representatives. 41. Every 10 Years , after the census is taken, Congress determines how the seats in the House are to be distributed. 42. gerrymandering is the practice of drawing district lines that favor a particular political party, politician, or group of people. 43. The leader of the House of Representatives, or Speaker of the House 6-- is elected by House members from the majority party. 44. The Speaker of the House of Representatives is Kevin McCarthy 45. Congress has the power of Impeachment or to charge officials in the executive and judicial branches with wrongdoing and bring them to trial. 46. The impeachment process begins in the House of Representatives, which has responsibility for making the Charge against the official. 47. No matter what its population, each state is represented by Two senators. 48. As a result, today's Senate has 100 the 50 states. 49. Senators are elected to Congress for Six-Year terms. members-two senators from each of 50. The qualifications for a U.S. Senator are as follows: a. must be at least 30 Years Old b. must have been a U.S. citizen for Nine Years must live in the Stat he or she was elected from e C. 51. The U.S. Senators from Illinois are 52. The Vice-President is the leader of the Senate. 53. President Pro Tempore Dick Durbin and Tammy Duckworth - A senator who serves as president of the Senate when the Vice-President is absent. S 54. If the House votes to impeach then the Senate serves as a Jury in an impeachment trial. 55. A Two-Third vote of the Senate is required to find the official guilty and remove him or her from office. The Constitution gives each house of Congress certain special powers. 56. The House of Representatives: a. must start all bills for raising b. has the sole power to impeach (make the charges) public officials chooses the president if no presidential candidate receives enough electoral votes to be elected C. 7-- 57. The Senate a. serves as the jury in all impeachment trials b. all treaties, or written agreements, with foreign nations must be approved in the senate by a two-thirds vote C. certain high officials, such as Supreme Court justices, appointed by the president must be approved in the senate a majority vote 58. Congress begins meeting on january 3rd 59. Quorom - The smallest number of legislators who must be present for the group to make official decisions of each year. 60 All Money or Tax Lesson 3 - Making Laws bills must start in the House of Representatives. How a Bill Becomes a Law Step 1: Bill is introduced in the House or Senate 61. Bill - A document presented to Congress for adoption into law Step 2: Assigned to a committee Step 3: Subcommittee makes recommendations Step 4: Committee debates, amends, then votes Step 5: House or Senate debates, then votes Step 6: Conference Committee Merges the two bills Step 7: House and Senate vote on merged bill 62. To pass a bill it needs a Simple Majority of each house of Congress. Step 8: President signs, vetoes, or ignores the bill 63 Veto The power of the President to keep a bill from becoming law by not signing it 8-- 64. The three options that a president has when he gets a bill from Congress are to Sign it, Veto it, or let it sit 65. If the president vetoes a bill it can be overridden by a houses of Congress. 23'S 66. Delegated powers are powers specifically written in the U.S. Constitution. 67 Naturalization - the process by which a person of foreign birth can become a citizen of the United States vote of both 68. Before being admitted as a Citizen applicants must be willing to give up any foreign allegiance and must promise to obey and defend the Constitution and the laws of the United States. 69. In order to pay for government programs and defense, Congress has the authority raise and collect Taxes to Borrow money, and to print and coin Money 70. Congress can create a Postal Service seen as vital to the development of the nation's economy. and Road to deliver the mail as it was S 71. The Constitution gave Congress the power to write Copyright and Patinet S laws, which ensure writers and inventors "exclusive rights" to their respective writings and discoveries. 72. Only Congress has the power to Declare War 9-- 73. In emergencies, the Federal Government militia from the state's governor. 74. The District of Columbia government (capital) for the United States. 75. Necessary and Proper Clause - Gives Congress the power to make all laws to carry out the powers granted to the federal government 2 was established as the seat of 76. Habeas Corpus writ of - A court order requiring authorities to bring a person who has been arrested into court and charge the prisoner with a crime and schedule a court appearance, or else set the prisoner free can take control of the state 77. Congress cannot pass a bill of Attainder without a court trial, or an 78. States can't print their own Money Ex Post Facto possible to punish a person for actions that were legal a the time they were committed. 80. A president's term is for 4 years 81. Joe Biden which declares someone guilty law, which is a law that makes it or declare Lesson 4 - The Executive Branch 79. The main duty of the executive branch is to Enforce War is our president and Kamala Harris the laws. is our vice-president. 82. Voters do not directly elect the president or vice president but instead choose Electors , or people pledged to support the candidates that the voters choose. 83 Taken together, these men and women are known as the 84. In order to be elected president you must receive ¾'s Electoral College votes from the electoral college. 85. The candidate with the most votes became President, and the runner-up became Vice President 86. In 1804, Amendment changed the method of picking the executive. 12 87. The General Election date is the Tuesday after the first Monday of November 88. The qualifications for president are as follows: must be at least 35 years old a. 10-- b. must be a Natural Born Citizen C. must have lived in the U.S. for 14 Years The Sequence of Presidential Succession 1. Vice-President 2. Speaker of the House 3. President Pro Tempore of the Senate 4. Secretary of State 5. Secretary of the Treasury 6. Secretary of Defense 7. Attorney General 8. Secretary of the Interior 9. Secretary of Agriculture 10. Secretary of Commerce 11. Secretary of Labor 12. Secretary of Health and Human Services 13. Secretary of Housing and Urban Development 14. Secretary of Transportation 15. Secretary of Energy 16. Secretary of Education 17. Secretary of Veterans Affairs 18. Secretary of Homeland Security prior to the election 89. Cabinet The group of executive department heads who advise the president The President's Cabinet Secretary of State - Antony Blinken 90. Goal: Develop Foreign Policy advance freedom, and create a secure and beneficial world for the American people and the international community. 2 Secretary of the Treasury - Janet Yellen 91. Goal: Collect Revenue (the IRS is the largest of Treasury's bureaus), produce money, and formulate economic policy. Secretary of Defense - Lloyd Austin 92. Goal: Provide the Military Forces security of the United States. Attorney General - Merrick Garland 93. Goal: Enforce Federal Laws needed to deter war and protect the 11-- and defend the interests of the United States according to the law, prevent and control crime, and seek just punishment for criminals. Secretary of the Interior - Deb Haaland 94. Goal: Protect and provide access to our nation's natural and cultural heritage and honor our responsibilities to Native American Tribes and our commitments to island communities. Secretary of Agriculture - Tom Vilsack 95. Goal: Formulate policy on farming, food, and natural resources, maintain food Safely , and combat hunger worldwide. Secretary of Commerce - Gina Raimondo 96. Goal: Foster, serve, and promote the nation's Economic development and technological advancement. Secretary of Labor - Marty Walsh 97. Goal: Assure Work safety, fair pay, and unemployment insurance benefits. Secretary of Health and Human Services - Xavier Becerra 98. Goal: Protect the Healt of all Americans and provide essential human h services, especially for those who are least able to help themselves. Secretary of Housing and Urban Development - Marcia Fudge 99. Goal: Increase home ownership, support community development, and housing. increase access to Afterbible Secretary of Transportation - Pete Buttigieg 100. Goal: Ensure a fast, safe, efficient, accessible, and convenient Transportation system. Secretary of Energy - Jennifer Granholm 101. Goal: Advance the national, economic, and energy security of the United States and promote Scientific and technological innovation. Secretary of Education - Miguel Cardona 102. Goal: Promote excellence and equal access in education, distribute and monitor financial aid, and collect Data on the nation's schools. Secretary of Veterans Affairs - Denis McDonough 103. Goal: Care for the nation's veterans, issue checks for disability, education and pensions, and supervise national cemeteries. Secretary of Homeland Security - Alejandro Mayorkas 104. Goal: identifies and assesses Threats to the safety of the United States, preserves America's freedoms and prepares to respond to all hazards and disasters. 12-- 105 The president receives living accommodations in two residences - The White House and Camp David Powers of the President 106. The president is the head, or Commander In Chief armed forces, meaning that all military officers, during war or in peacetime, ultimately answer to the president. of the U.S. 13-- 107. As Chief Diplomat the president directs foreign policy, appoints 5 ambassadors, and negotiates treaties with other nations. 108 Treaties must be approved by a two-thirds vote of the Senate go into effect. 109 The President has the power to nominate Judges to the Supreme Court and the lower federal courts, but these must be approved by the Senate the president is responsible for carrying out the nation's laws. 110. As Chief Executive 111. As Cheif of State of all Americans. the president serves a symbolic role as the representative 112. The president serves as a Legislative Leader and working to see that they are passed. before they by proposing laws to Congress 113. Every year, in late January, the president delivers a State of the Union Address to Congress setting forth the programs and policies that the president wants Congress to put into effect as laws. 114. The President has the power to call a special session of Congress Lesson 5- The Judicial Branch 115. The main duty of the judicial branch is to Interpret laws. 116. The framers, many of them lawyers themselves, had a special interest in and respect for the law, especially the English system of common law. English common law is based on two important ideas: a. The first is that every person's Rights and Liberties 14-- deserve legal protection. b. The second idea is the idea that judges' decisions are based on in similar cases, and the judge's ideas Social Customs, Past Rulings about the Meaning of laws. 117. The Judiciary Act of 1789 created a three-tiered structure for the federal courts: the District courts, Circuit courts, and the Suprem court. 118. Federal District Courts e court system and are the starting places for all federal cases. occupy the lowest tier of the federal 119. The district courts consider criminal and civil cases that come under federal, rather than state authority and are the only federal courts with a Jury 120. If someone wants to Challenge a District Court ruling, they can turn to one of thirteen U.S. Courts of Appeals before they approach the Supreme Court. 122. Federal courts have the 121. Federal judges are appointed for Life and can only be removed by their death, resignation, or impeachment. 123. The , or authority, to hear cases that involve the Jurisdiction Constitution, federal laws, or any agreements made by the federal government, such as treaties. U.S. Supreme Court occupies the top tier of the federal court system. 124. The Supreme Court is composed of Nin justices; the Chief e Justice States and eight associate justices. 125. The Chief Justice of the U.S. Supreme Court is John Roberts. of the United 15-- 126 The Supreme Court's power to examine the laws and actions of local, state, and national governments and to cancel them if they violate the Constitution is called Judicial 127. Any person accused of a crime must be offered a Jury Trial 128. Treason was defined as a crime against the country by a citizen including waging war against or trying to overthrow the government. Lesson 6 - Putting the Constitution to Work and Credi shall be given from one state to another in the public acts, t 129 Full Fait h records, and judicial proceedings of each state (each state must recognize other states' legal recognize other states' legal documents, such as marriage certificates and drivers' licenses). 130 Each state must give citizens from other states the Same Rights as their own citizens. 131. In a process called Extradition a criminal fleeing from one state to another after committing a crime, if apprehended, must be returned to the state from which he/she fled, at the request of the legal authorities in that state. 132 If the state governor asks for help, the federal government will also help a state put down a Riot or Rebellion 133. The Amendment process gives Americans the power to change the Constitution. 134. In order to add a new amendment: a. Amendments must be proposed by 's of both houses of the U.S. Congress b. If an amendment is successfully proposed, then it must be approved by the legislatures of 3/4's of the States 135. When a federal law and a state law disagree, the federal law Overrides the state law as the Constitution and other federal laws are the Supreme Law of the Land." 136. The Bill of Rights specific freedoms given to citizens and limiting the power of government. 137. The 1st Amendment gives us the five freedoms of Religion Speech Assembly 16-- Press Lesson 7 - The Bill of Rights is the first ten amendments to the Constitution listing " and Petition 2 138. The freedom of religion means that you can practice (or not practice) any religion, as long as it does not infringe on the Rights of others. 139. The Freedom of the press means that you have the right to publish Information on your Opinio without worry of government censorship. n 140. The freedom of speech does not protect writers that spread Libel intentionally writing a lie that harms another person. 141. Freedom of speech means that we may talk Freel to friends and neighbors, deliver a y public speech, or even allows us the freedom to Criticize our government and government officials. 142. You may not use your free speech rights in a way that could cause physical to others. or 143. The freedom of assembly means that Americans have the right to hold to discuss problems, to such meetings are peaceful. 144. Freedom of petition gives you the right to contact your government decisions, or to socialize, as long as and ask 17-- them to pass laws you favor or change laws you do not like. 145. Today one of the most heavily debated amendments in the Bill of Rights is the 2nd Amendment, which reads, "A well-regulated being necessary to the security shall not be infringed. of a free State, the right of the people to keep and bear 146. The 3rd Amendment forbids the government from housing Troops in private houses during times of peace without the consent of the owner. 147. The American legal system is guided by the idea that each person is " until proven Guilty 148. The 4th Amendment protects citizens from unreasonable 149. The 4th Amendment says the government can issue a only after authorities have proved to a judge that there is probable cause for a search and have a description of what will be searched and seized. Innocent 150. The 5th Amendment covers five basic ideas: a. According to the 5th Amendment, before a person can be tried for a serious crime, such as murder, a Grand must indict, or formally accuse, the individual jury and of the crime. b. The 5th Amendment protects an accused person from self-incrimination or having to testify against oneself. C. The 5th Amendment states that no person can be subject to double jeopardy or be made to stand trial twice for the same offense. d. The 5th Amendment states that no person can be denied life, liberty, or property without due procces of law. The 5th Amendment limits eminent domain that is, the government cannot take private property without giving the owner fair payment for it. e. 18-- 151. According to Miranda v. Arizona, upon arrest police must inform suspects of their rights by informing them: a. They have the right to remain silent. b. Anything they say can be used against them in court. c. They have the right to have an attorney present. d. If they cannot afford an attorney, one will be provided for them. 152. The 6th Amendment provides that a person accused of a crime: a. has the right to a speedy and public trial decided by a jury. b. has the right to know the charges against them and can hear and question witnesses testifying against them. has the right to an attorney C. 153. The 8th Amendment guarantees that punishment for crimes will not be cruel and unusual 154. The 9th amendment states that the people have other rights than those listed in the Bill of Rights. 155. The 10th Amendment makes clear that any powers not delegated to the federal government are reserved to the states and, ultimately, to the people Lesson 8- 19th Century Amendments 156. The 12th Amendment separates the election of the 157. The 13th Amendment, ratified in 1865, outlawed lands governed by the United States. and in all states and in all 158. The 14th Amendment defines as anyone born or naturalized in the United States and prevents states from interfering in the rights of citizens of the 19-- United States. 159. The Fifteenth Amendment, ratified in 1870, stated that no one could be denied the right to because of race or color. Lesson 9 – 20th Century Amendments 160. The 16th Amendment authorizes Congress to collect 161. The 17th Amendment called for the direct election of 162. The 18th Amendment (1919) alcoholic beverages in the United States. 163. The 19th Amendment gave women the right to 164. the production, sale, or transportation of or - A government official serving out a term after being defeated for reelection, and before the inauguration of a successor 165. The 20th Amendment changed the date that the president takes the oath of office to 166. The 21st Amendment (1933) 167. The Twenty-Second Amendment restricted presidents to no more than years in office. taxes. the 18th Amendment. 168. The Twenty-third Amendment gave citizens living in the right to vote for president and vice president. 169. In 1964 the 24th Amendment banned the use of voting in national elections. 171. The 26th Amendment gave terms the as a requirement for 170. The 25th Amendment (1967) established a process for the vice president to take over leadership of the nation when a president is citizens the right to vote in all elections. 172. The 27th Amendment (1992) makes congressional term following their passage. 20-- 173. There have been 174. 176. 175. What are your duties as citizens? the law a. Lesson 10- Citizenship of citizenship are things we are required to do by law. b. Attending c. Paying Taxes d. Serving in the e. Appearing in Court amendments to the U.S. Constitution. e. 177. What are your responsibilities as a citizen? a. voting b. Being c. Taking Part in Government d. Helping Your of citizenship are not required by law but are things we should do. and effective during the Others' Rights