Open the App

Subjects

Understanding Labelling Theory in Sociology: Primary and Secondary Deviance

17

0

user profile picture

Saffron

10/2/2025

Sociology

Lemert and Young: the effects of labelling

183

Oct 2, 2025

3 pages

Understanding Labelling Theory in Sociology: Primary and Secondary Deviance

Labelling theoryfundamentally explores how societal reactions shape deviant behavior,... Show more

Page 1
Page 2
Page 3
1 / 3

<h2 id="whatislabellingtheoryinsociology">What is Labelling Theory in Sociology?</h2>
<p>Labelling theory, as discussed by Lemert and Young

Lemert's Primary and Secondary Deviance

This section explores Lemert's (1951) crucial distinction between primary and secondary deviance, establishing fundamental concepts in labelling theory criminology.

Definition: Primary deviance refers to acts that occur without public labelling, while secondary deviance results from societal reaction and labelling.

Example: Fare dodging represents primary deviance as it often goes undetected and doesn't affect self-identity.

Highlight: The progression to secondary deviance can lead to a deviant career, where individuals join subcultures that reinforce their deviant identity.

Young's study of hippie marijuana users demonstrates these concepts in action:

  • Initial drug use represented primary deviance
  • Police persecution led to secondary deviance
  • Formation of closed deviant subcultures
  • Development of master status as drug users

Vocabulary: Master status refers to a label that overshadows all other aspects of an individual's identity.


<h2 id="whatislabellingtheoryinsociology">What is Labelling Theory in Sociology?</h2>
<p>Labelling theory, as discussed by Lemert and Young

Evaluation of Labelling Theory

This page presents critical analysis of Lemert and Young's contributions to labelling theory crime and deviance.

Highlight: Social control processes, ironically, can produce the very behavior they aim to prevent.

Quote: "We can't predict if someone whose labelled will have a deviant career- they have the ability to choose to not deviate any further." - Downes and Rock (2003)

The evaluation emphasizes that while labelling can lead to deviant careers, this outcome isn't inevitable, acknowledging individual agency in responding to labels.

Criticism: A key criticism of labelling theory is its potential determinism, though theorists maintain individuals retain choice in their response to labels.


<h2 id="whatislabellingtheoryinsociology">What is Labelling Theory in Sociology?</h2>
<p>Labelling theory, as discussed by Lemert and Young

Introduction to Labelling Effects

This page introduces the key theorists Lemert and Young and their contributions to understanding how labelling affects deviant behavior. Their work forms the cornerstone of modern labelling theory in sociology.

Definition: Labelling theory examines how society's reaction to behavior can influence whether it becomes deviant.



We thought you’d never ask...

What is the Knowunity AI companion?

Our AI companion is specifically built for the needs of students. Based on the millions of content pieces we have on the platform we can provide truly meaningful and relevant answers to students. But its not only about answers, the companion is even more about guiding students through their daily learning challenges, with personalised study plans, quizzes or content pieces in the chat and 100% personalisation based on the students skills and developments.

Where can I download the Knowunity app?

You can download the app in the Google Play Store and in the Apple App Store.

Is Knowunity really free of charge?

That's right! Enjoy free access to study content, connect with fellow students, and get instant help – all at your fingertips.

Can't find what you're looking for? Explore other subjects.

Students love us — and so will you.

4.9/5

App Store

4.8/5

Google Play

The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.

Stefan S

iOS user

This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.

Samantha Klich

Android user

Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.

Anna

iOS user

I think it’s very much worth it and you’ll end up using it a lot once you get the hang of it and even after looking at others notes you can still ask your Artificial intelligence buddy the question and ask to simplify it if you still don’t get it!!! In the end I think it’s worth it 😊👍 ⚠️Also DID I MENTION ITS FREEE YOU DON’T HAVE TO PAY FOR ANYTHING AND STILL GET YOUR GRADES IN PERFECTLY❗️❗️⚠️

Thomas R

iOS user

Knowunity is the BEST app I’ve used in a minute. This is not an ai review or anything this is genuinely coming from a 7th grade student (I know 2011 im young) but dude this app is a 10/10 i have maintained a 3.8 gpa and have plenty of time for gaming. I love it and my mom is just happy I got good grades

Brad T

Android user

Not only did it help me find the answer but it also showed me alternative ways to solve it. I was horrible in math and science but now I have an a in both subjects. Thanks for the help🤍🤍

David K

iOS user

The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!

Sudenaz Ocak

Android user

In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.

Greenlight Bonnie

Android user

I found this app a couple years ago and it has only gotten better since then. I really love it because it can help with written questions and photo questions. Also, it can find study guides that other people have made as well as flashcard sets and practice tests. The free version is also amazing for students who might not be able to afford it. Would 100% recommend

Aubrey

iOS user

Best app if you're in Highschool or Junior high. I have been using this app for 2 school years and it's the best, it's good if you don't have anyone to help you with school work.😋🩷🎀

Marco B

iOS user

THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮

Elisha

iOS user

This app is phenomenal down to the correct info and the various topics you can study! I greatly recommend it for people who struggle with procrastination and those who need homework help. It has been perfectly accurate for world 1 history as far as I’ve seen! Geometry too!

Paul T

iOS user

The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.

Stefan S

iOS user

This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.

Samantha Klich

Android user

Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.

Anna

iOS user

I think it’s very much worth it and you’ll end up using it a lot once you get the hang of it and even after looking at others notes you can still ask your Artificial intelligence buddy the question and ask to simplify it if you still don’t get it!!! In the end I think it’s worth it 😊👍 ⚠️Also DID I MENTION ITS FREEE YOU DON’T HAVE TO PAY FOR ANYTHING AND STILL GET YOUR GRADES IN PERFECTLY❗️❗️⚠️

Thomas R

iOS user

Knowunity is the BEST app I’ve used in a minute. This is not an ai review or anything this is genuinely coming from a 7th grade student (I know 2011 im young) but dude this app is a 10/10 i have maintained a 3.8 gpa and have plenty of time for gaming. I love it and my mom is just happy I got good grades

Brad T

Android user

Not only did it help me find the answer but it also showed me alternative ways to solve it. I was horrible in math and science but now I have an a in both subjects. Thanks for the help🤍🤍

David K

iOS user

The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!

Sudenaz Ocak

Android user

In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.

Greenlight Bonnie

Android user

I found this app a couple years ago and it has only gotten better since then. I really love it because it can help with written questions and photo questions. Also, it can find study guides that other people have made as well as flashcard sets and practice tests. The free version is also amazing for students who might not be able to afford it. Would 100% recommend

Aubrey

iOS user

Best app if you're in Highschool or Junior high. I have been using this app for 2 school years and it's the best, it's good if you don't have anyone to help you with school work.😋🩷🎀

Marco B

iOS user

THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮

Elisha

iOS user

This app is phenomenal down to the correct info and the various topics you can study! I greatly recommend it for people who struggle with procrastination and those who need homework help. It has been perfectly accurate for world 1 history as far as I’ve seen! Geometry too!

Paul T

iOS user

 

Sociology

183

Oct 2, 2025

3 pages

Understanding Labelling Theory in Sociology: Primary and Secondary Deviance

Labelling theory fundamentally explores how societal reactions shape deviant behavior, with key contributions from Lemert and Young demonstrating the progression from primary to secondary deviance. Their work illuminates how social labeling can create self-fulfilling prophecies and deviant careers.

• Lemert's... Show more


<h2 id="whatislabellingtheoryinsociology">What is Labelling Theory in Sociology?</h2>
<p>Labelling theory, as discussed by Lemert and Young

Sign up to see the contentIt's free!

Access to all documents

Improve your grades

Join milions of students

By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy

Lemert's Primary and Secondary Deviance

This section explores Lemert's (1951) crucial distinction between primary and secondary deviance, establishing fundamental concepts in labelling theory criminology.

Definition: Primary deviance refers to acts that occur without public labelling, while secondary deviance results from societal reaction and labelling.

Example: Fare dodging represents primary deviance as it often goes undetected and doesn't affect self-identity.

Highlight: The progression to secondary deviance can lead to a deviant career, where individuals join subcultures that reinforce their deviant identity.

Young's study of hippie marijuana users demonstrates these concepts in action:

  • Initial drug use represented primary deviance
  • Police persecution led to secondary deviance
  • Formation of closed deviant subcultures
  • Development of master status as drug users

Vocabulary: Master status refers to a label that overshadows all other aspects of an individual's identity.


<h2 id="whatislabellingtheoryinsociology">What is Labelling Theory in Sociology?</h2>
<p>Labelling theory, as discussed by Lemert and Young

Sign up to see the contentIt's free!

Access to all documents

Improve your grades

Join milions of students

By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy

Evaluation of Labelling Theory

This page presents critical analysis of Lemert and Young's contributions to labelling theory crime and deviance.

Highlight: Social control processes, ironically, can produce the very behavior they aim to prevent.

Quote: "We can't predict if someone whose labelled will have a deviant career- they have the ability to choose to not deviate any further." - Downes and Rock (2003)

The evaluation emphasizes that while labelling can lead to deviant careers, this outcome isn't inevitable, acknowledging individual agency in responding to labels.

Criticism: A key criticism of labelling theory is its potential determinism, though theorists maintain individuals retain choice in their response to labels.


<h2 id="whatislabellingtheoryinsociology">What is Labelling Theory in Sociology?</h2>
<p>Labelling theory, as discussed by Lemert and Young

Sign up to see the contentIt's free!

Access to all documents

Improve your grades

Join milions of students

By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy

Introduction to Labelling Effects

This page introduces the key theorists Lemert and Young and their contributions to understanding how labelling affects deviant behavior. Their work forms the cornerstone of modern labelling theory in sociology.

Definition: Labelling theory examines how society's reaction to behavior can influence whether it becomes deviant.

We thought you’d never ask...

What is the Knowunity AI companion?

Our AI companion is specifically built for the needs of students. Based on the millions of content pieces we have on the platform we can provide truly meaningful and relevant answers to students. But its not only about answers, the companion is even more about guiding students through their daily learning challenges, with personalised study plans, quizzes or content pieces in the chat and 100% personalisation based on the students skills and developments.

Where can I download the Knowunity app?

You can download the app in the Google Play Store and in the Apple App Store.

Is Knowunity really free of charge?

That's right! Enjoy free access to study content, connect with fellow students, and get instant help – all at your fingertips.

17

Smart Tools NEW

Transform this note into: ✓ 50+ Practice Questions ✓ Interactive Flashcards ✓ Full Mock Exam ✓ Essay Outlines

Mock Exam
Quiz
Flashcards
Essay

Similar Content

Crime Patterns Overview

Explore the intricate relationships between crime, ethnicity, gender, and social class. This summary delves into key sociological theories, white-collar crime, and the impact of statistics on understanding crime trends. Ideal for students studying crime and deviance.

SociologySociology
13

Crime and Deviance Theories

Explore key sociological perspectives on crime and deviance, including Functionalism, Marxism, Neo-Marxism, Interactionism, and Realism. This summary covers the causes of crime, the role of social control, and the impact of societal reactions. Ideal for students studying criminology and sociology.

SociologySociology
13

Child-Centred Society Evaluation

This comprehensive essay evaluates the view that UK society has become more child-centred, incorporating sociological perspectives and key studies. It discusses the implications of child protection laws, the March of Progress view, and contrasting arguments regarding childhood experiences. Ideal for students studying sociology, this resource includes teacher feedback for improvement. Key concepts covered: child development, family dynamics, and the social construction of childhood.

SociologySociology
12

Marxist Perspectives on Crime

Explore the Marxist explanation of crime, focusing on how capitalism creates inequality and influences criminal behavior. This summary covers key concepts such as criminogenic factors, the role of the bourgeoisie and proletariat, and the impact of social class on crime rates. Ideal for sociology students studying crime and deviance theories.

SociologySociology
11

Functionalism & Crime Theory

Explore the functionalist perspective on crime and deviance, focusing on key theorists like Durkheim, Merton, and Hirschi. This summary covers social control, strain theory, and the implications of deviant behavior within society. Understand how social bonds influence conformity and the role of collective values in maintaining social order. Ideal for sociology students studying criminology and sociological theories of crime.

SociologySociology
12

Labelling Theory in Deviance

Explore the intricacies of labelling theory and its impact on crime and deviance. This mind map covers key concepts such as moral panic, primary and secondary deviance, and the role of social control in defining deviant behavior. Ideal for sociology students seeking to understand the social construction of deviance and the effects of labelling in society.

SociologySociology
13

Can't find what you're looking for? Explore other subjects.

Students love us — and so will you.

4.9/5

App Store

4.8/5

Google Play

The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.

Stefan S

iOS user

This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.

Samantha Klich

Android user

Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.

Anna

iOS user

I think it’s very much worth it and you’ll end up using it a lot once you get the hang of it and even after looking at others notes you can still ask your Artificial intelligence buddy the question and ask to simplify it if you still don’t get it!!! In the end I think it’s worth it 😊👍 ⚠️Also DID I MENTION ITS FREEE YOU DON’T HAVE TO PAY FOR ANYTHING AND STILL GET YOUR GRADES IN PERFECTLY❗️❗️⚠️

Thomas R

iOS user

Knowunity is the BEST app I’ve used in a minute. This is not an ai review or anything this is genuinely coming from a 7th grade student (I know 2011 im young) but dude this app is a 10/10 i have maintained a 3.8 gpa and have plenty of time for gaming. I love it and my mom is just happy I got good grades

Brad T

Android user

Not only did it help me find the answer but it also showed me alternative ways to solve it. I was horrible in math and science but now I have an a in both subjects. Thanks for the help🤍🤍

David K

iOS user

The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!

Sudenaz Ocak

Android user

In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.

Greenlight Bonnie

Android user

I found this app a couple years ago and it has only gotten better since then. I really love it because it can help with written questions and photo questions. Also, it can find study guides that other people have made as well as flashcard sets and practice tests. The free version is also amazing for students who might not be able to afford it. Would 100% recommend

Aubrey

iOS user

Best app if you're in Highschool or Junior high. I have been using this app for 2 school years and it's the best, it's good if you don't have anyone to help you with school work.😋🩷🎀

Marco B

iOS user

THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮

Elisha

iOS user

This app is phenomenal down to the correct info and the various topics you can study! I greatly recommend it for people who struggle with procrastination and those who need homework help. It has been perfectly accurate for world 1 history as far as I’ve seen! Geometry too!

Paul T

iOS user

The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.

Stefan S

iOS user

This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.

Samantha Klich

Android user

Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.

Anna

iOS user

I think it’s very much worth it and you’ll end up using it a lot once you get the hang of it and even after looking at others notes you can still ask your Artificial intelligence buddy the question and ask to simplify it if you still don’t get it!!! In the end I think it’s worth it 😊👍 ⚠️Also DID I MENTION ITS FREEE YOU DON’T HAVE TO PAY FOR ANYTHING AND STILL GET YOUR GRADES IN PERFECTLY❗️❗️⚠️

Thomas R

iOS user

Knowunity is the BEST app I’ve used in a minute. This is not an ai review or anything this is genuinely coming from a 7th grade student (I know 2011 im young) but dude this app is a 10/10 i have maintained a 3.8 gpa and have plenty of time for gaming. I love it and my mom is just happy I got good grades

Brad T

Android user

Not only did it help me find the answer but it also showed me alternative ways to solve it. I was horrible in math and science but now I have an a in both subjects. Thanks for the help🤍🤍

David K

iOS user

The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!

Sudenaz Ocak

Android user

In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.

Greenlight Bonnie

Android user

I found this app a couple years ago and it has only gotten better since then. I really love it because it can help with written questions and photo questions. Also, it can find study guides that other people have made as well as flashcard sets and practice tests. The free version is also amazing for students who might not be able to afford it. Would 100% recommend

Aubrey

iOS user

Best app if you're in Highschool or Junior high. I have been using this app for 2 school years and it's the best, it's good if you don't have anyone to help you with school work.😋🩷🎀

Marco B

iOS user

THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮

Elisha

iOS user

This app is phenomenal down to the correct info and the various topics you can study! I greatly recommend it for people who struggle with procrastination and those who need homework help. It has been perfectly accurate for world 1 history as far as I’ve seen! Geometry too!

Paul T

iOS user