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Nelpz
10/17/2025
AP Calculus AB/BC
PRE CALC TRANSFORMATION FUNCTIONS
97
•
Oct 17, 2025
•
Nelpz
@ficsps
A comprehensive guide to Transformations of functions in AP Pre-Calculus... Show more
![AP- Pre Calc
|y=f(x)
Given x² = f(x) describe the following.
transformations.
12y=f(x+2
ii) y=fu)-2 | [vertical shifts]]
The graph oе все is](/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fcontent-eu-central-1.knowunity.com%2FCONTENT%2FoMwtMzKfxLdsmKiPQLiA_image_page_1.webp&w=2048&q=75)
This page focuses on horizontal transformations and their effects on function graphs, particularly with scaling factors.
Vocabulary: Horizontal stretch occurs when |c| > 1 in f(cx), while compression happens when |c| < 1.
Definition: For f(cx), when c > 1, the graph compresses horizontally by a factor of 1/c.
Example: For f = x², f(½x) results in a horizontal stretch, while f(2x) creates a horizontal compression.
![AP- Pre Calc
|y=f(x)
Given x² = f(x) describe the following.
transformations.
12y=f(x+2
ii) y=fu)-2 | [vertical shifts]]
The graph oе все is](/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fcontent-eu-central-1.knowunity.com%2FCONTENT%2FoMwtMzKfxLdsmKiPQLiA_image_page_2.webp&w=2048&q=75)
The content explores vertical transformations and introduces the concept of increasing and decreasing functions.
Definition: A function f is increasing on an interval I if f(x₁) < f(x₂) when x₁ < x₂ in I.
Example: For y = cf(x), when c > 1, the graph stretches vertically by a factor of c.
Highlight: Vertical transformations affect the y-coordinates of a function's graph.
![AP- Pre Calc
|y=f(x)
Given x² = f(x) describe the following.
transformations.
12y=f(x+2
ii) y=fu)-2 | [vertical shifts]]
The graph oе все is](/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fcontent-eu-central-1.knowunity.com%2FCONTENT%2FoMwtMzKfxLdsmKiPQLiA_image_page_3.webp&w=2048&q=75)
This section details the analysis of function behavior, particularly focusing on intervals where functions increase or decrease.
Example: A function can have multiple intervals where it's increasing or decreasing:
Vocabulary: Relative extrema are points where the function changes from increasing to decreasing or vice versa.
![AP- Pre Calc
|y=f(x)
Given x² = f(x) describe the following.
transformations.
12y=f(x+2
ii) y=fu)-2 | [vertical shifts]]
The graph oе все is](/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fcontent-eu-central-1.knowunity.com%2FCONTENT%2FoMwtMzKfxLdsmKiPQLiA_image_page_4.webp&w=2048&q=75)
The page covers methods for identifying domain and range of functions from their graphs.
Definition: Domain is all possible x-values, while range is all possible y-values of a function.
Example: For the given function:
Highlight: Relative maximum and minimum points help determine the range of a function.
![AP- Pre Calc
|y=f(x)
Given x² = f(x) describe the following.
transformations.
12y=f(x+2
ii) y=fu)-2 | [vertical shifts]]
The graph oе все is](/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fcontent-eu-central-1.knowunity.com%2FCONTENT%2FoMwtMzKfxLdsmKiPQLiA_image_page_5.webp&w=2048&q=75)
This section introduces polynomial functions and methods for finding their zeros.
Definition: A polynomial function has the form P = anx^n + an-1x^n-1 + ... + a₁x + a₀
Example: Solving x² + 4 = 0 yields complex roots ±2i
Vocabulary: Zeros or roots are x-values where P = 0
![AP- Pre Calc
|y=f(x)
Given x² = f(x) describe the following.
transformations.
12y=f(x+2
ii) y=fu)-2 | [vertical shifts]]
The graph oе все is](/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fcontent-eu-central-1.knowunity.com%2FCONTENT%2FoMwtMzKfxLdsmKiPQLiA_image_page_6.webp&w=2048&q=75)
The page explains the Factor Theorem and its applications in polynomial analysis.
Definition: If is a factor of polynomial P, then P = 0
Example: For P = x² - 3x + 2, testing if is a factor by evaluating P(2)
Highlight: The Factor Theorem provides a method to verify potential factors of polynomials.
![AP- Pre Calc
|y=f(x)
Given x² = f(x) describe the following.
transformations.
12y=f(x+2
ii) y=fu)-2 | [vertical shifts]]
The graph oе все is](/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fcontent-eu-central-1.knowunity.com%2FCONTENT%2FoMwtMzKfxLdsmKiPQLiA_image_page_7.webp&w=2048&q=75)
This final page covers the Remainder Theorem and its applications in polynomial division.
Definition: When a polynomial P is divided by , the remainder equals P(a)
Example: Solving 2x³ + 7x² - 4x² - 27x - 18 = 0 using factoring techniques
Highlight: The Remainder Theorem simplifies the process of polynomial division and factor verification.
![AP- Pre Calc
|y=f(x)
Given x² = f(x) describe the following.
transformations.
12y=f(x+2
ii) y=fu)-2 | [vertical shifts]]
The graph oе все is](/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fcontent-eu-central-1.knowunity.com%2FCONTENT%2FoMwtMzKfxLdsmKiPQLiA_image_page_8.webp&w=2048&q=75)
This page introduces fundamental concepts of function transformations using f = x². The content explores various ways functions can be transformed through shifts and reflections.
Definition: Function transformations are ways to manipulate the graph of a function while maintaining its basic shape.
Example: For y = f, the graph shifts 2 units left from the original function.
Highlight: Key transformations covered include:
Our AI companion is specifically built for the needs of students. Based on the millions of content pieces we have on the platform we can provide truly meaningful and relevant answers to students. But its not only about answers, the companion is even more about guiding students through their daily learning challenges, with personalised study plans, quizzes or content pieces in the chat and 100% personalisation based on the students skills and developments.
You can download the app in the Google Play Store and in the Apple App Store.
That's right! Enjoy free access to study content, connect with fellow students, and get instant help – all at your fingertips.
App Store
Google Play
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
I think it’s very much worth it and you’ll end up using it a lot once you get the hang of it and even after looking at others notes you can still ask your Artificial intelligence buddy the question and ask to simplify it if you still don’t get it!!! In the end I think it’s worth it 😊👍 ⚠️Also DID I MENTION ITS FREEE YOU DON’T HAVE TO PAY FOR ANYTHING AND STILL GET YOUR GRADES IN PERFECTLY❗️❗️⚠️
Thomas R
iOS user
Knowunity is the BEST app I’ve used in a minute. This is not an ai review or anything this is genuinely coming from a 7th grade student (I know 2011 im young) but dude this app is a 10/10 i have maintained a 3.8 gpa and have plenty of time for gaming. I love it and my mom is just happy I got good grades
Brad T
Android user
Not only did it help me find the answer but it also showed me alternative ways to solve it. I was horrible in math and science but now I have an a in both subjects. Thanks for the help🤍🤍
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
I found this app a couple years ago and it has only gotten better since then. I really love it because it can help with written questions and photo questions. Also, it can find study guides that other people have made as well as flashcard sets and practice tests. The free version is also amazing for students who might not be able to afford it. Would 100% recommend
Aubrey
iOS user
Best app if you're in Highschool or Junior high. I have been using this app for 2 school years and it's the best, it's good if you don't have anyone to help you with school work.😋🩷🎀
Marco B
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This app is phenomenal down to the correct info and the various topics you can study! I greatly recommend it for people who struggle with procrastination and those who need homework help. It has been perfectly accurate for world 1 history as far as I’ve seen! Geometry too!
Paul T
iOS user
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
I think it’s very much worth it and you’ll end up using it a lot once you get the hang of it and even after looking at others notes you can still ask your Artificial intelligence buddy the question and ask to simplify it if you still don’t get it!!! In the end I think it’s worth it 😊👍 ⚠️Also DID I MENTION ITS FREEE YOU DON’T HAVE TO PAY FOR ANYTHING AND STILL GET YOUR GRADES IN PERFECTLY❗️❗️⚠️
Thomas R
iOS user
Knowunity is the BEST app I’ve used in a minute. This is not an ai review or anything this is genuinely coming from a 7th grade student (I know 2011 im young) but dude this app is a 10/10 i have maintained a 3.8 gpa and have plenty of time for gaming. I love it and my mom is just happy I got good grades
Brad T
Android user
Not only did it help me find the answer but it also showed me alternative ways to solve it. I was horrible in math and science but now I have an a in both subjects. Thanks for the help🤍🤍
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
I found this app a couple years ago and it has only gotten better since then. I really love it because it can help with written questions and photo questions. Also, it can find study guides that other people have made as well as flashcard sets and practice tests. The free version is also amazing for students who might not be able to afford it. Would 100% recommend
Aubrey
iOS user
Best app if you're in Highschool or Junior high. I have been using this app for 2 school years and it's the best, it's good if you don't have anyone to help you with school work.😋🩷🎀
Marco B
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This app is phenomenal down to the correct info and the various topics you can study! I greatly recommend it for people who struggle with procrastination and those who need homework help. It has been perfectly accurate for world 1 history as far as I’ve seen! Geometry too!
Paul T
iOS user
Nelpz
@ficsps
A comprehensive guide to Transformations of functions in AP Pre-Calculus, focusing on function transformations, polynomial properties, and graphical analysis.
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
This page focuses on horizontal transformations and their effects on function graphs, particularly with scaling factors.
Vocabulary: Horizontal stretch occurs when |c| > 1 in f(cx), while compression happens when |c| < 1.
Definition: For f(cx), when c > 1, the graph compresses horizontally by a factor of 1/c.
Example: For f = x², f(½x) results in a horizontal stretch, while f(2x) creates a horizontal compression.
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
The content explores vertical transformations and introduces the concept of increasing and decreasing functions.
Definition: A function f is increasing on an interval I if f(x₁) < f(x₂) when x₁ < x₂ in I.
Example: For y = cf(x), when c > 1, the graph stretches vertically by a factor of c.
Highlight: Vertical transformations affect the y-coordinates of a function's graph.
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
This section details the analysis of function behavior, particularly focusing on intervals where functions increase or decrease.
Example: A function can have multiple intervals where it's increasing or decreasing:
Vocabulary: Relative extrema are points where the function changes from increasing to decreasing or vice versa.
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
The page covers methods for identifying domain and range of functions from their graphs.
Definition: Domain is all possible x-values, while range is all possible y-values of a function.
Example: For the given function:
Highlight: Relative maximum and minimum points help determine the range of a function.
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
This section introduces polynomial functions and methods for finding their zeros.
Definition: A polynomial function has the form P = anx^n + an-1x^n-1 + ... + a₁x + a₀
Example: Solving x² + 4 = 0 yields complex roots ±2i
Vocabulary: Zeros or roots are x-values where P = 0
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
The page explains the Factor Theorem and its applications in polynomial analysis.
Definition: If is a factor of polynomial P, then P = 0
Example: For P = x² - 3x + 2, testing if is a factor by evaluating P(2)
Highlight: The Factor Theorem provides a method to verify potential factors of polynomials.
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
This final page covers the Remainder Theorem and its applications in polynomial division.
Definition: When a polynomial P is divided by , the remainder equals P(a)
Example: Solving 2x³ + 7x² - 4x² - 27x - 18 = 0 using factoring techniques
Highlight: The Remainder Theorem simplifies the process of polynomial division and factor verification.
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
This page introduces fundamental concepts of function transformations using f = x². The content explores various ways functions can be transformed through shifts and reflections.
Definition: Function transformations are ways to manipulate the graph of a function while maintaining its basic shape.
Example: For y = f, the graph shifts 2 units left from the original function.
Highlight: Key transformations covered include:
Our AI companion is specifically built for the needs of students. Based on the millions of content pieces we have on the platform we can provide truly meaningful and relevant answers to students. But its not only about answers, the companion is even more about guiding students through their daily learning challenges, with personalised study plans, quizzes or content pieces in the chat and 100% personalisation based on the students skills and developments.
You can download the app in the Google Play Store and in the Apple App Store.
That's right! Enjoy free access to study content, connect with fellow students, and get instant help – all at your fingertips.
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Smart Tools NEW
Transform this note into: ✓ 50+ Practice Questions ✓ Interactive Flashcards ✓ Full Mock Exam ✓ Essay Outlines
App Store
Google Play
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
I think it’s very much worth it and you’ll end up using it a lot once you get the hang of it and even after looking at others notes you can still ask your Artificial intelligence buddy the question and ask to simplify it if you still don’t get it!!! In the end I think it’s worth it 😊👍 ⚠️Also DID I MENTION ITS FREEE YOU DON’T HAVE TO PAY FOR ANYTHING AND STILL GET YOUR GRADES IN PERFECTLY❗️❗️⚠️
Thomas R
iOS user
Knowunity is the BEST app I’ve used in a minute. This is not an ai review or anything this is genuinely coming from a 7th grade student (I know 2011 im young) but dude this app is a 10/10 i have maintained a 3.8 gpa and have plenty of time for gaming. I love it and my mom is just happy I got good grades
Brad T
Android user
Not only did it help me find the answer but it also showed me alternative ways to solve it. I was horrible in math and science but now I have an a in both subjects. Thanks for the help🤍🤍
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
I found this app a couple years ago and it has only gotten better since then. I really love it because it can help with written questions and photo questions. Also, it can find study guides that other people have made as well as flashcard sets and practice tests. The free version is also amazing for students who might not be able to afford it. Would 100% recommend
Aubrey
iOS user
Best app if you're in Highschool or Junior high. I have been using this app for 2 school years and it's the best, it's good if you don't have anyone to help you with school work.😋🩷🎀
Marco B
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This app is phenomenal down to the correct info and the various topics you can study! I greatly recommend it for people who struggle with procrastination and those who need homework help. It has been perfectly accurate for world 1 history as far as I’ve seen! Geometry too!
Paul T
iOS user
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
I think it’s very much worth it and you’ll end up using it a lot once you get the hang of it and even after looking at others notes you can still ask your Artificial intelligence buddy the question and ask to simplify it if you still don’t get it!!! In the end I think it’s worth it 😊👍 ⚠️Also DID I MENTION ITS FREEE YOU DON’T HAVE TO PAY FOR ANYTHING AND STILL GET YOUR GRADES IN PERFECTLY❗️❗️⚠️
Thomas R
iOS user
Knowunity is the BEST app I’ve used in a minute. This is not an ai review or anything this is genuinely coming from a 7th grade student (I know 2011 im young) but dude this app is a 10/10 i have maintained a 3.8 gpa and have plenty of time for gaming. I love it and my mom is just happy I got good grades
Brad T
Android user
Not only did it help me find the answer but it also showed me alternative ways to solve it. I was horrible in math and science but now I have an a in both subjects. Thanks for the help🤍🤍
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
I found this app a couple years ago and it has only gotten better since then. I really love it because it can help with written questions and photo questions. Also, it can find study guides that other people have made as well as flashcard sets and practice tests. The free version is also amazing for students who might not be able to afford it. Would 100% recommend
Aubrey
iOS user
Best app if you're in Highschool or Junior high. I have been using this app for 2 school years and it's the best, it's good if you don't have anyone to help you with school work.😋🩷🎀
Marco B
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This app is phenomenal down to the correct info and the various topics you can study! I greatly recommend it for people who struggle with procrastination and those who need homework help. It has been perfectly accurate for world 1 history as far as I’ve seen! Geometry too!
Paul T
iOS user
