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Amines (a-level only)

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Mar 20, 2023

•

2 pages

How to Make Amines from Haloalkanes, Amino Acids and More!

user profile picture

ziyah

@ziy4h

Amines and Amino Acids: Structure, Properties, and Synthesis

Amines are... Show more

Amines derived from ammonia molecules, contains nitrogen atom where hydrogens are replaced with an organic group. Leg. alkyl group) H CH3 •P

Synthesis of Amines and Amino Acids

This page covers the synthesis methods for aliphatic and aromatic amines, as well as the structure and properties of amino acids.

Making Aliphatic Amines

There are two main methods for synthesizing aliphatic amines:

  1. Reacting halogenoalkanes with excess ammonia

Example: The reaction of chloroethane with ammonia produces ethylamine aprimaryaminea primary amine and ammonium chloride.

CH₃CH₂Cl + NH₃ → CH₃CH₂NH₂ + NH₄Cl

This method can produce a mixture of primary, secondary, and tertiary amines, as well as quaternary ammonium salts, due to further reactions of the initial product.

  1. Reducing nitriles

Synthesis of Aromatic Amines

Aromatic amines, such as phenylamine, are typically made by reducing nitro compounds. This process involves two steps:

  1. Heating nitrobenzene with concentrated HCl and tin under reflux to form a salt.
  2. Reacting the salt with an alkali e.g.,NaOHe.g., NaOH to produce the aromatic amine.

Highlight: Aromatic amines are important precursors in the production of dyes and pharmaceuticals.

Amino Acids

Amino acids are organic compounds containing both an amino group −NH2-NH₂ and a carboxylic acid group −COOH-COOH.

Definition: Amino acids are amphoteric compounds with both acidic and basic properties due to their carboxyl and amino groups.

Key features of amino acids include:

  • General formula: RCHNH2NH₂COOH
  • Chiral molecules exceptglycineexcept glycine due to four different groups around the central carbon atom
  • Ability to rotate plane-polarized light
  • Reactivity with acids and alkalis to form salts
  • Ability to form esters with alcohols

Vocabulary: Amphoteric substances can act as both acids and bases.

Amino acids play a crucial role in biological systems as the building blocks of proteins and have diverse applications in biochemistry and organic synthesis.

Amines derived from ammonia molecules, contains nitrogen atom where hydrogens are replaced with an organic group. Leg. alkyl group) H CH3 •P

Types and Properties of Amines

Amines are organic compounds derived from ammonia, where hydrogen atoms are replaced by organic groups. They are classified based on the number of organic groups attached to the nitrogen atom.

Definition: Amines are nitrogen-containing compounds derived from ammonia, with one or more hydrogen atoms replaced by organic groups.

The three main types of amines are:

  1. Primary amines: One organic group attached e.g.,methylaminee.g., methylamine
  2. Secondary amines: Two organic groups attached e.g.,dimethylaminee.g., dimethylamine
  3. Tertiary amines: Three organic groups attached e.g.,trimethylaminee.g., trimethylamine

Example: Methylamine CH3NH2CH₃NH₂ is a primary amine, while trimethylamine (CH3(CH₃₃N) is a tertiary amine.

Amines can also be classified as aliphatic or aromatic:

  • Aliphatic amines have non-aromatic organic groups attached to nitrogen.
  • Aromatic amines, like phenylamine C6H5NH2C₆H₅NH₂, have an aromatic ring attached to the nitrogen atom.

Highlight: The basicity of amines depends on the availability of the lone pair of electrons on the nitrogen atom. Factors affecting this include the type of groups attached to nitrogen and electron density.

Amines act as bases due to their ability to accept protons using their lone pair of electrons. They also function as nucleophiles, attacking electron-deficient carbon atoms in various reactions.

Vocabulary: A nucleophile is a chemical species that donates an electron pair to form a chemical bond.



We thought you’d never ask...

What is the Knowunity AI companion?

Our AI companion is specifically built for the needs of students. Based on the millions of content pieces we have on the platform we can provide truly meaningful and relevant answers to students. But its not only about answers, the companion is even more about guiding students through their daily learning challenges, with personalised study plans, quizzes or content pieces in the chat and 100% personalisation based on the students skills and developments.

Where can I download the Knowunity app?

You can download the app in the Google Play Store and in the Apple App Store.

Is Knowunity really free of charge?

You have the choice, we offer a 100% secure payment via PayPal or an Amazon gift card. There is no limit to how much you can earn.

Can't find what you're looking for? Explore other subjects.

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The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.

Stefan S

iOS user

This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.

Samantha Klich

Android user

Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.

Anna

iOS user

I think it’s very much worth it and you’ll end up using it a lot once you get the hang of it and even after looking at others notes you can still ask your Artificial intelligence buddy the question and ask to simplify it if you still don’t get it!!! In the end I think it’s worth it 😊👍 ⚠️Also DID I MENTION ITS FREEE YOU DON’T HAVE TO PAY FOR ANYTHING AND STILL GET YOUR GRADES IN PERFECTLY❗️❗️⚠️

Thomas R

iOS user

Knowunity is the BEST app I’ve used in a minute. This is not an ai review or anything this is genuinely coming from a 7th grade student (I know 2011 im young) but dude this app is a 10/10 i have maintained a 3.8 gpa and have plenty of time for gaming. I love it and my mom is just happy I got good grades

Brad T

Android user

Not only did it help me find the answer but it also showed me alternative ways to solve it. I was horrible in math and science but now I have an a in both subjects. Thanks for the help🤍🤍

David K

iOS user

The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!

Sudenaz Ocak

Android user

In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.

Greenlight Bonnie

Android user

I found this app a couple years ago and it has only gotten better since then. I really love it because it can help with written questions and photo questions. Also, it can find study guides that other people have made as well as flashcard sets and practice tests. The free version is also amazing for students who might not be able to afford it. Would 100% recommend

Aubrey

iOS user

Best app if you're in Highschool or Junior high. I have been using this app for 2 school years and it's the best, it's good if you don't have anyone to help you with school work.😋🩷🎀

Marco B

iOS user

THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮

Elisha

iOS user

This app is phenomenal down to the correct info and the various topics you can study! I greatly recommend it for people who struggle with procrastination and those who need homework help. It has been perfectly accurate for world 1 history as far as I’ve seen! Geometry too!

Paul T

iOS user

The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.

Stefan S

iOS user

This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.

Samantha Klich

Android user

Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.

Anna

iOS user

I think it’s very much worth it and you’ll end up using it a lot once you get the hang of it and even after looking at others notes you can still ask your Artificial intelligence buddy the question and ask to simplify it if you still don’t get it!!! In the end I think it’s worth it 😊👍 ⚠️Also DID I MENTION ITS FREEE YOU DON’T HAVE TO PAY FOR ANYTHING AND STILL GET YOUR GRADES IN PERFECTLY❗️❗️⚠️

Thomas R

iOS user

Knowunity is the BEST app I’ve used in a minute. This is not an ai review or anything this is genuinely coming from a 7th grade student (I know 2011 im young) but dude this app is a 10/10 i have maintained a 3.8 gpa and have plenty of time for gaming. I love it and my mom is just happy I got good grades

Brad T

Android user

Not only did it help me find the answer but it also showed me alternative ways to solve it. I was horrible in math and science but now I have an a in both subjects. Thanks for the help🤍🤍

David K

iOS user

The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!

Sudenaz Ocak

Android user

In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.

Greenlight Bonnie

Android user

I found this app a couple years ago and it has only gotten better since then. I really love it because it can help with written questions and photo questions. Also, it can find study guides that other people have made as well as flashcard sets and practice tests. The free version is also amazing for students who might not be able to afford it. Would 100% recommend

Aubrey

iOS user

Best app if you're in Highschool or Junior high. I have been using this app for 2 school years and it's the best, it's good if you don't have anyone to help you with school work.😋🩷🎀

Marco B

iOS user

THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮

Elisha

iOS user

This app is phenomenal down to the correct info and the various topics you can study! I greatly recommend it for people who struggle with procrastination and those who need homework help. It has been perfectly accurate for world 1 history as far as I’ve seen! Geometry too!

Paul T

iOS user

Subjects

Chemistry

Organic chemistry

Amines (a-level only)

 

Chemistry

•

175

•

Mar 20, 2023

•

2 pages

How to Make Amines from Haloalkanes, Amino Acids and More!

user profile picture

ziyah

@ziy4h

Amines and Amino Acids: Structure, Properties, and Synthesis

Amines are nitrogen-containing organic compounds derived from ammonia. They play crucial roles in biological systems and chemical synthesis. This guide explores the types of amines, their properties, synthesis methods, and the related... Show more

Amines derived from ammonia molecules, contains nitrogen atom where hydrogens are replaced with an organic group. Leg. alkyl group) H CH3 •P

Sign up to see the contentIt's free!

Access to all documents

Improve your grades

Join milions of students

By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy

Synthesis of Amines and Amino Acids

This page covers the synthesis methods for aliphatic and aromatic amines, as well as the structure and properties of amino acids.

Making Aliphatic Amines

There are two main methods for synthesizing aliphatic amines:

  1. Reacting halogenoalkanes with excess ammonia

Example: The reaction of chloroethane with ammonia produces ethylamine aprimaryaminea primary amine and ammonium chloride.

CH₃CH₂Cl + NH₃ → CH₃CH₂NH₂ + NH₄Cl

This method can produce a mixture of primary, secondary, and tertiary amines, as well as quaternary ammonium salts, due to further reactions of the initial product.

  1. Reducing nitriles

Synthesis of Aromatic Amines

Aromatic amines, such as phenylamine, are typically made by reducing nitro compounds. This process involves two steps:

  1. Heating nitrobenzene with concentrated HCl and tin under reflux to form a salt.
  2. Reacting the salt with an alkali e.g.,NaOHe.g., NaOH to produce the aromatic amine.

Highlight: Aromatic amines are important precursors in the production of dyes and pharmaceuticals.

Amino Acids

Amino acids are organic compounds containing both an amino group −NH2-NH₂ and a carboxylic acid group −COOH-COOH.

Definition: Amino acids are amphoteric compounds with both acidic and basic properties due to their carboxyl and amino groups.

Key features of amino acids include:

  • General formula: RCHNH2NH₂COOH
  • Chiral molecules exceptglycineexcept glycine due to four different groups around the central carbon atom
  • Ability to rotate plane-polarized light
  • Reactivity with acids and alkalis to form salts
  • Ability to form esters with alcohols

Vocabulary: Amphoteric substances can act as both acids and bases.

Amino acids play a crucial role in biological systems as the building blocks of proteins and have diverse applications in biochemistry and organic synthesis.

Amines derived from ammonia molecules, contains nitrogen atom where hydrogens are replaced with an organic group. Leg. alkyl group) H CH3 •P

Sign up to see the contentIt's free!

Access to all documents

Improve your grades

Join milions of students

By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy

Types and Properties of Amines

Amines are organic compounds derived from ammonia, where hydrogen atoms are replaced by organic groups. They are classified based on the number of organic groups attached to the nitrogen atom.

Definition: Amines are nitrogen-containing compounds derived from ammonia, with one or more hydrogen atoms replaced by organic groups.

The three main types of amines are:

  1. Primary amines: One organic group attached e.g.,methylaminee.g., methylamine
  2. Secondary amines: Two organic groups attached e.g.,dimethylaminee.g., dimethylamine
  3. Tertiary amines: Three organic groups attached e.g.,trimethylaminee.g., trimethylamine

Example: Methylamine CH3NH2CH₃NH₂ is a primary amine, while trimethylamine (CH3(CH₃₃N) is a tertiary amine.

Amines can also be classified as aliphatic or aromatic:

  • Aliphatic amines have non-aromatic organic groups attached to nitrogen.
  • Aromatic amines, like phenylamine C6H5NH2C₆H₅NH₂, have an aromatic ring attached to the nitrogen atom.

Highlight: The basicity of amines depends on the availability of the lone pair of electrons on the nitrogen atom. Factors affecting this include the type of groups attached to nitrogen and electron density.

Amines act as bases due to their ability to accept protons using their lone pair of electrons. They also function as nucleophiles, attacking electron-deficient carbon atoms in various reactions.

Vocabulary: A nucleophile is a chemical species that donates an electron pair to form a chemical bond.

We thought you’d never ask...

What is the Knowunity AI companion?

Our AI companion is specifically built for the needs of students. Based on the millions of content pieces we have on the platform we can provide truly meaningful and relevant answers to students. But its not only about answers, the companion is even more about guiding students through their daily learning challenges, with personalised study plans, quizzes or content pieces in the chat and 100% personalisation based on the students skills and developments.

Where can I download the Knowunity app?

You can download the app in the Google Play Store and in the Apple App Store.

Is Knowunity really free of charge?

You have the choice, we offer a 100% secure payment via PayPal or an Amazon gift card. There is no limit to how much you can earn.

Can't find what you're looking for? Explore other subjects.

Students love us — and so will you.

4.9/5

App Store

4.8/5

Google Play

The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.

Stefan S

iOS user

This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.

Samantha Klich

Android user

Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.

Anna

iOS user

I think it’s very much worth it and you’ll end up using it a lot once you get the hang of it and even after looking at others notes you can still ask your Artificial intelligence buddy the question and ask to simplify it if you still don’t get it!!! In the end I think it’s worth it 😊👍 ⚠️Also DID I MENTION ITS FREEE YOU DON’T HAVE TO PAY FOR ANYTHING AND STILL GET YOUR GRADES IN PERFECTLY❗️❗️⚠️

Thomas R

iOS user

Knowunity is the BEST app I’ve used in a minute. This is not an ai review or anything this is genuinely coming from a 7th grade student (I know 2011 im young) but dude this app is a 10/10 i have maintained a 3.8 gpa and have plenty of time for gaming. I love it and my mom is just happy I got good grades

Brad T

Android user

Not only did it help me find the answer but it also showed me alternative ways to solve it. I was horrible in math and science but now I have an a in both subjects. Thanks for the help🤍🤍

David K

iOS user

The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!

Sudenaz Ocak

Android user

In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.

Greenlight Bonnie

Android user

I found this app a couple years ago and it has only gotten better since then. I really love it because it can help with written questions and photo questions. Also, it can find study guides that other people have made as well as flashcard sets and practice tests. The free version is also amazing for students who might not be able to afford it. Would 100% recommend

Aubrey

iOS user

Best app if you're in Highschool or Junior high. I have been using this app for 2 school years and it's the best, it's good if you don't have anyone to help you with school work.😋🩷🎀

Marco B

iOS user

THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮

Elisha

iOS user

This app is phenomenal down to the correct info and the various topics you can study! I greatly recommend it for people who struggle with procrastination and those who need homework help. It has been perfectly accurate for world 1 history as far as I’ve seen! Geometry too!

Paul T

iOS user

The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.

Stefan S

iOS user

This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.

Samantha Klich

Android user

Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.

Anna

iOS user

I think it’s very much worth it and you’ll end up using it a lot once you get the hang of it and even after looking at others notes you can still ask your Artificial intelligence buddy the question and ask to simplify it if you still don’t get it!!! In the end I think it’s worth it 😊👍 ⚠️Also DID I MENTION ITS FREEE YOU DON’T HAVE TO PAY FOR ANYTHING AND STILL GET YOUR GRADES IN PERFECTLY❗️❗️⚠️

Thomas R

iOS user

Knowunity is the BEST app I’ve used in a minute. This is not an ai review or anything this is genuinely coming from a 7th grade student (I know 2011 im young) but dude this app is a 10/10 i have maintained a 3.8 gpa and have plenty of time for gaming. I love it and my mom is just happy I got good grades

Brad T

Android user

Not only did it help me find the answer but it also showed me alternative ways to solve it. I was horrible in math and science but now I have an a in both subjects. Thanks for the help🤍🤍

David K

iOS user

The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!

Sudenaz Ocak

Android user

In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.

Greenlight Bonnie

Android user

I found this app a couple years ago and it has only gotten better since then. I really love it because it can help with written questions and photo questions. Also, it can find study guides that other people have made as well as flashcard sets and practice tests. The free version is also amazing for students who might not be able to afford it. Would 100% recommend

Aubrey

iOS user

Best app if you're in Highschool or Junior high. I have been using this app for 2 school years and it's the best, it's good if you don't have anyone to help you with school work.😋🩷🎀

Marco B

iOS user

THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮

Elisha

iOS user

This app is phenomenal down to the correct info and the various topics you can study! I greatly recommend it for people who struggle with procrastination and those who need homework help. It has been perfectly accurate for world 1 history as far as I’ve seen! Geometry too!

Paul T

iOS user