A charged atom or molecule. number electrons dont equal the number of protons

When group 1 metals react with oxygen, what do they form?

The boiling points increase. This is because there are more electronic and it is harder to overcome the intermolecular forces

in Group 1, do the boiling points increase or decrease as you move down the collum?

To show ionic bonding what type of diagrams do we use?

when two atoms share two pairs of electrons

there are 4 covalent bonds. Diamond has a very rigid structure

How many covalent bonds are there in diamond?

There are 3 covalent bonds. Creates layers of hexagons. Layers slide over eachother easily as they are weakly held together. Each carbon atom has a delocalised electron.

how many covalent bonds are there in graphite?

an alloy is a mixture of metals with another element. the different sized atoms of the pure metal and other element are different sizes making it more difficult to slide making them stronger.

Why are alloys stronger than pure metals?

what does a neutral substance have a Ph of?

Ph scale goes from ______ -> _____ ->____

By placing a pH probe in a solution which is attached to a pH meter

No. they don't fully ionise in water and the reaction can be reversed.

Metals are listed In order or reactivity.

silicon and oxygen in a covalent bond. Solicon dioxide is a giant covalent structure (sand)

A giant ionic lattice. it has strong electrostatic forces of attraction between opposite charged ions in all directions.

Noble gases. they have 8 elections in outer shell. Domt react as stable and are colourless and non flammable

What is the name given to group 0 elements?

One element is displaced because another element is more reactive.

what is meant by a displacement reaction?

halogens. highly reactive. they are non metal. as you go down the group they become less reactive.

what is the name given to the elements in group 7?

What does group 1 metals when reacted with water produce?

Each period is another full shell of electrons.

What do period's represent on a periodic table?

How many electrons the element has in its outer shell. Each group is likely to react in a similiar way.

What do the groups tell us on a periodic table?

Rock salt is a mixture of salt and sand. used on the roads in winter. Salt for melting the ice and sand for grip.

Simple distillation, fractional distillation, Filtration, paper chromatography and crystalisation

What are the 5 physical separation techniques?

compounds formed with metals and non metals

an element with the same number of protons but a different number of neutrons.

A substance made up of atoms with the same number of protons in their nucleus.

Atoms held together in a regular structure by forces of attraction

the electrons in the outer shell of the metal atoms are free to move. the metallic bond is the force of attraction between these delocalised electrons and ions

why does metallic bonding involve delocalised electrons?

Molecules of carbon shaped like hollow balls. they are used to cage other molecules (eg drug)

What are the 3 main examples of giant covalent structures?

Bonded by strong covalent bonds. they have high melting points and don't conduct electricity.

Long chains of repeating units made up of covalent bonds

High melting and boiling points . can't conduct electricity unless it is melted.

What are the properties of ionic compounds?

it is a simple molecular structure. made up of covalent bonds.

When halogens react with non metals to form compounds what is the molecular structure like?

What do group 1 metals produce when reacting with chlorine?

What do alkali metals only react to form?

Alkali metals. reactive low boiling points. very reactive.

What happens to the reactions even you go down group 1?

Extracted from the ground. A mixture of different lengths of hydrocarbon molecules.

The average mass by taking into account the different masses and amounts.

By either beating and breaking the bonds or cooling and doesn't have enough energy to overcome the forces

All the masses of the elements in the compound added together.

the relative formula mass of that substance

c = 12 O = 16        12 + 16 +  16 =44          66÷4==1.5mols

number of moles (4) x mass of carbon (12) = 48g

What mass of carbon is there in 4 moles of CO2?

No atoms are destroyed or created. In a chemical reaction mass is always conserved.

mass lost through evaporation or gas floating around goes inside the container of chemical reaction

What is the only reason a gas in a chemical reaction would change?

When one reactant is used up and the reaction stops

By using an Indicator. the universal indicator shows the colours on a pH scale.

a mixture of dyes that gradually changes colour over a broad range of ph

Because it reacts with water molecules by giving a proton to them

what is the reaction called between acids and bases?

what do the rate of hydrogen bubbles show?

 a reaction that seperates a metal from its oxide

gain of oxygen and loss of electons(oilrig)

loss of oxygen and gain of electrons(oilrig)

oxidation is loss, reduction is gain (electrons)

some metals can be extracted by reduction by using what?

How are metals below carbon in the reactivity series extracted ?

Metals higher than carbon in the reactivity series are extracted by using what?

liquid solution that can conduct electricity

A solid that can conduct electricity. it is submerged in an electrolyte.

cathode (negative electode) gain electrons (reduced)

in electrolysis, positive ions go towards the...

anode (positive electrode) loose electrons (oxidised)

in electrolysis, negative ions move towards the...

Take the temperature of reactant, mix the solution in a polystyrene cup (insulation)and then place a lid (stop evaporation) then message the mixed solution (chemical reaction)

How do you measure the amount of energy released by a chemical reaction?

When heat is absorbed (taken in) an example of this is sports injury packs. shown by fall in temperature around object.

heat given out. shown by a rise in temperature around object.

A reaction when electrons are transferred

the particles that react and products they form

what is only shown in an ionic equation ?

How much acid there is in a certain volume

mass of the solute ÷ volume if the solvent

atomic mass × number of atoms of that element ÷ mass of compound then x 100

how do you work out the percentage mass of an element in a compound

..greater than the energy used to break the bonds

in exothermic reactions the energy released by forming the bonds is....

...greater than the energy released by forming the bonds 

in endothermic reactions the energy used to break the bonds is...

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