Subjects
Biology
Chemistry
AP Chemistry
English
AP English Literature
Chemistry
Dec 2, 2025
155
6 pages
Tanaka Machiridza @tanakamachiridza
Crude oil is a complex mixture of hydrocarbons that can be separated through fractional distillation process for crude... Show more
Hydrocarbons serve as important fuels due to their ability to release useful energy when reacted with oxygen. This process is known as combustion.
Definition A fuel is a substance that reacts with oxygen to release useful energy.
Complete combustion occurs when there is an abundance of oxygen. The products of complete combustion of any hydrocarbon in oxygen are carbon dioxide and water.
Example The balanced symbol equation for the complete combustion of methane (CH₄) is CH₄ + 2O₂ → CO₂ + 2H₂O + energy
Highlight It's crucial to ensure that the number of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms are the same on both sides of the equation.
Vocabulary Volatile hydrocarbons are those that evaporate readily, posing a significant fire risk. This is why smoking is prohibited at petrol stations.
To demonstrate that a hydrocarbon fuel burns to produce carbon dioxide and water, a specific experimental setup can be used. This setup involves burning hexane and collecting the combustion products.
Example In this experiment, hexane is used as the hydrocarbon fuel. The combustion products are passed through crushed ice and water to cool them, allowing water vapor to condense in the U-tube.
Highlight This practical demonstration provides visual evidence of the products formed during the complete combustion of hydrocarbons.
Alkanes are an important class of hydrocarbons found in crude oil. They have distinct properties based on their structure.
Definition Alkanes are hydrocarbons made up of chains of carbon atoms joined by single covalent bonds, surrounded by hydrogen atoms.
Key characteristics of alkanes
Example Methane (CH₄) and ethane (C₂H₆) are examples of alkanes.
Highlight The difference between alkanes and alkenes can be determined by adding the substance to bromine water. Alkanes won't decolorize the bromine water as they have no spare bonds to react with bromine.
Vocabulary Saturated hydrocarbons are compounds in which all carbon atoms are joined by single bonds, leaving no room for additional atoms to be added without breaking existing bonds.
Alkenes are another important class of hydrocarbons found in crude oil. They differ from alkanes in their structure and properties.
Definition Alkenes are hydrocarbons with chains of carbon atoms containing one or more double covalent bonds.
Key characteristics of alkenes
Example The first three alkenes are ethene (C₂H₄), propene (C₃H₆), and butene (C₄H₈).
Highlight The difference between alkanes and alkenes in organic chemistry is evident in their reactivity. Alkenes will decolorize bromine water as they form bonds with it, while alkanes do not.
Vocabulary Unsaturated hydrocarbons are compounds that contain at least one carbon-carbon double or triple bond, allowing them to undergo addition reactions.
Alkenes have specific structural formulas that illustrate their double bond placement. Understanding these structures is crucial for predicting their properties and reactions.
Highlight In butene, the double bond can be in different positions, leading to different isomers.
Example The general formula for alkenes with one double bond is CnH₂n, where n is the number of carbon atoms.
Understanding the structural differences between alkanes and alkenes is crucial for predicting their behavior in chemical reactions and their uses in organic chemistry.
The fractional distillation process for crude oil is a fundamental technique in the petroleum industry. Crude oil, a mixture of hydrocarbons, is separated into different fractions based on their boiling points. This process takes place in a fractionating column, where heated crude oil is introduced at the bottom.
Definition Fractional distillation is a physical process that separates crude oil into fractions containing compounds with similar carbon chain lengths.
The properties of hydrocarbons depend on their size
Highlight The fractional distillation of crude oil diagram illustrates how different fractions are tapped off at various levels where they condense.
Vocabulary Viscosity refers to a fluid's resistance to flow, with less viscous substances being less "gloopy" and flowing more easily.
Our AI companion is specifically built for the needs of students. Based on the millions of content pieces we have on the platform we can provide truly meaningful and relevant answers to students. But its not only about answers, the companion is even more about guiding students through their daily learning challenges, with personalised study plans, quizzes or content pieces in the chat and 100% personalisation based on the students skills and developments.
You can download the app in the Google Play Store and in the Apple App Store.
That's right! Enjoy free access to study content, connect with fellow students, and get instant help – all at your fingertips.
3
Smart Tools NEW
Transform this note into: ✓ 50+ Practice Questions ✓ Interactive Flashcards ✓ Full Mock Exam ✓ Essay Outlines
This document discusses the different properties of gases.
ChemistryBasic notes on the Ideal Gas Law and it's formula
ChemistryCombined & Ideal Gas Laws
ChemistryLearn about the behavior of gas particles and the factors affecting their kinetic energy and motion according to the Kinetic Molecular Theory.
Chemistrydives pretty deeply into each unit of the ap chem curriculum
AP ChemistryThis lab will investigate the chemical principle of measurement and calculation accuracy for AP Chemistry Introduction.
AP ChemistryApp Store
Google Play
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
I think it’s very much worth it and you’ll end up using it a lot once you get the hang of it and even after looking at others notes you can still ask your Artificial intelligence buddy the question and ask to simplify it if you still don’t get it!!! In the end I think it’s worth it 😊👍 ⚠️Also DID I MENTION ITS FREEE YOU DON’T HAVE TO PAY FOR ANYTHING AND STILL GET YOUR GRADES IN PERFECTLY❗️❗️⚠️
Thomas R
iOS user
Knowunity is the BEST app I’ve used in a minute. This is not an ai review or anything this is genuinely coming from a 7th grade student (I know 2011 im young) but dude this app is a 10/10 i have maintained a 3.8 gpa and have plenty of time for gaming. I love it and my mom is just happy I got good grades
Brad T
Android user
Not only did it help me find the answer but it also showed me alternative ways to solve it. I was horrible in math and science but now I have an a in both subjects. Thanks for the help🤍🤍
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
I found this app a couple years ago and it has only gotten better since then. I really love it because it can help with written questions and photo questions. Also, it can find study guides that other people have made as well as flashcard sets and practice tests. The free version is also amazing for students who might not be able to afford it. Would 100% recommend
Aubrey
iOS user
Best app if you're in Highschool or Junior high. I have been using this app for 2 school years and it's the best, it's good if you don't have anyone to help you with school work.😋🩷🎀
Marco B
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This app is phenomenal down to the correct info and the various topics you can study! I greatly recommend it for people who struggle with procrastination and those who need homework help. It has been perfectly accurate for world 1 history as far as I’ve seen! Geometry too!
Paul T
iOS user
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
I think it’s very much worth it and you’ll end up using it a lot once you get the hang of it and even after looking at others notes you can still ask your Artificial intelligence buddy the question and ask to simplify it if you still don’t get it!!! In the end I think it’s worth it 😊👍 ⚠️Also DID I MENTION ITS FREEE YOU DON’T HAVE TO PAY FOR ANYTHING AND STILL GET YOUR GRADES IN PERFECTLY❗️❗️⚠️
Thomas R
iOS user
Knowunity is the BEST app I’ve used in a minute. This is not an ai review or anything this is genuinely coming from a 7th grade student (I know 2011 im young) but dude this app is a 10/10 i have maintained a 3.8 gpa and have plenty of time for gaming. I love it and my mom is just happy I got good grades
Brad T
Android user
Not only did it help me find the answer but it also showed me alternative ways to solve it. I was horrible in math and science but now I have an a in both subjects. Thanks for the help🤍🤍
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
I found this app a couple years ago and it has only gotten better since then. I really love it because it can help with written questions and photo questions. Also, it can find study guides that other people have made as well as flashcard sets and practice tests. The free version is also amazing for students who might not be able to afford it. Would 100% recommend
Aubrey
iOS user
Best app if you're in Highschool or Junior high. I have been using this app for 2 school years and it's the best, it's good if you don't have anyone to help you with school work.😋🩷🎀
Marco B
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This app is phenomenal down to the correct info and the various topics you can study! I greatly recommend it for people who struggle with procrastination and those who need homework help. It has been perfectly accurate for world 1 history as far as I’ve seen! Geometry too!
Paul T
iOS user
Tanaka Machiridza
@tanakamachiridza
Crude oil is a complex mixture of hydrocarbons that can be separated through fractional distillation process for crude oil. This process allows for the extraction of various useful products with different properties. The resulting fractions have distinct characteristics based... Show more
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
Hydrocarbons serve as important fuels due to their ability to release useful energy when reacted with oxygen. This process is known as combustion.
Definition: A fuel is a substance that reacts with oxygen to release useful energy.
Complete combustion occurs when there is an abundance of oxygen. The products of complete combustion of any hydrocarbon in oxygen are carbon dioxide and water.
Example: The balanced symbol equation for the complete combustion of methane (CH₄) is: CH₄ + 2O₂ → CO₂ + 2H₂O + energy
Highlight: It's crucial to ensure that the number of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms are the same on both sides of the equation.
Vocabulary: Volatile hydrocarbons are those that evaporate readily, posing a significant fire risk. This is why smoking is prohibited at petrol stations.
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
To demonstrate that a hydrocarbon fuel burns to produce carbon dioxide and water, a specific experimental setup can be used. This setup involves burning hexane and collecting the combustion products.
Example: In this experiment, hexane is used as the hydrocarbon fuel. The combustion products are passed through crushed ice and water to cool them, allowing water vapor to condense in the U-tube.
Highlight: This practical demonstration provides visual evidence of the products formed during the complete combustion of hydrocarbons.
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
Alkanes are an important class of hydrocarbons found in crude oil. They have distinct properties based on their structure.
Definition: Alkanes are hydrocarbons made up of chains of carbon atoms joined by single covalent bonds, surrounded by hydrogen atoms.
Key characteristics of alkanes:
Example: Methane (CH₄) and ethane (C₂H₆) are examples of alkanes.
Highlight: The difference between alkanes and alkenes can be determined by adding the substance to bromine water. Alkanes won't decolorize the bromine water as they have no spare bonds to react with bromine.
Vocabulary: Saturated hydrocarbons are compounds in which all carbon atoms are joined by single bonds, leaving no room for additional atoms to be added without breaking existing bonds.
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
Alkenes are another important class of hydrocarbons found in crude oil. They differ from alkanes in their structure and properties.
Definition: Alkenes are hydrocarbons with chains of carbon atoms containing one or more double covalent bonds.
Key characteristics of alkenes:
Example: The first three alkenes are ethene (C₂H₄), propene (C₃H₆), and butene (C₄H₈).
Highlight: The difference between alkanes and alkenes in organic chemistry is evident in their reactivity. Alkenes will decolorize bromine water as they form bonds with it, while alkanes do not.
Vocabulary: Unsaturated hydrocarbons are compounds that contain at least one carbon-carbon double or triple bond, allowing them to undergo addition reactions.
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
Alkenes have specific structural formulas that illustrate their double bond placement. Understanding these structures is crucial for predicting their properties and reactions.
Highlight: In butene, the double bond can be in different positions, leading to different isomers.
Example: The general formula for alkenes with one double bond is CnH₂n, where n is the number of carbon atoms.
Understanding the structural differences between alkanes and alkenes is crucial for predicting their behavior in chemical reactions and their uses in organic chemistry.
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
The fractional distillation process for crude oil is a fundamental technique in the petroleum industry. Crude oil, a mixture of hydrocarbons, is separated into different fractions based on their boiling points. This process takes place in a fractionating column, where heated crude oil is introduced at the bottom.
Definition: Fractional distillation is a physical process that separates crude oil into fractions containing compounds with similar carbon chain lengths.
The properties of hydrocarbons depend on their size:
Highlight: The fractional distillation of crude oil diagram illustrates how different fractions are tapped off at various levels where they condense.
Vocabulary: Viscosity refers to a fluid's resistance to flow, with less viscous substances being less "gloopy" and flowing more easily.
Our AI companion is specifically built for the needs of students. Based on the millions of content pieces we have on the platform we can provide truly meaningful and relevant answers to students. But its not only about answers, the companion is even more about guiding students through their daily learning challenges, with personalised study plans, quizzes or content pieces in the chat and 100% personalisation based on the students skills and developments.
You can download the app in the Google Play Store and in the Apple App Store.
That's right! Enjoy free access to study content, connect with fellow students, and get instant help – all at your fingertips.
3
Smart Tools NEW
Transform this note into: ✓ 50+ Practice Questions ✓ Interactive Flashcards ✓ Full Mock Exam ✓ Essay Outlines
This document discusses the different properties of gases.
ChemistryBasic notes on the Ideal Gas Law and it's formula
ChemistryCombined & Ideal Gas Laws
ChemistryLearn about the behavior of gas particles and the factors affecting their kinetic energy and motion according to the Kinetic Molecular Theory.
Chemistrydives pretty deeply into each unit of the ap chem curriculum
AP ChemistryThis lab will investigate the chemical principle of measurement and calculation accuracy for AP Chemistry Introduction.
AP ChemistryApp Store
Google Play
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
I think it’s very much worth it and you’ll end up using it a lot once you get the hang of it and even after looking at others notes you can still ask your Artificial intelligence buddy the question and ask to simplify it if you still don’t get it!!! In the end I think it’s worth it 😊👍 ⚠️Also DID I MENTION ITS FREEE YOU DON’T HAVE TO PAY FOR ANYTHING AND STILL GET YOUR GRADES IN PERFECTLY❗️❗️⚠️
Thomas R
iOS user
Knowunity is the BEST app I’ve used in a minute. This is not an ai review or anything this is genuinely coming from a 7th grade student (I know 2011 im young) but dude this app is a 10/10 i have maintained a 3.8 gpa and have plenty of time for gaming. I love it and my mom is just happy I got good grades
Brad T
Android user
Not only did it help me find the answer but it also showed me alternative ways to solve it. I was horrible in math and science but now I have an a in both subjects. Thanks for the help🤍🤍
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
I found this app a couple years ago and it has only gotten better since then. I really love it because it can help with written questions and photo questions. Also, it can find study guides that other people have made as well as flashcard sets and practice tests. The free version is also amazing for students who might not be able to afford it. Would 100% recommend
Aubrey
iOS user
Best app if you're in Highschool or Junior high. I have been using this app for 2 school years and it's the best, it's good if you don't have anyone to help you with school work.😋🩷🎀
Marco B
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This app is phenomenal down to the correct info and the various topics you can study! I greatly recommend it for people who struggle with procrastination and those who need homework help. It has been perfectly accurate for world 1 history as far as I’ve seen! Geometry too!
Paul T
iOS user
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
I think it’s very much worth it and you’ll end up using it a lot once you get the hang of it and even after looking at others notes you can still ask your Artificial intelligence buddy the question and ask to simplify it if you still don’t get it!!! In the end I think it’s worth it 😊👍 ⚠️Also DID I MENTION ITS FREEE YOU DON’T HAVE TO PAY FOR ANYTHING AND STILL GET YOUR GRADES IN PERFECTLY❗️❗️⚠️
Thomas R
iOS user
Knowunity is the BEST app I’ve used in a minute. This is not an ai review or anything this is genuinely coming from a 7th grade student (I know 2011 im young) but dude this app is a 10/10 i have maintained a 3.8 gpa and have plenty of time for gaming. I love it and my mom is just happy I got good grades
Brad T
Android user
Not only did it help me find the answer but it also showed me alternative ways to solve it. I was horrible in math and science but now I have an a in both subjects. Thanks for the help🤍🤍
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
I found this app a couple years ago and it has only gotten better since then. I really love it because it can help with written questions and photo questions. Also, it can find study guides that other people have made as well as flashcard sets and practice tests. The free version is also amazing for students who might not be able to afford it. Would 100% recommend
Aubrey
iOS user
Best app if you're in Highschool or Junior high. I have been using this app for 2 school years and it's the best, it's good if you don't have anyone to help you with school work.😋🩷🎀
Marco B
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This app is phenomenal down to the correct info and the various topics you can study! I greatly recommend it for people who struggle with procrastination and those who need homework help. It has been perfectly accurate for world 1 history as far as I’ve seen! Geometry too!
Paul T
iOS user
