Subjects
Careers
Biology
Geometry
English
AP English Literature
Fun Stuff
10
0
Rosie
9/8/2025
Chemistry
hybridisation
103
•
Sep 8, 2025
•
Rosie
@rosie_321
Carbon hybridization and bonding in organic compounds
Carbon's unique ability... Show more
Hybridisation in Organic Chemistry: Fundamentals and Applications
This page provides a comprehensive overview of hybridisation in organic chemistry, focusing on carbon's unique bonding capabilities and its various hybridization states in different organic compounds.
The concept of hybridisation is introduced as the process of mixing atomic orbitals within an atom. For carbon, this is particularly important due to its electron configuration of 1s² 2s² 2p². The guide explains how carbon can promote one of its 2s electrons to an empty 2p orbital, allowing for different hybridization states.
Alkanes and sp³ Hybridization
In alkanes, carbon undergoes sp3 hybridization. This process is described in detail:
Definition: sp³ hybridization occurs when one s orbital and three p orbitals combine to form four equivalent hybrid orbitals.
The resulting four sp³ hybrid orbitals are degenerate and form a tetrahedral shape around the carbon atom. These orbitals overlap end-on with other atoms to form sigma (σ) bonds.
Example: In methane (CH₄), the carbon atom forms four equivalent sp³ hybrid orbitals that bond with four hydrogen atoms, creating a tetrahedral structure.
Alkenes and sp² Hybridization
For alkenes, the guide explains sp2 hybridization:
Definition: sp² hybridization involves the mixing of one s orbital and two p orbitals to create three equivalent hybrid orbitals.
The three sp² hybrid orbitals lie in a trigonal planar arrangement, forming sigma bonds by overlapping end-on. The remaining unhybridized p orbital is perpendicular to this plane and can overlap side-on with another p orbital to form a pi (π) bond.
Example: In ethene (C₂H₄), each carbon atom has three sp² hybrid orbitals (two bonding with hydrogen, one with the other carbon) and one unhybridized p orbital that forms the π bond between the carbons.
Alkynes and sp Hybridization
The guide then covers sp hybridization in alkynes:
Definition: sp hybridization occurs when one s orbital and one p orbital combine to form two equivalent hybrid orbitals.
In alkynes, two sp hybrid orbitals form sigma bonds by end-on overlap, while the two remaining unhybridized p orbitals overlap side-on to form two π bonds.
Example: In ethyne (C₂H₂), each carbon has two sp hybrid orbitals (one bonding with hydrogen, one with the other carbon) and two unhybridized p orbitals that form the triple bond.
Bonding in Benzene
The page concludes with an explanation of the unique bonding in benzene:
Highlight: Benzene exhibits sp² hybridization on each carbon atom, with a delocalized π electron cloud above and below the ring.
Each carbon in benzene has three sp² hybrid orbitals forming sigma bonds, and one unhybridized p orbital. The six p orbitals overlap side-on, creating a delocalized π electron cloud with six electrons.
Vocabulary: Delocalization refers to the distribution of electrons over multiple atoms in a molecule, rather than being confined to a single bond.
This comprehensive overview provides students with a solid foundation in hybridisation in organic chemistry, covering key concepts from basic alkanes to the more complex bonding in benzene.
Our AI companion is specifically built for the needs of students. Based on the millions of content pieces we have on the platform we can provide truly meaningful and relevant answers to students. But its not only about answers, the companion is even more about guiding students through their daily learning challenges, with personalised study plans, quizzes or content pieces in the chat and 100% personalisation based on the students skills and developments.
You can download the app in the Google Play Store and in the Apple App Store.
That's right! Enjoy free access to study content, connect with fellow students, and get instant help – all at your fingertips.
App Store
Google Play
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
I think it’s very much worth it and you’ll end up using it a lot once you get the hang of it and even after looking at others notes you can still ask your Artificial intelligence buddy the question and ask to simplify it if you still don’t get it!!! In the end I think it’s worth it 😊👍 ⚠️Also DID I MENTION ITS FREEE YOU DON’T HAVE TO PAY FOR ANYTHING AND STILL GET YOUR GRADES IN PERFECTLY❗️❗️⚠️
Thomas R
iOS user
Knowunity is the BEST app I’ve used in a minute. This is not an ai review or anything this is genuinely coming from a 7th grade student (I know 2011 im young) but dude this app is a 10/10 i have maintained a 3.8 gpa and have plenty of time for gaming. I love it and my mom is just happy I got good grades
Brad T
Android user
Not only did it help me find the answer but it also showed me alternative ways to solve it. I was horrible in math and science but now I have an a in both subjects. Thanks for the help🤍🤍
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
I found this app a couple years ago and it has only gotten better since then. I really love it because it can help with written questions and photo questions. Also, it can find study guides that other people have made as well as flashcard sets and practice tests. The free version is also amazing for students who might not be able to afford it. Would 100% recommend
Aubrey
iOS user
Best app if you're in Highschool or Junior high. I have been using this app for 2 school years and it's the best, it's good if you don't have anyone to help you with school work.😋🩷🎀
Marco B
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This app is phenomenal down to the correct info and the various topics you can study! I greatly recommend it for people who struggle with procrastination and those who need homework help. It has been perfectly accurate for world 1 history as far as I’ve seen! Geometry too!
Paul T
iOS user
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
I think it’s very much worth it and you’ll end up using it a lot once you get the hang of it and even after looking at others notes you can still ask your Artificial intelligence buddy the question and ask to simplify it if you still don’t get it!!! In the end I think it’s worth it 😊👍 ⚠️Also DID I MENTION ITS FREEE YOU DON’T HAVE TO PAY FOR ANYTHING AND STILL GET YOUR GRADES IN PERFECTLY❗️❗️⚠️
Thomas R
iOS user
Knowunity is the BEST app I’ve used in a minute. This is not an ai review or anything this is genuinely coming from a 7th grade student (I know 2011 im young) but dude this app is a 10/10 i have maintained a 3.8 gpa and have plenty of time for gaming. I love it and my mom is just happy I got good grades
Brad T
Android user
Not only did it help me find the answer but it also showed me alternative ways to solve it. I was horrible in math and science but now I have an a in both subjects. Thanks for the help🤍🤍
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
I found this app a couple years ago and it has only gotten better since then. I really love it because it can help with written questions and photo questions. Also, it can find study guides that other people have made as well as flashcard sets and practice tests. The free version is also amazing for students who might not be able to afford it. Would 100% recommend
Aubrey
iOS user
Best app if you're in Highschool or Junior high. I have been using this app for 2 school years and it's the best, it's good if you don't have anyone to help you with school work.😋🩷🎀
Marco B
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This app is phenomenal down to the correct info and the various topics you can study! I greatly recommend it for people who struggle with procrastination and those who need homework help. It has been perfectly accurate for world 1 history as far as I’ve seen! Geometry too!
Paul T
iOS user
Rosie
@rosie_321
Carbon hybridization and bonding in organic compounds
Carbon's unique ability to form different types of bonds through hybridization enables the vast diversity of organic molecules. This summary explores the hybridization process in carbon compounds, focusing on alkanes, alkenes... Show more
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
Hybridisation in Organic Chemistry: Fundamentals and Applications
This page provides a comprehensive overview of hybridisation in organic chemistry, focusing on carbon's unique bonding capabilities and its various hybridization states in different organic compounds.
The concept of hybridisation is introduced as the process of mixing atomic orbitals within an atom. For carbon, this is particularly important due to its electron configuration of 1s² 2s² 2p². The guide explains how carbon can promote one of its 2s electrons to an empty 2p orbital, allowing for different hybridization states.
Alkanes and sp³ Hybridization
In alkanes, carbon undergoes sp3 hybridization. This process is described in detail:
Definition: sp³ hybridization occurs when one s orbital and three p orbitals combine to form four equivalent hybrid orbitals.
The resulting four sp³ hybrid orbitals are degenerate and form a tetrahedral shape around the carbon atom. These orbitals overlap end-on with other atoms to form sigma (σ) bonds.
Example: In methane (CH₄), the carbon atom forms four equivalent sp³ hybrid orbitals that bond with four hydrogen atoms, creating a tetrahedral structure.
Alkenes and sp² Hybridization
For alkenes, the guide explains sp2 hybridization:
Definition: sp² hybridization involves the mixing of one s orbital and two p orbitals to create three equivalent hybrid orbitals.
The three sp² hybrid orbitals lie in a trigonal planar arrangement, forming sigma bonds by overlapping end-on. The remaining unhybridized p orbital is perpendicular to this plane and can overlap side-on with another p orbital to form a pi (π) bond.
Example: In ethene (C₂H₄), each carbon atom has three sp² hybrid orbitals (two bonding with hydrogen, one with the other carbon) and one unhybridized p orbital that forms the π bond between the carbons.
Alkynes and sp Hybridization
The guide then covers sp hybridization in alkynes:
Definition: sp hybridization occurs when one s orbital and one p orbital combine to form two equivalent hybrid orbitals.
In alkynes, two sp hybrid orbitals form sigma bonds by end-on overlap, while the two remaining unhybridized p orbitals overlap side-on to form two π bonds.
Example: In ethyne (C₂H₂), each carbon has two sp hybrid orbitals (one bonding with hydrogen, one with the other carbon) and two unhybridized p orbitals that form the triple bond.
Bonding in Benzene
The page concludes with an explanation of the unique bonding in benzene:
Highlight: Benzene exhibits sp² hybridization on each carbon atom, with a delocalized π electron cloud above and below the ring.
Each carbon in benzene has three sp² hybrid orbitals forming sigma bonds, and one unhybridized p orbital. The six p orbitals overlap side-on, creating a delocalized π electron cloud with six electrons.
Vocabulary: Delocalization refers to the distribution of electrons over multiple atoms in a molecule, rather than being confined to a single bond.
This comprehensive overview provides students with a solid foundation in hybridisation in organic chemistry, covering key concepts from basic alkanes to the more complex bonding in benzene.
Our AI companion is specifically built for the needs of students. Based on the millions of content pieces we have on the platform we can provide truly meaningful and relevant answers to students. But its not only about answers, the companion is even more about guiding students through their daily learning challenges, with personalised study plans, quizzes or content pieces in the chat and 100% personalisation based on the students skills and developments.
You can download the app in the Google Play Store and in the Apple App Store.
That's right! Enjoy free access to study content, connect with fellow students, and get instant help – all at your fingertips.
Smart Tools NEW
Transform this note into: ✓ 50+ Practice Questions ✓ Interactive Flashcards ✓ Full Mock Exam ✓ Essay Outlines
App Store
Google Play
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
I think it’s very much worth it and you’ll end up using it a lot once you get the hang of it and even after looking at others notes you can still ask your Artificial intelligence buddy the question and ask to simplify it if you still don’t get it!!! In the end I think it’s worth it 😊👍 ⚠️Also DID I MENTION ITS FREEE YOU DON’T HAVE TO PAY FOR ANYTHING AND STILL GET YOUR GRADES IN PERFECTLY❗️❗️⚠️
Thomas R
iOS user
Knowunity is the BEST app I’ve used in a minute. This is not an ai review or anything this is genuinely coming from a 7th grade student (I know 2011 im young) but dude this app is a 10/10 i have maintained a 3.8 gpa and have plenty of time for gaming. I love it and my mom is just happy I got good grades
Brad T
Android user
Not only did it help me find the answer but it also showed me alternative ways to solve it. I was horrible in math and science but now I have an a in both subjects. Thanks for the help🤍🤍
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
I found this app a couple years ago and it has only gotten better since then. I really love it because it can help with written questions and photo questions. Also, it can find study guides that other people have made as well as flashcard sets and practice tests. The free version is also amazing for students who might not be able to afford it. Would 100% recommend
Aubrey
iOS user
Best app if you're in Highschool or Junior high. I have been using this app for 2 school years and it's the best, it's good if you don't have anyone to help you with school work.😋🩷🎀
Marco B
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This app is phenomenal down to the correct info and the various topics you can study! I greatly recommend it for people who struggle with procrastination and those who need homework help. It has been perfectly accurate for world 1 history as far as I’ve seen! Geometry too!
Paul T
iOS user
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
I think it’s very much worth it and you’ll end up using it a lot once you get the hang of it and even after looking at others notes you can still ask your Artificial intelligence buddy the question and ask to simplify it if you still don’t get it!!! In the end I think it’s worth it 😊👍 ⚠️Also DID I MENTION ITS FREEE YOU DON’T HAVE TO PAY FOR ANYTHING AND STILL GET YOUR GRADES IN PERFECTLY❗️❗️⚠️
Thomas R
iOS user
Knowunity is the BEST app I’ve used in a minute. This is not an ai review or anything this is genuinely coming from a 7th grade student (I know 2011 im young) but dude this app is a 10/10 i have maintained a 3.8 gpa and have plenty of time for gaming. I love it and my mom is just happy I got good grades
Brad T
Android user
Not only did it help me find the answer but it also showed me alternative ways to solve it. I was horrible in math and science but now I have an a in both subjects. Thanks for the help🤍🤍
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
I found this app a couple years ago and it has only gotten better since then. I really love it because it can help with written questions and photo questions. Also, it can find study guides that other people have made as well as flashcard sets and practice tests. The free version is also amazing for students who might not be able to afford it. Would 100% recommend
Aubrey
iOS user
Best app if you're in Highschool or Junior high. I have been using this app for 2 school years and it's the best, it's good if you don't have anyone to help you with school work.😋🩷🎀
Marco B
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This app is phenomenal down to the correct info and the various topics you can study! I greatly recommend it for people who struggle with procrastination and those who need homework help. It has been perfectly accurate for world 1 history as far as I’ve seen! Geometry too!
Paul T
iOS user
