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How We Remember Things, Make Friends, and See Colors

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Esther Nae

4/20/2023

AP Psychology

AP Psychology Notes

How We Remember Things, Make Friends, and See Colors

A comprehensive guide to key psychology concepts covering memory, social dynamics, perception, and mental health. The material spans fundamental psychological processes, cognitive functions, and clinical perspectives.

  • Stages of memory formation and retrieval are explored through the three-stage memory model and information processing
  • Social group dynamics and prejudice are examined through concepts of in-group bias and discrimination
  • Opponent process theory in visual perception details how color vision works through specialized receptors
  • Mental health classifications and disorders are outlined according to DSM-5 categories
  • Intelligence theories from various psychologists present different perspectives on cognitive abilities
...

4/20/2023

53

Reading
Feb 28, 2023
(Unit 5)
recognition - Identifying Hem's previously learned. relearning
15 Something more quickly when you learn it a s

View

Social Psychology and Prejudice

This page delves into the concepts of prejudice, discrimination, and social group dynamics, which are crucial aspects of social psychology.

Social group dynamics and prejudice play a significant role in shaping human behavior and interactions. Prejudice refers to negative attitudes towards a group based on their membership or affiliation, while discrimination involves negative behavior towards members of a target group.

Definition: Stereotypes are generalizations about a group based solely on their membership, not individual characteristics.

In-group bias is the tendency to favor members of one's own group, while out-groups are social groups to which an individual does not belong. The scapegoat theory explains how powerful groups may blame less powerful groups for their problems.

Example: The Robbers Cave experiment by Muzafer Sherif examined how group hostility can be created and overcome through the use of superordinate goals.

Vocabulary: Superordinate goals are shared objectives that require cooperation and can help overcome differences between groups.

Reading
Feb 28, 2023
(Unit 5)
recognition - Identifying Hem's previously learned. relearning
15 Something more quickly when you learn it a s

View

Visual Perception and Auditory Processing

This page explores the mechanisms of visual perception and auditory processing, including the opponent process theory in visual perception and the structure of the eye and ear.

The wavelength of light determines the color we perceive, while amplitude affects the intensity of the perceived color. The retina contains three types of color receptors, each sensitive to different wavelengths corresponding to red, green, and blue.

Highlight: The opponent process theory explains color perception through three opposing pairs: blue-yellow, red-green, and black-white.

The visual processing pathway involves multiple structures, including the cornea, pupil, iris, lens, retina, and various neural components before reaching the visual cortex.

Example: The place theory of hearing suggests that different frequencies cause larger vibrations at specific locations along the basilar membrane in the inner ear.

Reading
Feb 28, 2023
(Unit 5)
recognition - Identifying Hem's previously learned. relearning
15 Something more quickly when you learn it a s

View

Memory Disorders and Language Processing

This page covers memory disorders, such as amnesia, and introduces key concepts in language processing and acquisition.

Anterograde amnesia is the inability to form new memories, while retrograde amnesia involves difficulty retrieving information from one's past. Various factors can affect memory, including proactive interference, encoding failure, storage decay, and retrieval failure.

Vocabulary: Reconsolidation is the process of repeatedly "replaying" memories, which can lead to alterations and inaccuracies over time.

Language processing involves several components, including phonemes basicunitsofsoundbasic units of sound and morphemes elementaryunitsofmeaningelementary units of meaning. Grammar consists of semantics rulesforderivingmeaningrules for deriving meaning and syntax rulesfororderingwordsintosentencesrules for ordering words into sentences.

Quote: Linguist Noam Chomsky proposed that "humans are biologically predisposed to learn the grammar rules of language."

The brain has specialized regions for language processing, including Broca's area for language expression and Wernicke's area for language reception and comprehension.

Reading
Feb 28, 2023
(Unit 5)
recognition - Identifying Hem's previously learned. relearning
15 Something more quickly when you learn it a s

View

Intelligence and Cognitive Abilities

This final page explores various theories and concepts related to intelligence and cognitive abilities.

Intelligence is defined as a mental quality that enables learning from experience, problem-solving, and adapting knowledge to new situations. Different theories have been proposed to explain the nature of intelligence:

  1. Charles Spearman's theory of general intelligence gfactorg factor
  2. L.L. Thurstone's theory of primary mental abilities
  3. Howard Gardner's theory of multiple intelligences
  4. Robert Sternberg's triarchic theory of intelligence

Example: Howard Gardner proposed eight independent intelligences, including linguistic, logical-mathematical, musical, spatial, bodily-kinesthetic, intrapersonal, interpersonal, and naturalist.

These theories highlight the complexity and multifaceted nature of human intelligence, emphasizing various cognitive abilities and their interrelationships.

Reading
Feb 28, 2023
(Unit 5)
recognition - Identifying Hem's previously learned. relearning
15 Something more quickly when you learn it a s

View

Intelligence Theories

This section explores various theories and perspectives on human intelligence.

Definition: Intelligence is the mental quality enabling learning from experience, problem-solving, and adaptation to new situations.

Example: Howard Gardner's theory proposes eight independent intelligences, including linguistic, logical-mathematical, and musical intelligence.

Highlight: Different theorists propose varying models: Spearman's general intelligence, Thurstone's seven clusters, and Sternberg's triarchic theory.

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AP Psychology

53

Apr 20, 2023

6 pages

How We Remember Things, Make Friends, and See Colors

user profile picture

Esther Nae

@naesther07

A comprehensive guide to key psychology concepts covering memory, social dynamics, perception, and mental health. The material spans fundamental psychological processes, cognitive functions, and clinical perspectives.

  • Stages of memory formation and retrievalare explored through the three-stage memory model and... Show more

Reading
Feb 28, 2023
(Unit 5)
recognition - Identifying Hem's previously learned. relearning
15 Something more quickly when you learn it a s

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Social Psychology and Prejudice

This page delves into the concepts of prejudice, discrimination, and social group dynamics, which are crucial aspects of social psychology.

Social group dynamics and prejudice play a significant role in shaping human behavior and interactions. Prejudice refers to negative attitudes towards a group based on their membership or affiliation, while discrimination involves negative behavior towards members of a target group.

Definition: Stereotypes are generalizations about a group based solely on their membership, not individual characteristics.

In-group bias is the tendency to favor members of one's own group, while out-groups are social groups to which an individual does not belong. The scapegoat theory explains how powerful groups may blame less powerful groups for their problems.

Example: The Robbers Cave experiment by Muzafer Sherif examined how group hostility can be created and overcome through the use of superordinate goals.

Vocabulary: Superordinate goals are shared objectives that require cooperation and can help overcome differences between groups.

Reading
Feb 28, 2023
(Unit 5)
recognition - Identifying Hem's previously learned. relearning
15 Something more quickly when you learn it a s

Sign up to see the contentIt's free!

Access to all documents

Improve your grades

Join milions of students

By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy

Visual Perception and Auditory Processing

This page explores the mechanisms of visual perception and auditory processing, including the opponent process theory in visual perception and the structure of the eye and ear.

The wavelength of light determines the color we perceive, while amplitude affects the intensity of the perceived color. The retina contains three types of color receptors, each sensitive to different wavelengths corresponding to red, green, and blue.

Highlight: The opponent process theory explains color perception through three opposing pairs: blue-yellow, red-green, and black-white.

The visual processing pathway involves multiple structures, including the cornea, pupil, iris, lens, retina, and various neural components before reaching the visual cortex.

Example: The place theory of hearing suggests that different frequencies cause larger vibrations at specific locations along the basilar membrane in the inner ear.

Reading
Feb 28, 2023
(Unit 5)
recognition - Identifying Hem's previously learned. relearning
15 Something more quickly when you learn it a s

Sign up to see the contentIt's free!

Access to all documents

Improve your grades

Join milions of students

By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy

Memory Disorders and Language Processing

This page covers memory disorders, such as amnesia, and introduces key concepts in language processing and acquisition.

Anterograde amnesia is the inability to form new memories, while retrograde amnesia involves difficulty retrieving information from one's past. Various factors can affect memory, including proactive interference, encoding failure, storage decay, and retrieval failure.

Vocabulary: Reconsolidation is the process of repeatedly "replaying" memories, which can lead to alterations and inaccuracies over time.

Language processing involves several components, including phonemes basicunitsofsoundbasic units of sound and morphemes elementaryunitsofmeaningelementary units of meaning. Grammar consists of semantics rulesforderivingmeaningrules for deriving meaning and syntax rulesfororderingwordsintosentencesrules for ordering words into sentences.

Quote: Linguist Noam Chomsky proposed that "humans are biologically predisposed to learn the grammar rules of language."

The brain has specialized regions for language processing, including Broca's area for language expression and Wernicke's area for language reception and comprehension.

Reading
Feb 28, 2023
(Unit 5)
recognition - Identifying Hem's previously learned. relearning
15 Something more quickly when you learn it a s

Sign up to see the contentIt's free!

Access to all documents

Improve your grades

Join milions of students

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Intelligence and Cognitive Abilities

This final page explores various theories and concepts related to intelligence and cognitive abilities.

Intelligence is defined as a mental quality that enables learning from experience, problem-solving, and adapting knowledge to new situations. Different theories have been proposed to explain the nature of intelligence:

  1. Charles Spearman's theory of general intelligence gfactorg factor
  2. L.L. Thurstone's theory of primary mental abilities
  3. Howard Gardner's theory of multiple intelligences
  4. Robert Sternberg's triarchic theory of intelligence

Example: Howard Gardner proposed eight independent intelligences, including linguistic, logical-mathematical, musical, spatial, bodily-kinesthetic, intrapersonal, interpersonal, and naturalist.

These theories highlight the complexity and multifaceted nature of human intelligence, emphasizing various cognitive abilities and their interrelationships.

Reading
Feb 28, 2023
(Unit 5)
recognition - Identifying Hem's previously learned. relearning
15 Something more quickly when you learn it a s

Sign up to see the contentIt's free!

Access to all documents

Improve your grades

Join milions of students

By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy

Intelligence Theories

This section explores various theories and perspectives on human intelligence.

Definition: Intelligence is the mental quality enabling learning from experience, problem-solving, and adaptation to new situations.

Example: Howard Gardner's theory proposes eight independent intelligences, including linguistic, logical-mathematical, and musical intelligence.

Highlight: Different theorists propose varying models: Spearman's general intelligence, Thurstone's seven clusters, and Sternberg's triarchic theory.

Reading
Feb 28, 2023
(Unit 5)
recognition - Identifying Hem's previously learned. relearning
15 Something more quickly when you learn it a s

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Memory Formation and Retrieval

The process of memory formation and retrieval involves multiple stages and cognitive mechanisms. This page explores the key concepts of memory, including recognition, recall, and the three-stage model of memory.

Stages of memory formation and retrieval include sensory memory, working/short-term memory, and long-term memory. The information-processing model involves three main processes: encoding, storage, and retrieval.

Definition: Explicit memories are conscious memories of facts and experiences, while implicit memories involve skills and classically conditioned associations.

The brain processes different types of information automatically, including space, time, and frequency. Sensory memory feeds some information into working memory for active processing.

Vocabulary: Iconic memory is a brief sensory memory of visual stimuli, while echoic memory is a short sensory memory of auditory stimuli.

The brain's frontal lobes and hippocampus are involved in explicit memory formation, while the cerebellum and basal ganglia are crucial for implicit memory formation. Long-term potentiation LTPLTP is a process where neurons become more efficient at transmitting signals.

Highlight: The serial position effect explains why we tend to recall the first and last items in a list better than those in the middle.

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Marco B

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Elisha

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This app is phenomenal down to the correct info and the various topics you can study! I greatly recommend it for people who struggle with procrastination and those who need homework help. It has been perfectly accurate for world 1 history as far as I’ve seen! Geometry too!

Paul T

iOS user

The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.

Stefan S

iOS user

This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.

Samantha Klich

Android user

Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.

Anna

iOS user

I think it’s very much worth it and you’ll end up using it a lot once you get the hang of it and even after looking at others notes you can still ask your Artificial intelligence buddy the question and ask to simplify it if you still don’t get it!!! In the end I think it’s worth it 😊👍 ⚠️Also DID I MENTION ITS FREEE YOU DON’T HAVE TO PAY FOR ANYTHING AND STILL GET YOUR GRADES IN PERFECTLY❗️❗️⚠️

Thomas R

iOS user

Knowunity is the BEST app I’ve used in a minute. This is not an ai review or anything this is genuinely coming from a 7th grade student (I know 2011 im young) but dude this app is a 10/10 i have maintained a 3.8 gpa and have plenty of time for gaming. I love it and my mom is just happy I got good grades

Brad T

Android user

Not only did it help me find the answer but it also showed me alternative ways to solve it. I was horrible in math and science but now I have an a in both subjects. Thanks for the help🤍🤍

David K

iOS user

The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!

Sudenaz Ocak

Android user

In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.

Greenlight Bonnie

Android user

I found this app a couple years ago and it has only gotten better since then. I really love it because it can help with written questions and photo questions. Also, it can find study guides that other people have made as well as flashcard sets and practice tests. The free version is also amazing for students who might not be able to afford it. Would 100% recommend

Aubrey

iOS user

Best app if you're in Highschool or Junior high. I have been using this app for 2 school years and it's the best, it's good if you don't have anyone to help you with school work.😋🩷🎀

Marco B

iOS user

THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮

Elisha

iOS user

This app is phenomenal down to the correct info and the various topics you can study! I greatly recommend it for people who struggle with procrastination and those who need homework help. It has been perfectly accurate for world 1 history as far as I’ve seen! Geometry too!

Paul T

iOS user