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Theodora Li
7/25/2022
Psychology
Introduction to attachment
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Jul 25, 2022
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Caregiver-infant interactions and the role of fathers play crucial roles... Show more
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This page explores the importance of caregiver-infant interactions in developing attachment and examines the specific role fathers play in this process. The content is divided into three main sections: caregiver-infant interactions, the role of the father, and an evaluation of research methods and findings.
Caregiver-infant interactions are crucial for the development of attachment. Two key concepts in these interactions are reciprocity and interactional synchrony.
Definition: Reciprocity in caregiver-infant interactions occurs when each person responds to the other and elicits a response from them, forming an essential part of communication.
Reciprocity develops through alert phases, where babies signal readiness for interaction. Mothers typically respond to infant alertness about two-thirds of the time, though this can vary based on the mother's skill and external factors like stress.
Example: Around 3 months of age, these interactions become more frequent and involve close attention to each other's verbal signals and facial expressions.
Interactional synchrony is another crucial aspect of caregiver-infant interactions.
Definition: Interactional synchrony refers to the temporal coordination of micro-level social behavior between caregiver and infant.
In this process, the caregiver and baby interact with their actions and emotions mirroring each other. Both can initiate interactions and take turns, creating what Brazelton et al. (1975) described as a "dance."
Example: Meltzoff and Moore (1977) observed the beginnings of interactional synchrony in babies as young as 2 weeks old, where infants mirrored adult facial expressions.
The importance of interactional synchrony for attachment development was demonstrated by Isabella et al. , who found that high levels of synchrony correlated with better quality mother-baby attachment.
The role of fathers in attachment has been a subject of significant research:
Attachment to fathers: Schaffer and Emerson (1964) found that while most babies form their primary attachment to mothers around 7 months, secondary attachments to other family members, including fathers, develop within weeks or months. By 18 months, 75% of infants had formed attachments to their fathers.
Distinctive role for fathers: Grossmann et al. conducted a longitudinal study showing that while mother-infant attachment quality related to children's attachments in adolescence, the quality of fathers' play with infants was more strongly related to adolescent attachments. This suggests fathers may have a different role in attachment, focusing more on play and stimulation rather than emotional development.
Fathers as primary attachment figures: When fathers take on the role of primary caregiver, they can adopt the emotional role typically associated with mothers. Field (1978) found that primary caregiver fathers, like mothers, spent more time smiling, imitating, and holding infants compared to secondary caregiver fathers.
The study of caregiver-infant interactions and the role of fathers in attachment faces several challenges:
Filmed observations: While offering good reliability and validity, these controlled laboratory settings may not fully capture natural behaviors.
Difficulty observing babies: Interpreting a baby's behavior can be challenging due to their limited mobility and subtle expressions.
Developmental importance: Observing behaviors doesn't necessarily reveal their developmental significance.
Confusion over research questions: There's a lack of clarity in some studies about whether they're examining fathers as secondary or primary attachment figures.
Conflicting evidence: Findings vary based on methodology, and studies on children in non-traditional family structures show no significant differences in attachment development.
Highlight: While fathers typically take on distinctive roles in two-parent heterosexual families, the question of whether fathers have a universally distinctive role in attachment remains unanswered due to conflicting evidence and methodological variations.
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You can download the app in the Google Play Store and in the Apple App Store.
That's right! Enjoy free access to study content, connect with fellow students, and get instant help – all at your fingertips.
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The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
I think it’s very much worth it and you’ll end up using it a lot once you get the hang of it and even after looking at others notes you can still ask your Artificial intelligence buddy the question and ask to simplify it if you still don’t get it!!! In the end I think it’s worth it 😊👍 ⚠️Also DID I MENTION ITS FREEE YOU DON’T HAVE TO PAY FOR ANYTHING AND STILL GET YOUR GRADES IN PERFECTLY❗️❗️⚠️
Thomas R
iOS user
Knowunity is the BEST app I’ve used in a minute. This is not an ai review or anything this is genuinely coming from a 7th grade student (I know 2011 im young) but dude this app is a 10/10 i have maintained a 3.8 gpa and have plenty of time for gaming. I love it and my mom is just happy I got good grades
Brad T
Android user
Not only did it help me find the answer but it also showed me alternative ways to solve it. I was horrible in math and science but now I have an a in both subjects. Thanks for the help🤍🤍
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
I found this app a couple years ago and it has only gotten better since then. I really love it because it can help with written questions and photo questions. Also, it can find study guides that other people have made as well as flashcard sets and practice tests. The free version is also amazing for students who might not be able to afford it. Would 100% recommend
Aubrey
iOS user
Best app if you're in Highschool or Junior high. I have been using this app for 2 school years and it's the best, it's good if you don't have anyone to help you with school work.😋🩷🎀
Marco B
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This app is phenomenal down to the correct info and the various topics you can study! I greatly recommend it for people who struggle with procrastination and those who need homework help. It has been perfectly accurate for world 1 history as far as I’ve seen! Geometry too!
Paul T
iOS user
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
I think it’s very much worth it and you’ll end up using it a lot once you get the hang of it and even after looking at others notes you can still ask your Artificial intelligence buddy the question and ask to simplify it if you still don’t get it!!! In the end I think it’s worth it 😊👍 ⚠️Also DID I MENTION ITS FREEE YOU DON’T HAVE TO PAY FOR ANYTHING AND STILL GET YOUR GRADES IN PERFECTLY❗️❗️⚠️
Thomas R
iOS user
Knowunity is the BEST app I’ve used in a minute. This is not an ai review or anything this is genuinely coming from a 7th grade student (I know 2011 im young) but dude this app is a 10/10 i have maintained a 3.8 gpa and have plenty of time for gaming. I love it and my mom is just happy I got good grades
Brad T
Android user
Not only did it help me find the answer but it also showed me alternative ways to solve it. I was horrible in math and science but now I have an a in both subjects. Thanks for the help🤍🤍
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
I found this app a couple years ago and it has only gotten better since then. I really love it because it can help with written questions and photo questions. Also, it can find study guides that other people have made as well as flashcard sets and practice tests. The free version is also amazing for students who might not be able to afford it. Would 100% recommend
Aubrey
iOS user
Best app if you're in Highschool or Junior high. I have been using this app for 2 school years and it's the best, it's good if you don't have anyone to help you with school work.😋🩷🎀
Marco B
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This app is phenomenal down to the correct info and the various topics you can study! I greatly recommend it for people who struggle with procrastination and those who need homework help. It has been perfectly accurate for world 1 history as far as I’ve seen! Geometry too!
Paul T
iOS user
Caregiver-infant interactions and the role of fathers play crucial roles in infant attachment development. This summary explores key concepts like reciprocity, interactional synchrony, and the unique contributions of fathers to attachment, highlighting research findings and evaluating methodological approaches.
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This page explores the importance of caregiver-infant interactions in developing attachment and examines the specific role fathers play in this process. The content is divided into three main sections: caregiver-infant interactions, the role of the father, and an evaluation of research methods and findings.
Caregiver-infant interactions are crucial for the development of attachment. Two key concepts in these interactions are reciprocity and interactional synchrony.
Definition: Reciprocity in caregiver-infant interactions occurs when each person responds to the other and elicits a response from them, forming an essential part of communication.
Reciprocity develops through alert phases, where babies signal readiness for interaction. Mothers typically respond to infant alertness about two-thirds of the time, though this can vary based on the mother's skill and external factors like stress.
Example: Around 3 months of age, these interactions become more frequent and involve close attention to each other's verbal signals and facial expressions.
Interactional synchrony is another crucial aspect of caregiver-infant interactions.
Definition: Interactional synchrony refers to the temporal coordination of micro-level social behavior between caregiver and infant.
In this process, the caregiver and baby interact with their actions and emotions mirroring each other. Both can initiate interactions and take turns, creating what Brazelton et al. (1975) described as a "dance."
Example: Meltzoff and Moore (1977) observed the beginnings of interactional synchrony in babies as young as 2 weeks old, where infants mirrored adult facial expressions.
The importance of interactional synchrony for attachment development was demonstrated by Isabella et al. , who found that high levels of synchrony correlated with better quality mother-baby attachment.
The role of fathers in attachment has been a subject of significant research:
Attachment to fathers: Schaffer and Emerson (1964) found that while most babies form their primary attachment to mothers around 7 months, secondary attachments to other family members, including fathers, develop within weeks or months. By 18 months, 75% of infants had formed attachments to their fathers.
Distinctive role for fathers: Grossmann et al. conducted a longitudinal study showing that while mother-infant attachment quality related to children's attachments in adolescence, the quality of fathers' play with infants was more strongly related to adolescent attachments. This suggests fathers may have a different role in attachment, focusing more on play and stimulation rather than emotional development.
Fathers as primary attachment figures: When fathers take on the role of primary caregiver, they can adopt the emotional role typically associated with mothers. Field (1978) found that primary caregiver fathers, like mothers, spent more time smiling, imitating, and holding infants compared to secondary caregiver fathers.
The study of caregiver-infant interactions and the role of fathers in attachment faces several challenges:
Filmed observations: While offering good reliability and validity, these controlled laboratory settings may not fully capture natural behaviors.
Difficulty observing babies: Interpreting a baby's behavior can be challenging due to their limited mobility and subtle expressions.
Developmental importance: Observing behaviors doesn't necessarily reveal their developmental significance.
Confusion over research questions: There's a lack of clarity in some studies about whether they're examining fathers as secondary or primary attachment figures.
Conflicting evidence: Findings vary based on methodology, and studies on children in non-traditional family structures show no significant differences in attachment development.
Highlight: While fathers typically take on distinctive roles in two-parent heterosexual families, the question of whether fathers have a universally distinctive role in attachment remains unanswered due to conflicting evidence and methodological variations.
Our AI companion is specifically built for the needs of students. Based on the millions of content pieces we have on the platform we can provide truly meaningful and relevant answers to students. But its not only about answers, the companion is even more about guiding students through their daily learning challenges, with personalised study plans, quizzes or content pieces in the chat and 100% personalisation based on the students skills and developments.
You can download the app in the Google Play Store and in the Apple App Store.
That's right! Enjoy free access to study content, connect with fellow students, and get instant help – all at your fingertips.
App Store
Google Play
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
I think it’s very much worth it and you’ll end up using it a lot once you get the hang of it and even after looking at others notes you can still ask your Artificial intelligence buddy the question and ask to simplify it if you still don’t get it!!! In the end I think it’s worth it 😊👍 ⚠️Also DID I MENTION ITS FREEE YOU DON’T HAVE TO PAY FOR ANYTHING AND STILL GET YOUR GRADES IN PERFECTLY❗️❗️⚠️
Thomas R
iOS user
Knowunity is the BEST app I’ve used in a minute. This is not an ai review or anything this is genuinely coming from a 7th grade student (I know 2011 im young) but dude this app is a 10/10 i have maintained a 3.8 gpa and have plenty of time for gaming. I love it and my mom is just happy I got good grades
Brad T
Android user
Not only did it help me find the answer but it also showed me alternative ways to solve it. I was horrible in math and science but now I have an a in both subjects. Thanks for the help🤍🤍
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
I found this app a couple years ago and it has only gotten better since then. I really love it because it can help with written questions and photo questions. Also, it can find study guides that other people have made as well as flashcard sets and practice tests. The free version is also amazing for students who might not be able to afford it. Would 100% recommend
Aubrey
iOS user
Best app if you're in Highschool or Junior high. I have been using this app for 2 school years and it's the best, it's good if you don't have anyone to help you with school work.😋🩷🎀
Marco B
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This app is phenomenal down to the correct info and the various topics you can study! I greatly recommend it for people who struggle with procrastination and those who need homework help. It has been perfectly accurate for world 1 history as far as I’ve seen! Geometry too!
Paul T
iOS user
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
I think it’s very much worth it and you’ll end up using it a lot once you get the hang of it and even after looking at others notes you can still ask your Artificial intelligence buddy the question and ask to simplify it if you still don’t get it!!! In the end I think it’s worth it 😊👍 ⚠️Also DID I MENTION ITS FREEE YOU DON’T HAVE TO PAY FOR ANYTHING AND STILL GET YOUR GRADES IN PERFECTLY❗️❗️⚠️
Thomas R
iOS user
Knowunity is the BEST app I’ve used in a minute. This is not an ai review or anything this is genuinely coming from a 7th grade student (I know 2011 im young) but dude this app is a 10/10 i have maintained a 3.8 gpa and have plenty of time for gaming. I love it and my mom is just happy I got good grades
Brad T
Android user
Not only did it help me find the answer but it also showed me alternative ways to solve it. I was horrible in math and science but now I have an a in both subjects. Thanks for the help🤍🤍
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
I found this app a couple years ago and it has only gotten better since then. I really love it because it can help with written questions and photo questions. Also, it can find study guides that other people have made as well as flashcard sets and practice tests. The free version is also amazing for students who might not be able to afford it. Would 100% recommend
Aubrey
iOS user
Best app if you're in Highschool or Junior high. I have been using this app for 2 school years and it's the best, it's good if you don't have anyone to help you with school work.😋🩷🎀
Marco B
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This app is phenomenal down to the correct info and the various topics you can study! I greatly recommend it for people who struggle with procrastination and those who need homework help. It has been perfectly accurate for world 1 history as far as I’ve seen! Geometry too!
Paul T
iOS user
