Page 1: Introduction to the Columbian Exchange
The Columbian Exchange represents the transformative linking of Eastern and Western hemispheres during 1450-1750, initiated by Columbus's voyages. This period saw dramatic changes in global economics and demographics.
Definition: The Columbian Exchange refers to the widespread transfer of plants, animals, culture, technology, diseases, and human populations between the Old and New Worlds.
Highlight: Native populations experienced catastrophic decline due to their lack of immunity to European diseases and superior European weaponry.
The emergence of cash crops fundamentally altered economic systems, particularly through sugar cultivation in tropical climates. This agricultural transformation led to the extensive use of forced labor.
Example: Portuguese economies heavily relied on sugar plantations, where native workers were replaced by enslaved Africans due to disease and escape patterns.
Vocabulary: Engenhos - Term used for enslaved workers in sugar production, literally meaning "engines" due to their crucial role in sugar manufacturing.