Introduction to Revolutions (1750-1900)

This page introduces Unit 5, which focuses on the revolutionary period from 1750 to 1900. During this time, significant changes in political thought and social structures led to major upheavals across Europe and its colonies.

Vocabulary: Revolutions - Fundamental changes in political organization, particularly the overthrow of one government or social order in favor of another.

The Influence of Enlightenment Thinkers

This page explores the question: "Why do enlightenment thinkers influence today?" It provides context for understanding the Enlightenment by discussing earlier historical periods and concepts.

Vocabulary:

• Enlightenment: An intellectual movement emphasizing reason and individualism rather than tradition.
• Scientific Revolution: A period of rapid scientific progress that challenged traditional views of the world.
• Renaissance: A period of renewed interest in classical learning and culture.

The page outlines key concepts that preceded the Enlightenment:

• Serfdom and manorialism in feudal societies
• The rise of maritime empires and colonization
• The shift from decentralized to centralized governments under absolutism

Definition: Absolutism - A system of government where the monarch has supreme and unrestricted power.

The Renaissance and Scientific Revolution are presented as precursors to the Enlightenment, encouraging questioning of old beliefs and emphasizing observation and reason over spiritual beliefs or church doctrine.

Highlight: The creation of the printing press played a crucial role in spreading new ideas and encouraging critical thinking.

The Enlightenment's Impact on Societies

This page addresses how the Enlightenment influenced societies over time, introducing key concepts and movements that emerged from Enlightenment thinking.

Vocabulary:

• Enlightened Despots: Monarchs who embraced some Enlightenment principles in their rule.
• Suffrage: The right to vote in political elections.
• Abolition: The act of formally putting an end to a system or practice, particularly slavery.

The Enlightenment emphasized:

• Natural rights
• Individualism
• Reason over tradition

Highlight: The Enlightenment sparked significant social reform movements, including the abolition of slavery, women's rights, and suffrage movements.

Some monarchs attempted to incorporate Enlightenment ideas into their rule, earning the title of "Enlightened Despots."

The Enlightenment and the Abolitionist Movement

This page examines the extent to which the Enlightenment influenced the abolitionist movement, highlighting key reform movements and introducing the concept of scientific racism.

Vocabulary:

• Abolition of slavery: The act of ending the practice of slavery.
• Scientific Racism: A pseudoscientific belief that empirical evidence exists to support racism.

Enlightenment Reform Movements included:

1. Women's rights, especially for lower classes
2. Voting rights for the lower class
3. Abolition of slavery

Definition: Scientific Racism - A now-discredited theory that attempted to use scientific methods to justify and support racist beliefs.

The page notes that scientific racism developed during the 1700s, promoting the idea that science could determine different classifications of people with varying worth.

The Enlightenment and the French Revolution

This page explores the connection between Enlightenment ideas and the causes of the French Revolution, introducing key concepts and events.

Vocabulary:

• French Revolution: A period of radical social and political upheaval in France from 1789 to 1799.
• Three Estates: The three traditional social classes in pre-revolutionary France.
• Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen: A fundamental document of the French Revolution defining the individual and collective rights of all estates of the realm.
• Bourgeoisie: The middle class, typically composed of merchants and professionals.

The page outlines the structure of pre-revolutionary France:

• Absolute Monarchy based on Divine Right
• Three Estates system

Definition: Estates General - A general assembly representing the three estates of pre-revolutionary France.

Causes of the French Revolution included:

• Social inequality due to the estate system
• Increased popularity of science over religion
• Food shortages and starvation
• France's debt
• Spread of Enlightenment ideas through the printing press
• Unfair taxation on the Third Estate
• Lack of representation for the Third Estate
• Bad harvests
• The success of the American Revolution

Highlight: The Three Estates system in France was a major source of social inequality and contributed significantly to the outbreak of the French Revolution.

The French Revolution: Success and Aftermath

This page evaluates the success of the French Revolution and its aftermath, introducing key figures and events.

Vocabulary:

• Reign of Terror: A period of violence during the French Revolution.
• Robespierre: A key figure in the French Revolution who led the Committee of Public Safety.
• Committee of Public Safety: The de facto executive government in France during the Reign of Terror.
• Jacobins: A radical political group during the French Revolution.
• Guillotine: A device used for carrying out executions by beheading.
• Napoleon: A French military and political leader who rose to prominence during the French Revolution.
• Napoleonic Wars: A series of conflicts fought between France under Napoleon and various European coalitions.

The page outlines key events and periods:

• Jacobin Rule $1793-1794$
• Reign of Terror
• Overthrow of the Jacobin Club
• Napoleon's rise to power
• Napoleonic Wars

Highlight: The Reign of Terror was a year-long period when the Committee of Public Safety used the guillotine to publicly execute perceived enemies of the revolution.

Example: Napoleon's attempt to invade Russia in 1812 was a major failure that contributed to his eventual downfall.

The Haitian Revolution

This page examines the Haitian Revolution, its context, and its evolution over time.

Vocabulary:

• Haitian Revolution: A successful slave rebellion that led to the establishment of Haiti as the first free black republic.
• Toussaint Louverture: The leader of the Haitian Revolution.

Context of Haiti:

• Colonized by France in 1697 $called Saint-Domingue$
• Rich in sugar and coffee production
• Heavily reliant on enslaved African labor

Highlight: The Haitian Revolution was the largest and most successful slave rebellion in history.

Key events:

• 1789: News of the French Revolution spreads to Saint-Domingue, leading to slave revolts
• 1790: Free men of color in Saint-Domingue proclaim themselves French citizens
• 1794: Slavery abolished in France and its colonies
• Napoleon's invasion and capture of Toussaint Louverture

Example: Toussaint Louverture, born into slavery, became the leader of the Haitian Revolution and played a crucial role in its success.

The Enlightenment and Its Impact on Society

This unit explores the profound influence of Enlightenment ideas on various aspects of society from 1750 to 1900. Key topics include:

• The origins and core principles of the Enlightenment
• The impact of Enlightenment thinking on social reform movements
• The French Revolution and its causes
• The Haitian Revolution and its significance
• The role of Enlightenment ideas in the abolitionist movement

Highlight: The Enlightenment was a period when philosophers in Western Europe argued that reason, natural rights, and individualism were more important than tradition.

The unit demonstrates how Enlightenment thinkers influence today through their ideas on governance, individual rights, and social equality. It also examines the complex interplay between Enlightenment ideals and the realities of political and social change during this transformative period in history.