Mendelian Genetics: Foundational Principles of Inheritance
Gregor Mendel's groundbreaking work... Show more
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Drizzle Hinata
2/17/2023
Biology
Introduction to Genetics
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Feb 17, 2023
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Mendelian Genetics: Foundational Principles of Inheritance
Gregor Mendel's groundbreaking work... Show more
This page delves deeper into Mendel's experimental crosses and introduces key genetic concepts.
The page presents a table showing Mendel's crosses for seven different pea plant characteristics, illustrating how he paired contrasting traits in the parental generation (P1) and observed the resulting offspring in the first filial generation (F1).
Example: For seed color, Mendel crossed yellow seeds with green seeds, and the F1 generation produced yellow seeds.
The page then introduces several important genetic terms:
Vocabulary:
- Genes: Units of heredity, sections of DNA sequence encoding a single protein.
- Alleles: Alternative forms of a gene.
- Locus: Fixed location on a DNA strand where a gene or one of its alleles is located.
The concept of using letter names to represent genes controlling hereditary characters is explained, using plant height as an example:
Example: For plant height, T represents the tall allele (dominant), while t represents the short allele (recessive).
This page introduces the concepts of dominant and recessive alleles, as well as genotypes and phenotypes.
Definition:
- Dominant allele: An allele that masks or suppresses the expression of an alternate allele, represented by an uppercase letter.
- Recessive allele: An allele that is masked by a dominant allele, represented by a lowercase letter.
The page then explains the concepts of genotype and phenotype:
Vocabulary:
- Genotype: The genetic makeup of an organism, written in letter form (e.g., TT).
- Phenotype: The physical appearance of an organism as a result of its genotype (e.g., Tall).
An illustration of chromosomes in a non-dividing cell is provided, showing the locus and alleles on maternal and paternal chromosomes.
The page concludes by introducing two types of genotypes:
Example: In the case of plant height, TT and tt are homozygous genotypes, while Tt is a heterozygous genotype.
This page covers various types of genetic crosses, Mendel's conclusions, and introduces the Punnett square as a tool for predicting genetic outcomes.
The page begins by explaining different types of genetic crosses:
Vocabulary:
- Monohybrid cross: A genetic cross involving a single pair of genes (one trait).
- Dihybrid cross: A genetic cross involving two pairs of genes (two traits).
Mendel's conclusion from his experiments is presented:
Quote: "When true-breeding plants with contrasting traits are crossed, all offspring (100%) will express only one of the two traits."
The Punnett square is introduced as a useful tool for predicting the genotypes and phenotypes of offspring in genetic crosses.
Definition: Punnett square: A diagram used to predict the possible genotypes and phenotypes of offspring resulting from a genetic cross.
The concept of probability in genetics is also explained:
Definition: Probability: The chance of getting a particular outcome over all possible outcomes.
Example: Examples of probability include tossing a coin, rolling a dice, or picking a card from a deck of cards.
This page provides detailed examples of monohybrid crosses, demonstrating how to use Punnett squares and calculate probabilities.
The first example involves a cross between a homozygous man with free earlobes and a woman with attached earlobes:
Example: Using the legend F for free earlobes (dominant) and f for attached earlobes (recessive), the cross is represented as FF x ff.
The Punnett square for this cross is shown, and the probabilities are calculated:
A second example involves a couple who are both heterozygous for tongue rolling:
Example: Using the legend R for roller and r for non-roller (recessive), the cross is represented as Rr x Rr.
The Punnett square is provided, and various probabilities are calculated, including:
The page concludes by introducing Mendel's Laws:
This page focuses on dihybrid crosses and provides a detailed example to illustrate the concept.
Definition: Dihybrid cross: A mating involving two parents that differ in two genes (two independent traits).
The page presents an example of a dihybrid cross in summer squash, involving fruit color and shape:
Example: In summer squash, white fruit color is dominant over yellow, and disk-shaped fruit is dominant over sphere-shaped fruit. The cross involves a plant heterozygous for both traits and a plant true-breeding for yellow, sphere-shaped fruit (wwdd).
A Punnett square for this cross is provided, along with a detailed analysis of the results:
This example demonstrates the application of Mendel's Principle of Independent Assortment, showing how traits for color and shape are inherited independently.
Highlight: Understanding dihybrid crosses is crucial for predicting the inheritance of multiple traits and forms the basis for more complex genetic analyses.
This page introduces the fundamental concepts of genetics and heredity, highlighting the pioneering work of Gregor Mendel.
Genetics is defined as the study of heredity, a branch of biology that investigates how biological hereditary information is passed from one generation to the next. Heredity refers to the transmission of traits or characteristics, such as eye color, from parents to offspring.
Highlight: Gregor Mendel , an Austrian monk, is considered the "Father of Genetics" due to his groundbreaking work with pea plants that laid the foundation for modern genetics.
The page explains why Mendel chose garden peas for his experiments, citing several advantages:
Mendel's experimental design involved studying one character with two contrasting expressions at a time, allowing plants to self-pollinate to produce pure-breds, and then cross-pollinating two pure-breds with contrasting expressions.
Example: Mendel's pea plant experiment focused on seven distinct characteristics, including seed color, seed shape, pod color, pod shape, flower position, flower color, and plant height.
Our AI companion is specifically built for the needs of students. Based on the millions of content pieces we have on the platform we can provide truly meaningful and relevant answers to students. But its not only about answers, the companion is even more about guiding students through their daily learning challenges, with personalised study plans, quizzes or content pieces in the chat and 100% personalisation based on the students skills and developments.
You can download the app in the Google Play Store and in the Apple App Store.
That's right! Enjoy free access to study content, connect with fellow students, and get instant help – all at your fingertips.
App Store
Google Play
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
I think it’s very much worth it and you’ll end up using it a lot once you get the hang of it and even after looking at others notes you can still ask your Artificial intelligence buddy the question and ask to simplify it if you still don’t get it!!! In the end I think it’s worth it 😊👍 ⚠️Also DID I MENTION ITS FREEE YOU DON’T HAVE TO PAY FOR ANYTHING AND STILL GET YOUR GRADES IN PERFECTLY❗️❗️⚠️
Thomas R
iOS user
Knowunity is the BEST app I’ve used in a minute. This is not an ai review or anything this is genuinely coming from a 7th grade student (I know 2011 im young) but dude this app is a 10/10 i have maintained a 3.8 gpa and have plenty of time for gaming. I love it and my mom is just happy I got good grades
Brad T
Android user
Not only did it help me find the answer but it also showed me alternative ways to solve it. I was horrible in math and science but now I have an a in both subjects. Thanks for the help🤍🤍
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
I found this app a couple years ago and it has only gotten better since then. I really love it because it can help with written questions and photo questions. Also, it can find study guides that other people have made as well as flashcard sets and practice tests. The free version is also amazing for students who might not be able to afford it. Would 100% recommend
Aubrey
iOS user
Best app if you're in Highschool or Junior high. I have been using this app for 2 school years and it's the best, it's good if you don't have anyone to help you with school work.😋🩷🎀
Marco B
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This app is phenomenal down to the correct info and the various topics you can study! I greatly recommend it for people who struggle with procrastination and those who need homework help. It has been perfectly accurate for world 1 history as far as I’ve seen! Geometry too!
Paul T
iOS user
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
I think it’s very much worth it and you’ll end up using it a lot once you get the hang of it and even after looking at others notes you can still ask your Artificial intelligence buddy the question and ask to simplify it if you still don’t get it!!! In the end I think it’s worth it 😊👍 ⚠️Also DID I MENTION ITS FREEE YOU DON’T HAVE TO PAY FOR ANYTHING AND STILL GET YOUR GRADES IN PERFECTLY❗️❗️⚠️
Thomas R
iOS user
Knowunity is the BEST app I’ve used in a minute. This is not an ai review or anything this is genuinely coming from a 7th grade student (I know 2011 im young) but dude this app is a 10/10 i have maintained a 3.8 gpa and have plenty of time for gaming. I love it and my mom is just happy I got good grades
Brad T
Android user
Not only did it help me find the answer but it also showed me alternative ways to solve it. I was horrible in math and science but now I have an a in both subjects. Thanks for the help🤍🤍
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
I found this app a couple years ago and it has only gotten better since then. I really love it because it can help with written questions and photo questions. Also, it can find study guides that other people have made as well as flashcard sets and practice tests. The free version is also amazing for students who might not be able to afford it. Would 100% recommend
Aubrey
iOS user
Best app if you're in Highschool or Junior high. I have been using this app for 2 school years and it's the best, it's good if you don't have anyone to help you with school work.😋🩷🎀
Marco B
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This app is phenomenal down to the correct info and the various topics you can study! I greatly recommend it for people who struggle with procrastination and those who need homework help. It has been perfectly accurate for world 1 history as far as I’ve seen! Geometry too!
Paul T
iOS user
Mendelian Genetics: Foundational Principles of Inheritance
Gregor Mendel's groundbreaking work with pea plants established the fundamental laws of genetic inheritance, revolutionizing our understanding of how traits are passed from parents to offspring. This summary explores key concepts in Mendelian genetics... Show more
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This page delves deeper into Mendel's experimental crosses and introduces key genetic concepts.
The page presents a table showing Mendel's crosses for seven different pea plant characteristics, illustrating how he paired contrasting traits in the parental generation (P1) and observed the resulting offspring in the first filial generation (F1).
Example: For seed color, Mendel crossed yellow seeds with green seeds, and the F1 generation produced yellow seeds.
The page then introduces several important genetic terms:
Vocabulary:
- Genes: Units of heredity, sections of DNA sequence encoding a single protein.
- Alleles: Alternative forms of a gene.
- Locus: Fixed location on a DNA strand where a gene or one of its alleles is located.
The concept of using letter names to represent genes controlling hereditary characters is explained, using plant height as an example:
Example: For plant height, T represents the tall allele (dominant), while t represents the short allele (recessive).
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
This page introduces the concepts of dominant and recessive alleles, as well as genotypes and phenotypes.
Definition:
- Dominant allele: An allele that masks or suppresses the expression of an alternate allele, represented by an uppercase letter.
- Recessive allele: An allele that is masked by a dominant allele, represented by a lowercase letter.
The page then explains the concepts of genotype and phenotype:
Vocabulary:
- Genotype: The genetic makeup of an organism, written in letter form (e.g., TT).
- Phenotype: The physical appearance of an organism as a result of its genotype (e.g., Tall).
An illustration of chromosomes in a non-dividing cell is provided, showing the locus and alleles on maternal and paternal chromosomes.
The page concludes by introducing two types of genotypes:
Example: In the case of plant height, TT and tt are homozygous genotypes, while Tt is a heterozygous genotype.
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
This page covers various types of genetic crosses, Mendel's conclusions, and introduces the Punnett square as a tool for predicting genetic outcomes.
The page begins by explaining different types of genetic crosses:
Vocabulary:
- Monohybrid cross: A genetic cross involving a single pair of genes (one trait).
- Dihybrid cross: A genetic cross involving two pairs of genes (two traits).
Mendel's conclusion from his experiments is presented:
Quote: "When true-breeding plants with contrasting traits are crossed, all offspring (100%) will express only one of the two traits."
The Punnett square is introduced as a useful tool for predicting the genotypes and phenotypes of offspring in genetic crosses.
Definition: Punnett square: A diagram used to predict the possible genotypes and phenotypes of offspring resulting from a genetic cross.
The concept of probability in genetics is also explained:
Definition: Probability: The chance of getting a particular outcome over all possible outcomes.
Example: Examples of probability include tossing a coin, rolling a dice, or picking a card from a deck of cards.
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
This page provides detailed examples of monohybrid crosses, demonstrating how to use Punnett squares and calculate probabilities.
The first example involves a cross between a homozygous man with free earlobes and a woman with attached earlobes:
Example: Using the legend F for free earlobes (dominant) and f for attached earlobes (recessive), the cross is represented as FF x ff.
The Punnett square for this cross is shown, and the probabilities are calculated:
A second example involves a couple who are both heterozygous for tongue rolling:
Example: Using the legend R for roller and r for non-roller (recessive), the cross is represented as Rr x Rr.
The Punnett square is provided, and various probabilities are calculated, including:
The page concludes by introducing Mendel's Laws:
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
This page focuses on dihybrid crosses and provides a detailed example to illustrate the concept.
Definition: Dihybrid cross: A mating involving two parents that differ in two genes (two independent traits).
The page presents an example of a dihybrid cross in summer squash, involving fruit color and shape:
Example: In summer squash, white fruit color is dominant over yellow, and disk-shaped fruit is dominant over sphere-shaped fruit. The cross involves a plant heterozygous for both traits and a plant true-breeding for yellow, sphere-shaped fruit (wwdd).
A Punnett square for this cross is provided, along with a detailed analysis of the results:
This example demonstrates the application of Mendel's Principle of Independent Assortment, showing how traits for color and shape are inherited independently.
Highlight: Understanding dihybrid crosses is crucial for predicting the inheritance of multiple traits and forms the basis for more complex genetic analyses.
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
This page introduces the fundamental concepts of genetics and heredity, highlighting the pioneering work of Gregor Mendel.
Genetics is defined as the study of heredity, a branch of biology that investigates how biological hereditary information is passed from one generation to the next. Heredity refers to the transmission of traits or characteristics, such as eye color, from parents to offspring.
Highlight: Gregor Mendel , an Austrian monk, is considered the "Father of Genetics" due to his groundbreaking work with pea plants that laid the foundation for modern genetics.
The page explains why Mendel chose garden peas for his experiments, citing several advantages:
Mendel's experimental design involved studying one character with two contrasting expressions at a time, allowing plants to self-pollinate to produce pure-breds, and then cross-pollinating two pure-breds with contrasting expressions.
Example: Mendel's pea plant experiment focused on seven distinct characteristics, including seed color, seed shape, pod color, pod shape, flower position, flower color, and plant height.
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
Our AI companion is specifically built for the needs of students. Based on the millions of content pieces we have on the platform we can provide truly meaningful and relevant answers to students. But its not only about answers, the companion is even more about guiding students through their daily learning challenges, with personalised study plans, quizzes or content pieces in the chat and 100% personalisation based on the students skills and developments.
You can download the app in the Google Play Store and in the Apple App Store.
That's right! Enjoy free access to study content, connect with fellow students, and get instant help – all at your fingertips.
App Store
Google Play
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
I think it’s very much worth it and you’ll end up using it a lot once you get the hang of it and even after looking at others notes you can still ask your Artificial intelligence buddy the question and ask to simplify it if you still don’t get it!!! In the end I think it’s worth it 😊👍 ⚠️Also DID I MENTION ITS FREEE YOU DON’T HAVE TO PAY FOR ANYTHING AND STILL GET YOUR GRADES IN PERFECTLY❗️❗️⚠️
Thomas R
iOS user
Knowunity is the BEST app I’ve used in a minute. This is not an ai review or anything this is genuinely coming from a 7th grade student (I know 2011 im young) but dude this app is a 10/10 i have maintained a 3.8 gpa and have plenty of time for gaming. I love it and my mom is just happy I got good grades
Brad T
Android user
Not only did it help me find the answer but it also showed me alternative ways to solve it. I was horrible in math and science but now I have an a in both subjects. Thanks for the help🤍🤍
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
I found this app a couple years ago and it has only gotten better since then. I really love it because it can help with written questions and photo questions. Also, it can find study guides that other people have made as well as flashcard sets and practice tests. The free version is also amazing for students who might not be able to afford it. Would 100% recommend
Aubrey
iOS user
Best app if you're in Highschool or Junior high. I have been using this app for 2 school years and it's the best, it's good if you don't have anyone to help you with school work.😋🩷🎀
Marco B
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This app is phenomenal down to the correct info and the various topics you can study! I greatly recommend it for people who struggle with procrastination and those who need homework help. It has been perfectly accurate for world 1 history as far as I’ve seen! Geometry too!
Paul T
iOS user
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
I think it’s very much worth it and you’ll end up using it a lot once you get the hang of it and even after looking at others notes you can still ask your Artificial intelligence buddy the question and ask to simplify it if you still don’t get it!!! In the end I think it’s worth it 😊👍 ⚠️Also DID I MENTION ITS FREEE YOU DON’T HAVE TO PAY FOR ANYTHING AND STILL GET YOUR GRADES IN PERFECTLY❗️❗️⚠️
Thomas R
iOS user
Knowunity is the BEST app I’ve used in a minute. This is not an ai review or anything this is genuinely coming from a 7th grade student (I know 2011 im young) but dude this app is a 10/10 i have maintained a 3.8 gpa and have plenty of time for gaming. I love it and my mom is just happy I got good grades
Brad T
Android user
Not only did it help me find the answer but it also showed me alternative ways to solve it. I was horrible in math and science but now I have an a in both subjects. Thanks for the help🤍🤍
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
I found this app a couple years ago and it has only gotten better since then. I really love it because it can help with written questions and photo questions. Also, it can find study guides that other people have made as well as flashcard sets and practice tests. The free version is also amazing for students who might not be able to afford it. Would 100% recommend
Aubrey
iOS user
Best app if you're in Highschool or Junior high. I have been using this app for 2 school years and it's the best, it's good if you don't have anyone to help you with school work.😋🩷🎀
Marco B
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This app is phenomenal down to the correct info and the various topics you can study! I greatly recommend it for people who struggle with procrastination and those who need homework help. It has been perfectly accurate for world 1 history as far as I’ve seen! Geometry too!
Paul T
iOS user