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Genes

Sources of Genetic Variation

264

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Sep 16, 2023

•

2 pages

Awesome Natural Selection, Evolution, and Mutation: Simple Examples for Kids

user profile picture

Ahmed Nour ✓™

@ahmednour

Natural selection is a fundamental mechanism of evolution, driving the... Show more

Dawins theory of evolution. → individuals in a species show VARIATION difference in genes caused by alleles. → characteristies most suited t

Causes of Mutations and Speciation Mechanisms

Mutations are a crucial source of genetic variation that fuels the process of natural selection. The causes and effects of mutations in species include:

  1. Chemicals
  2. Radiation
  3. Viruses

Highlight: Mutations can lead to antibiotic resistance in bacteria, demonstrating natural selection in action.

Other sources of variation include meiosis, which involves:

  • Independent assortment of chromosomes
  • Crossing over geneticrecombinationgenetic recombination

These processes contribute to intraspecific competition, where individuals within a species compete for resources. This competition leads to the survival and reproduction of organisms with advantageous alleles.

Definition: Allopatric speciation is the formation of new species through geographic isolation of populations, which reduces gene flow.

Allopatric speciation occurs when physical barriers e.g.,seas,mountainse.g., seas, mountains separate populations, leading to:

  • Rapid genetic changes
  • Alterations in morphology, behavior, and habitat preferences

Example: Islands often have distinct gene pools due to geographic isolation.

Sympatric speciation occurs without geographical isolation but still results in reduced gene flow. It can be caused by:

  1. Pre-mating isolation factors: Ecological differenthabitatsdifferent habitats Temporal differentbreedingtimes/seasonsdifferent breeding times/seasons Behavioral incompatiblecourtshipbehaviorsincompatible courtship behaviors Physical/physiological differences
  2. Post-zygotic factors: Hybrid unfitness Hybrid sterility

Vocabulary: Polyploidy is a cell division error resulting in multiple sets of chromosomes, which can lead to reproductive isolation and speciation.

These mechanisms of speciation demonstrate how natural selection and genetic variation contribute to the diversity of life on Earth, showcasing the ongoing process of evolution in action.

Dawins theory of evolution. → individuals in a species show VARIATION difference in genes caused by alleles. → characteristies most suited t

Darwin's Theory of Evolution and Natural Selection

Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection is based on the principle that individuals within a species show variation due to differences in genes caused by alleles. This variation is crucial for the process of natural selection, where characteristics most suited to the environment are more likely to survive and be passed on to offspring.

Definition: Natural selection simple definition - The process by which organisms better adapted to their environment tend to survive and produce more offspring.

Natural selection factors and examples include:

  1. Availability of food bioticbiotic
  2. Predators bioticbiotic
  3. Diseases bioticbiotic
  4. Physical and chemical environmental conditions abioticabiotic

These factors create selection pressures that drive adaptation in species.

Example: The camel demonstrates several adaptations to its desert environment:

  • Hump for fat storage and energy
  • Large feet for stability in sand
  • Ability to close nostrils during sandstorms
  • Rough tongue for eating thorny plants

Types of adaptations:

  1. Structural/Anatomical: Physical differences in biological structure e.g.,flagellaonbacteria,webbedfeete.g., flagella on bacteria, webbed feet
  2. Physiological: Internal processes that maintain homeostasis e.g.,hibernation,antibioticproductione.g., hibernation, antibiotic production
  3. Behavioral: Differences in patterns of activity or behavior e.g.,migration,matingritualse.g., migration, mating rituals

Highlight: Behavioral adaptations can be innate bornwithborn with or learned through experience and observation.

Convergent evolution occurs when unrelated species evolve similar traits due to similar environmental pressures. This demonstrates how habitat and lifestyle can shape organisms regardless of their evolutionary history.

Example: Placental moles and marsupial moles have evolved similar adaptations despite different origins.

The benefits of adaptations include:

  • Aiding survival in ecological niches
  • Supporting normal growth
  • Regulating body temperature and metabolism
  • Conserving and maximizing resources water,nutrients,sunlight,ionswater, nutrients, sunlight, ions

Vocabulary: Divergent evolution occurs when related species evolve different traits due to different environmental pressures.



Can't find what you're looking for? Explore other subjects.

Students love us — and so will you.

4.9/5

App Store

4.8/5

Google Play

The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.

Stefan S

iOS user

This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.

Samantha Klich

Android user

Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.

Anna

iOS user

I think it’s very much worth it and you’ll end up using it a lot once you get the hang of it and even after looking at others notes you can still ask your Artificial intelligence buddy the question and ask to simplify it if you still don’t get it!!! In the end I think it’s worth it 😊👍 ⚠️Also DID I MENTION ITS FREEE YOU DON’T HAVE TO PAY FOR ANYTHING AND STILL GET YOUR GRADES IN PERFECTLY❗️❗️⚠️

Thomas R

iOS user

Knowunity is the BEST app I’ve used in a minute. This is not an ai review or anything this is genuinely coming from a 7th grade student (I know 2011 im young) but dude this app is a 10/10 i have maintained a 3.8 gpa and have plenty of time for gaming. I love it and my mom is just happy I got good grades

Brad T

Android user

Not only did it help me find the answer but it also showed me alternative ways to solve it. I was horrible in math and science but now I have an a in both subjects. Thanks for the help🤍🤍

David K

iOS user

The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!

Sudenaz Ocak

Android user

In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.

Greenlight Bonnie

Android user

I found this app a couple years ago and it has only gotten better since then. I really love it because it can help with written questions and photo questions. Also, it can find study guides that other people have made as well as flashcard sets and practice tests. The free version is also amazing for students who might not be able to afford it. Would 100% recommend

Aubrey

iOS user

Best app if you're in Highschool or Junior high. I have been using this app for 2 school years and it's the best, it's good if you don't have anyone to help you with school work.😋🩷🎀

Marco B

iOS user

THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮

Elisha

iOS user

This app is phenomenal down to the correct info and the various topics you can study! I greatly recommend it for people who struggle with procrastination and those who need homework help. It has been perfectly accurate for world 1 history as far as I’ve seen! Geometry too!

Paul T

iOS user

The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.

Stefan S

iOS user

This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.

Samantha Klich

Android user

Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.

Anna

iOS user

I think it’s very much worth it and you’ll end up using it a lot once you get the hang of it and even after looking at others notes you can still ask your Artificial intelligence buddy the question and ask to simplify it if you still don’t get it!!! In the end I think it’s worth it 😊👍 ⚠️Also DID I MENTION ITS FREEE YOU DON’T HAVE TO PAY FOR ANYTHING AND STILL GET YOUR GRADES IN PERFECTLY❗️❗️⚠️

Thomas R

iOS user

Knowunity is the BEST app I’ve used in a minute. This is not an ai review or anything this is genuinely coming from a 7th grade student (I know 2011 im young) but dude this app is a 10/10 i have maintained a 3.8 gpa and have plenty of time for gaming. I love it and my mom is just happy I got good grades

Brad T

Android user

Not only did it help me find the answer but it also showed me alternative ways to solve it. I was horrible in math and science but now I have an a in both subjects. Thanks for the help🤍🤍

David K

iOS user

The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!

Sudenaz Ocak

Android user

In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.

Greenlight Bonnie

Android user

I found this app a couple years ago and it has only gotten better since then. I really love it because it can help with written questions and photo questions. Also, it can find study guides that other people have made as well as flashcard sets and practice tests. The free version is also amazing for students who might not be able to afford it. Would 100% recommend

Aubrey

iOS user

Best app if you're in Highschool or Junior high. I have been using this app for 2 school years and it's the best, it's good if you don't have anyone to help you with school work.😋🩷🎀

Marco B

iOS user

THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮

Elisha

iOS user

This app is phenomenal down to the correct info and the various topics you can study! I greatly recommend it for people who struggle with procrastination and those who need homework help. It has been perfectly accurate for world 1 history as far as I’ve seen! Geometry too!

Paul T

iOS user

Subjects

Biology

Genes

Sources of Genetic Variation

 

Biology

•

264

•

Sep 16, 2023

•

2 pages

Awesome Natural Selection, Evolution, and Mutation: Simple Examples for Kids

user profile picture

Ahmed Nour ✓™

@ahmednour

Natural selection is a fundamental mechanism of evolution, driving the adaptation of species to their environments. This summary explores key aspects of Darwin's theory of natural selection, including variation, factors influencing selection, types of adaptations, and mechanisms of speciation.... Show more

Dawins theory of evolution. → individuals in a species show VARIATION difference in genes caused by alleles. → characteristies most suited t

Sign up to see the contentIt's free!

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Improve your grades

Join milions of students

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Causes of Mutations and Speciation Mechanisms

Mutations are a crucial source of genetic variation that fuels the process of natural selection. The causes and effects of mutations in species include:

  1. Chemicals
  2. Radiation
  3. Viruses

Highlight: Mutations can lead to antibiotic resistance in bacteria, demonstrating natural selection in action.

Other sources of variation include meiosis, which involves:

  • Independent assortment of chromosomes
  • Crossing over geneticrecombinationgenetic recombination

These processes contribute to intraspecific competition, where individuals within a species compete for resources. This competition leads to the survival and reproduction of organisms with advantageous alleles.

Definition: Allopatric speciation is the formation of new species through geographic isolation of populations, which reduces gene flow.

Allopatric speciation occurs when physical barriers e.g.,seas,mountainse.g., seas, mountains separate populations, leading to:

  • Rapid genetic changes
  • Alterations in morphology, behavior, and habitat preferences

Example: Islands often have distinct gene pools due to geographic isolation.

Sympatric speciation occurs without geographical isolation but still results in reduced gene flow. It can be caused by:

  1. Pre-mating isolation factors: Ecological differenthabitatsdifferent habitats Temporal differentbreedingtimes/seasonsdifferent breeding times/seasons Behavioral incompatiblecourtshipbehaviorsincompatible courtship behaviors Physical/physiological differences
  2. Post-zygotic factors: Hybrid unfitness Hybrid sterility

Vocabulary: Polyploidy is a cell division error resulting in multiple sets of chromosomes, which can lead to reproductive isolation and speciation.

These mechanisms of speciation demonstrate how natural selection and genetic variation contribute to the diversity of life on Earth, showcasing the ongoing process of evolution in action.

Dawins theory of evolution. → individuals in a species show VARIATION difference in genes caused by alleles. → characteristies most suited t

Sign up to see the contentIt's free!

Access to all documents

Improve your grades

Join milions of students

By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy

Darwin's Theory of Evolution and Natural Selection

Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection is based on the principle that individuals within a species show variation due to differences in genes caused by alleles. This variation is crucial for the process of natural selection, where characteristics most suited to the environment are more likely to survive and be passed on to offspring.

Definition: Natural selection simple definition - The process by which organisms better adapted to their environment tend to survive and produce more offspring.

Natural selection factors and examples include:

  1. Availability of food bioticbiotic
  2. Predators bioticbiotic
  3. Diseases bioticbiotic
  4. Physical and chemical environmental conditions abioticabiotic

These factors create selection pressures that drive adaptation in species.

Example: The camel demonstrates several adaptations to its desert environment:

  • Hump for fat storage and energy
  • Large feet for stability in sand
  • Ability to close nostrils during sandstorms
  • Rough tongue for eating thorny plants

Types of adaptations:

  1. Structural/Anatomical: Physical differences in biological structure e.g.,flagellaonbacteria,webbedfeete.g., flagella on bacteria, webbed feet
  2. Physiological: Internal processes that maintain homeostasis e.g.,hibernation,antibioticproductione.g., hibernation, antibiotic production
  3. Behavioral: Differences in patterns of activity or behavior e.g.,migration,matingritualse.g., migration, mating rituals

Highlight: Behavioral adaptations can be innate bornwithborn with or learned through experience and observation.

Convergent evolution occurs when unrelated species evolve similar traits due to similar environmental pressures. This demonstrates how habitat and lifestyle can shape organisms regardless of their evolutionary history.

Example: Placental moles and marsupial moles have evolved similar adaptations despite different origins.

The benefits of adaptations include:

  • Aiding survival in ecological niches
  • Supporting normal growth
  • Regulating body temperature and metabolism
  • Conserving and maximizing resources water,nutrients,sunlight,ionswater, nutrients, sunlight, ions

Vocabulary: Divergent evolution occurs when related species evolve different traits due to different environmental pressures.

Can't find what you're looking for? Explore other subjects.

Students love us — and so will you.

4.9/5

App Store

4.8/5

Google Play

The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.

Stefan S

iOS user

This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.

Samantha Klich

Android user

Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.

Anna

iOS user

I think it’s very much worth it and you’ll end up using it a lot once you get the hang of it and even after looking at others notes you can still ask your Artificial intelligence buddy the question and ask to simplify it if you still don’t get it!!! In the end I think it’s worth it 😊👍 ⚠️Also DID I MENTION ITS FREEE YOU DON’T HAVE TO PAY FOR ANYTHING AND STILL GET YOUR GRADES IN PERFECTLY❗️❗️⚠️

Thomas R

iOS user

Knowunity is the BEST app I’ve used in a minute. This is not an ai review or anything this is genuinely coming from a 7th grade student (I know 2011 im young) but dude this app is a 10/10 i have maintained a 3.8 gpa and have plenty of time for gaming. I love it and my mom is just happy I got good grades

Brad T

Android user

Not only did it help me find the answer but it also showed me alternative ways to solve it. I was horrible in math and science but now I have an a in both subjects. Thanks for the help🤍🤍

David K

iOS user

The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!

Sudenaz Ocak

Android user

In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.

Greenlight Bonnie

Android user

I found this app a couple years ago and it has only gotten better since then. I really love it because it can help with written questions and photo questions. Also, it can find study guides that other people have made as well as flashcard sets and practice tests. The free version is also amazing for students who might not be able to afford it. Would 100% recommend

Aubrey

iOS user

Best app if you're in Highschool or Junior high. I have been using this app for 2 school years and it's the best, it's good if you don't have anyone to help you with school work.😋🩷🎀

Marco B

iOS user

THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮

Elisha

iOS user

This app is phenomenal down to the correct info and the various topics you can study! I greatly recommend it for people who struggle with procrastination and those who need homework help. It has been perfectly accurate for world 1 history as far as I’ve seen! Geometry too!

Paul T

iOS user

The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.

Stefan S

iOS user

This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.

Samantha Klich

Android user

Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.

Anna

iOS user

I think it’s very much worth it and you’ll end up using it a lot once you get the hang of it and even after looking at others notes you can still ask your Artificial intelligence buddy the question and ask to simplify it if you still don’t get it!!! In the end I think it’s worth it 😊👍 ⚠️Also DID I MENTION ITS FREEE YOU DON’T HAVE TO PAY FOR ANYTHING AND STILL GET YOUR GRADES IN PERFECTLY❗️❗️⚠️

Thomas R

iOS user

Knowunity is the BEST app I’ve used in a minute. This is not an ai review or anything this is genuinely coming from a 7th grade student (I know 2011 im young) but dude this app is a 10/10 i have maintained a 3.8 gpa and have plenty of time for gaming. I love it and my mom is just happy I got good grades

Brad T

Android user

Not only did it help me find the answer but it also showed me alternative ways to solve it. I was horrible in math and science but now I have an a in both subjects. Thanks for the help🤍🤍

David K

iOS user

The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!

Sudenaz Ocak

Android user

In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.

Greenlight Bonnie

Android user

I found this app a couple years ago and it has only gotten better since then. I really love it because it can help with written questions and photo questions. Also, it can find study guides that other people have made as well as flashcard sets and practice tests. The free version is also amazing for students who might not be able to afford it. Would 100% recommend

Aubrey

iOS user

Best app if you're in Highschool or Junior high. I have been using this app for 2 school years and it's the best, it's good if you don't have anyone to help you with school work.😋🩷🎀

Marco B

iOS user

THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮

Elisha

iOS user

This app is phenomenal down to the correct info and the various topics you can study! I greatly recommend it for people who struggle with procrastination and those who need homework help. It has been perfectly accurate for world 1 history as far as I’ve seen! Geometry too!

Paul T

iOS user