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Xiuyi ๐ฆฅ
7/16/2023
Chemistry
Covalent bond
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![12/21/21
Ain How do we describe covalent bond? akiak) sernime :
Lewis dot
To
(_-NON),
diagram
[bracket charge ]
I. Bond: Intramolecular forc](/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fcontent-eu-central-1.knowunity.com%2FCONTENT%2FncoMhYLjejxQuEpxJUVv_image_page_1.webp&w=2048&q=75)
Lewis Dot Diagrams and Electronegativity
Lewis dot diagrams are visual representations of valence electrons in atoms and molecules. They are crucial for understanding bonding patterns and electron distribution.
Definition: A Lewis dot diagram uses dots to represent valence electrons around an atom's symbol.
Key points about electronegativity and its role in bonding:
- Electronegativity ranges from 0.7 to 4.0 on the Pauling scale
- Metals have lower electronegativity (closer to 0.7)
- Nonmetals have higher electronegativity (closer to 4.0)
- Noble gases do not have assigned electronegativity values
Highlight: The electronegativity difference between bonded atoms determines the type of bond formed (ionic, polar covalent, or nonpolar covalent).
Properties of metals and nonmetals in bonding:
Metals:
- Low electronegativity and ionization energy
- Good conductors of heat and electricity
- Malleable and ductile
Nonmetals:
- High electronegativity and ionization energy
- Poor conductors of heat and electricity
- Brittle and non-malleable
Example: Copper is a metal that conducts electricity well, while sulfur is a nonmetal that is a poor conductor.
Understanding these properties is crucial for predicting chemical behavior and bond types. Covalent bonds are formed between two non-metals, while ionic bonds metal or non-metal combinations typically involve a metal and a nonmetal.
![12/21/21
Ain How do we describe covalent bond? akiak) sernime :
Lewis dot
To
(_-NON),
diagram
[bracket charge ]
I. Bond: Intramolecular forc](/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fcontent-eu-central-1.knowunity.com%2FCONTENT%2FncoMhYLjejxQuEpxJUVv_image_page_2.webp&w=2048&q=75)
Drawing Covalent Structures and Determining Polarity
When drawing covalent structures, follow these general rules:
- Count the total number of valence electrons
- Determine the central atom (usually the least electronegative)
- Draw the skeletal structure
- Place electron dots around atoms to represent valence electrons
Highlight: The shape of a molecule helps determine its polarity - symmetrical molecules are often nonpolar, while asymmetrical ones are polar.
How to determine polarity with electronegativity:
- Calculate the electronegativity difference between bonded atoms
- Determine individual bond polarities
- Consider the overall molecular geometry
Example: In HโO, the O-H bonds are polar, and the bent shape results in a polar molecule. In COโ, the C=O bonds are polar, but the linear shape results in a nonpolar molecule.
Understanding molecular shape and polarity is crucial for predicting chemical properties and reactions. This knowledge is fundamental for students learning how to determine polarity of covalent bonds class 11 and beyond.
![12/21/21
Ain How do we describe covalent bond? akiak) sernime :
Lewis dot
To
(_-NON),
diagram
[bracket charge ]
I. Bond: Intramolecular forc](/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fcontent-eu-central-1.knowunity.com%2FCONTENT%2FncoMhYLjejxQuEpxJUVv_image_page_3.webp&w=2048&q=75)
Covalent Bond Polarity and Molecular Shapes
The polarity of a covalent bond is determined by the type of electron sharing between atoms. Unequal sharing leads to polar bonds, while equal sharing results in nonpolar bonds.
Definition: Bond polarity refers to the uneven distribution of electron density in a chemical bond.
Factors affecting molecular polarity:
- Individual bond polarities
- Molecular geometry
- Presence of lone pairs
Highlight: A molecule can have polar bonds but still be nonpolar overall due to symmetry.
Five basic molecular shapes:
- Linear (180ยฐ angle)
- Bent
- Trigonal planar
- Tetrahedral
- Trigonal pyramidal
How to determine polarity of covalent bonds involves considering both bond polarity and molecular geometry. This understanding is crucial for predicting molecular behavior and interactions.
Example: COโ has polar C=O bonds but is linear, resulting in a nonpolar molecule. HโO has polar O-H bonds and a bent shape, making it a polar molecule.
Mastering these concepts is essential for students studying chemistry at various levels, from how to determine polarity of covalent bonds class 11 to more advanced courses.
![12/21/21
Ain How do we describe covalent bond? akiak) sernime :
Lewis dot
To
(_-NON),
diagram
[bracket charge ]
I. Bond: Intramolecular forc](/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fcontent-eu-central-1.knowunity.com%2FCONTENT%2FncoMhYLjejxQuEpxJUVv_image_page_4.webp&w=2048&q=75)
Describing Covalent Bonds
Covalent bonds are intramolecular forces of attraction between atoms in a molecule, typically forming between nonmetals. They involve the sharing of electrons to achieve stable electron configurations.
Definition: A covalent bond is a chemical bond formed by the sharing of electrons between atoms.
Key points about covalent bonds:
- They form between nonmetal atoms
- Electrons are shared rather than transferred
- The type of sharing (equal or unequal) determines bond polarity
Example: Common covalent molecules include Hโ, Oโ, and Clโ
How to determine polarity of covalent bonds using electronegativity:
- Calculate the electronegativity difference between bonded atoms
- Bonds with a difference of 0-0.4 are generally nonpolar
- Bonds with a difference of 0.4-1.7 are polar covalent
Highlight: The electronegativity difference is crucial in determining bond polarity and overall molecular polarity.
Polar covalent bond examples include HCl, HโO, and NHโ, while nonpolar covalent bond examples include Hโ, Nโ, and Oโ.
Vocabulary: Electronegativity - The ability of an atom to attract electrons in a chemical bond
Understanding the differences between ionic and covalent bonds with examples is essential for predicting chemical behavior and properties.
![12/21/21
Ain How do we describe covalent bond? akiak) sernime :
Lewis dot
To
(_-NON),
diagram
[bracket charge ]
I. Bond: Intramolecular forc](/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fcontent-eu-central-1.knowunity.com%2FCONTENT%2FncoMhYLjejxQuEpxJUVv_image_page_5.webp&w=2048&q=75)
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Not only did it help me find the answer but it also showed me alternative ways to solve it. I was horrible in math and science but now I have an a in both subjects. Thanks for the help๐ค๐ค
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Best app if you're in Highschool or Junior high. I have been using this app for 2 school years and it's the best, it's good if you don't have anyone to help you with school work.๐๐ฉท๐
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THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH ๐๐๐ฒ๐ค๐โจ๐๐ฎ
Elisha
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This app is phenomenal down to the correct info and the various topics you can study! I greatly recommend it for people who struggle with procrastination and those who need homework help. It has been perfectly accurate for world 1 history as far as Iโve seen! Geometry too!
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The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
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iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
I think itโs very much worth it and youโll end up using it a lot once you get the hang of it and even after looking at others notes you can still ask your Artificial intelligence buddy the question and ask to simplify it if you still donโt get it!!! In the end I think itโs worth it ๐๐ โ ๏ธAlso DID I MENTION ITS FREEE YOU DONโT HAVE TO PAY FOR ANYTHING AND STILL GET YOUR GRADES IN PERFECTLYโ๏ธโ๏ธโ ๏ธ
Thomas R
iOS user
Knowunity is the BEST app Iโve used in a minute. This is not an ai review or anything this is genuinely coming from a 7th grade student (I know 2011 im young) but dude this app is a 10/10 i have maintained a 3.8 gpa and have plenty of time for gaming. I love it and my mom is just happy I got good grades
Brad T
Android user
Not only did it help me find the answer but it also showed me alternative ways to solve it. I was horrible in math and science but now I have an a in both subjects. Thanks for the help๐ค๐ค
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
I found this app a couple years ago and it has only gotten better since then. I really love it because it can help with written questions and photo questions. Also, it can find study guides that other people have made as well as flashcard sets and practice tests. The free version is also amazing for students who might not be able to afford it. Would 100% recommend
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iOS user
Best app if you're in Highschool or Junior high. I have been using this app for 2 school years and it's the best, it's good if you don't have anyone to help you with school work.๐๐ฉท๐
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iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH ๐๐๐ฒ๐ค๐โจ๐๐ฎ
Elisha
iOS user
This app is phenomenal down to the correct info and the various topics you can study! I greatly recommend it for people who struggle with procrastination and those who need homework help. It has been perfectly accurate for world 1 history as far as Iโve seen! Geometry too!
Paul T
iOS user
How to Find Out if Covalent Bonds are Polar or Nonpolar
How to determine polarity of covalent bonds in chemistryis crucial for understanding molecular behavior. Covalent bonds form between nonmetals, sharing electrons to achieve stable electron configurations. The polarity of these bonds depends on the electronegativity difference between the atoms... Show more
Lewis Dot Diagrams and Electronegativity
Lewis dot diagrams are visual representations of valence electrons in atoms and molecules. They are crucial for understanding bonding patterns and electron distribution.
Definition: A Lewis dot diagram uses dots to represent valence electrons around an atom's symbol.
Key points about electronegativity and its role in bonding:
- Electronegativity ranges from 0.7 to 4.0 on the Pauling scale
- Metals have lower electronegativity (closer to 0.7)
- Nonmetals have higher electronegativity (closer to 4.0)
- Noble gases do not have assigned electronegativity values
Highlight: The electronegativity difference between bonded atoms determines the type of bond formed (ionic, polar covalent, or nonpolar covalent).
Properties of metals and nonmetals in bonding:
Metals:
- Low electronegativity and ionization energy
- Good conductors of heat and electricity
- Malleable and ductile
Nonmetals:
- High electronegativity and ionization energy
- Poor conductors of heat and electricity
- Brittle and non-malleable
Example: Copper is a metal that conducts electricity well, while sulfur is a nonmetal that is a poor conductor.
Understanding these properties is crucial for predicting chemical behavior and bond types. Covalent bonds are formed between two non-metals, while ionic bonds metal or non-metal combinations typically involve a metal and a nonmetal.
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Drawing Covalent Structures and Determining Polarity
When drawing covalent structures, follow these general rules:
- Count the total number of valence electrons
- Determine the central atom (usually the least electronegative)
- Draw the skeletal structure
- Place electron dots around atoms to represent valence electrons
Highlight: The shape of a molecule helps determine its polarity - symmetrical molecules are often nonpolar, while asymmetrical ones are polar.
How to determine polarity with electronegativity:
- Calculate the electronegativity difference between bonded atoms
- Determine individual bond polarities
- Consider the overall molecular geometry
Example: In HโO, the O-H bonds are polar, and the bent shape results in a polar molecule. In COโ, the C=O bonds are polar, but the linear shape results in a nonpolar molecule.
Understanding molecular shape and polarity is crucial for predicting chemical properties and reactions. This knowledge is fundamental for students learning how to determine polarity of covalent bonds class 11 and beyond.
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Covalent Bond Polarity and Molecular Shapes
The polarity of a covalent bond is determined by the type of electron sharing between atoms. Unequal sharing leads to polar bonds, while equal sharing results in nonpolar bonds.
Definition: Bond polarity refers to the uneven distribution of electron density in a chemical bond.
Factors affecting molecular polarity:
- Individual bond polarities
- Molecular geometry
- Presence of lone pairs
Highlight: A molecule can have polar bonds but still be nonpolar overall due to symmetry.
Five basic molecular shapes:
- Linear (180ยฐ angle)
- Bent
- Trigonal planar
- Tetrahedral
- Trigonal pyramidal
How to determine polarity of covalent bonds involves considering both bond polarity and molecular geometry. This understanding is crucial for predicting molecular behavior and interactions.
Example: COโ has polar C=O bonds but is linear, resulting in a nonpolar molecule. HโO has polar O-H bonds and a bent shape, making it a polar molecule.
Mastering these concepts is essential for students studying chemistry at various levels, from how to determine polarity of covalent bonds class 11 to more advanced courses.
Sign up to see the contentIt's free!
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Improve your grades
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By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
Describing Covalent Bonds
Covalent bonds are intramolecular forces of attraction between atoms in a molecule, typically forming between nonmetals. They involve the sharing of electrons to achieve stable electron configurations.
Definition: A covalent bond is a chemical bond formed by the sharing of electrons between atoms.
Key points about covalent bonds:
- They form between nonmetal atoms
- Electrons are shared rather than transferred
- The type of sharing (equal or unequal) determines bond polarity
Example: Common covalent molecules include Hโ, Oโ, and Clโ
How to determine polarity of covalent bonds using electronegativity:
- Calculate the electronegativity difference between bonded atoms
- Bonds with a difference of 0-0.4 are generally nonpolar
- Bonds with a difference of 0.4-1.7 are polar covalent
Highlight: The electronegativity difference is crucial in determining bond polarity and overall molecular polarity.
Polar covalent bond examples include HCl, HโO, and NHโ, while nonpolar covalent bond examples include Hโ, Nโ, and Oโ.
Vocabulary: Electronegativity - The ability of an atom to attract electrons in a chemical bond
Understanding the differences between ionic and covalent bonds with examples is essential for predicting chemical behavior and properties.
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Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
We thought youโd never ask...
What is the Knowunity AI companion?
Our AI companion is specifically built for the needs of students. Based on the millions of content pieces we have on the platform we can provide truly meaningful and relevant answers to students. But its not only about answers, the companion is even more about guiding students through their daily learning challenges, with personalised study plans, quizzes or content pieces in the chat and 100% personalisation based on the students skills and developments.
Where can I download the Knowunity app?
You can download the app in the Google Play Store and in the Apple App Store.
Is Knowunity really free of charge?
That's right! Enjoy free access to study content, connect with fellow students, and get instant help โ all at your fingertips.
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Transform this note into: โ 50+ Practice Questions โ Interactive Flashcards โ Full Mock Exam โ Essay Outlines
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Essay
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Students love us โ and so will you.
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4.8/5
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The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
I think itโs very much worth it and youโll end up using it a lot once you get the hang of it and even after looking at others notes you can still ask your Artificial intelligence buddy the question and ask to simplify it if you still donโt get it!!! In the end I think itโs worth it ๐๐ โ ๏ธAlso DID I MENTION ITS FREEE YOU DONโT HAVE TO PAY FOR ANYTHING AND STILL GET YOUR GRADES IN PERFECTLYโ๏ธโ๏ธโ ๏ธ
Thomas R
iOS user
Knowunity is the BEST app Iโve used in a minute. This is not an ai review or anything this is genuinely coming from a 7th grade student (I know 2011 im young) but dude this app is a 10/10 i have maintained a 3.8 gpa and have plenty of time for gaming. I love it and my mom is just happy I got good grades
Brad T
Android user
Not only did it help me find the answer but it also showed me alternative ways to solve it. I was horrible in math and science but now I have an a in both subjects. Thanks for the help๐ค๐ค
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
I found this app a couple years ago and it has only gotten better since then. I really love it because it can help with written questions and photo questions. Also, it can find study guides that other people have made as well as flashcard sets and practice tests. The free version is also amazing for students who might not be able to afford it. Would 100% recommend
Aubrey
iOS user
Best app if you're in Highschool or Junior high. I have been using this app for 2 school years and it's the best, it's good if you don't have anyone to help you with school work.๐๐ฉท๐
Marco B
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH ๐๐๐ฒ๐ค๐โจ๐๐ฎ
Elisha
iOS user
This app is phenomenal down to the correct info and the various topics you can study! I greatly recommend it for people who struggle with procrastination and those who need homework help. It has been perfectly accurate for world 1 history as far as Iโve seen! Geometry too!
Paul T
iOS user
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
I think itโs very much worth it and youโll end up using it a lot once you get the hang of it and even after looking at others notes you can still ask your Artificial intelligence buddy the question and ask to simplify it if you still donโt get it!!! In the end I think itโs worth it ๐๐ โ ๏ธAlso DID I MENTION ITS FREEE YOU DONโT HAVE TO PAY FOR ANYTHING AND STILL GET YOUR GRADES IN PERFECTLYโ๏ธโ๏ธโ ๏ธ
Thomas R
iOS user
Knowunity is the BEST app Iโve used in a minute. This is not an ai review or anything this is genuinely coming from a 7th grade student (I know 2011 im young) but dude this app is a 10/10 i have maintained a 3.8 gpa and have plenty of time for gaming. I love it and my mom is just happy I got good grades
Brad T
Android user
Not only did it help me find the answer but it also showed me alternative ways to solve it. I was horrible in math and science but now I have an a in both subjects. Thanks for the help๐ค๐ค
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
I found this app a couple years ago and it has only gotten better since then. I really love it because it can help with written questions and photo questions. Also, it can find study guides that other people have made as well as flashcard sets and practice tests. The free version is also amazing for students who might not be able to afford it. Would 100% recommend
Aubrey
iOS user
Best app if you're in Highschool or Junior high. I have been using this app for 2 school years and it's the best, it's good if you don't have anyone to help you with school work.๐๐ฉท๐
Marco B
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH ๐๐๐ฒ๐ค๐โจ๐๐ฎ
Elisha
iOS user
This app is phenomenal down to the correct info and the various topics you can study! I greatly recommend it for people who struggle with procrastination and those who need homework help. It has been perfectly accurate for world 1 history as far as Iโve seen! Geometry too!
Paul T
iOS user