How does the mind store and remember information?Memory involves... Show more
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Anna Zheng
10/6/2025
Psychology
Memory
70
•
Oct 6, 2025
•
Anna Zheng
@annazheng_rpos
How does the mind store and remember information?Memory involves... Show more
Memory Storage and the Stage Model
How are memories stored according to the popular stage model theory? This model proposes three distinct stages of memory storage:
Sensory memory briefly preserves information in its original sensory form for a fraction of a second. Short-term memory has limited capacity and duration.
Definition: Short-term memory is a limited-capacity store that can hold information for about 10-30 seconds without active rehearsal.
What part of the brain controls memory, and concentration? While the stage model doesn't specify brain regions, it highlights the role of attention and rehearsal in maintaining information in STM.
Highlight: Miller (1956) famously proposed that STM can hold 7 ± 2 items, known as Miller's Magic Number.
How does the human brain store and retrieve memories research paper? Key findings on STM include:
• Capacity of 5-9 items (average 7) • Duration of 10-30 seconds without rehearsal • Can be extended through active rehearsal • Capacity can be increased through chunking
Vocabulary: Chunking - Grouping individual items into meaningful units to increase STM capacity.
Working Memory and Long-Term Storage
How are memories stored in the brain on a molecular level? While this transcript doesn't delve into molecular mechanisms, it introduces the concept of working memory as a more complex model of short-term storage:
Working memory consists of multiple components:
Definition: Working memory is a theoretical framework that expands on the concept of short-term memory, incorporating multiple specialized components for different types of information processing.
How does the brain retrieve memories? The process of retrieval involves accessing stored information when needed. While not explicitly covered in this section, the stage model implies that information must be transferred from short-term to long-term storage for later retrieval.
Highlight: The distinction between short-term memory and working memory represents an evolution in our understanding of temporary information storage and manipulation in the brain.
Levels of Processing Theory in Memory
Levels of processing theory in psychology proposes that the depth of processing during encoding significantly impacts memory formation and retention. This theory, developed by Craik and Lockhart, suggests a continuum of processing depths:
Example: Analyzing the font of a word (structural) leads to weaker memory than considering its meaning in context (semantic).
Levels of processing theory in memory example: • Structural: Counting vowels in "ELEPHANT" • Phonemic: Rhyming "ELEPHANT" with other words • Semantic: Thinking about elephants' characteristics and habitat
Highlight: Research consistently shows that deeper, semantic processing results in stronger, more durable memories compared to shallow, structural processing.
Levels of processing Psychology definition: The theory positing that the strength of a memory depends on the depth of cognitive processing during encoding, with deeper, more meaningful processing leading to stronger memory traces.
Types of Memory Encoding Processes
Types of memory encoding processes in psychology include various strategies to enhance the formation of new memories:
Definition: Encoding is the initial process of memory formation where information is converted into a form that can be stored in the brain.
Encoding memory example: • Elaboration: Linking a new vocabulary word to a familiar concept • Dual-coding: Visualizing a historical event while reading about it • Self-referent: Relating a character's experiences to your own life
Semantic encoding involves processing the meaning of information, which typically results in stronger memory formation compared to structural or phonemic encoding.
Highlight: The effectiveness of encoding strategies can significantly impact learning and memory retention, making them crucial for educational and cognitive psychology.
Process of memory in Psychology involves the interplay of encoding, storage, and retrieval. Effective encoding sets the foundation for successful storage and later retrieval of information.
Vocabulary: Retrieval - The process of accessing and recovering stored information from memory when needed.
Memory Processes and Encoding
How does the brain store memories psychology? Memory formation begins with encoding, which involves forming a memory code from incoming sensory information. Attention is crucial for successful encoding - without focused awareness, information will not be properly encoded into memory.
The levels-of-processing theory proposes that deeper, more meaningful processing leads to stronger memory formation:
Highlight: Studies show semantic encoding produces the strongest memories, followed by phonemic, with structural being weakest.
Several techniques can enhance deep encoding:
• Elaboration - linking new information to existing knowledge
• Dual-coding - encoding information both verbally and visually
• Self-referent encoding - relating information to oneself
Example: Using imagery to visualize a concept while learning about it engages dual-coding and improves memory.
Vocabulary: Imagery - The creation of visual mental images to represent words or concepts.
Our AI companion is specifically built for the needs of students. Based on the millions of content pieces we have on the platform we can provide truly meaningful and relevant answers to students. But its not only about answers, the companion is even more about guiding students through their daily learning challenges, with personalised study plans, quizzes or content pieces in the chat and 100% personalisation based on the students skills and developments.
You can download the app in the Google Play Store and in the Apple App Store.
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The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
I think it’s very much worth it and you’ll end up using it a lot once you get the hang of it and even after looking at others notes you can still ask your Artificial intelligence buddy the question and ask to simplify it if you still don’t get it!!! In the end I think it’s worth it 😊👍 ⚠️Also DID I MENTION ITS FREEE YOU DON’T HAVE TO PAY FOR ANYTHING AND STILL GET YOUR GRADES IN PERFECTLY❗️❗️⚠️
Thomas R
iOS user
Knowunity is the BEST app I’ve used in a minute. This is not an ai review or anything this is genuinely coming from a 7th grade student (I know 2011 im young) but dude this app is a 10/10 i have maintained a 3.8 gpa and have plenty of time for gaming. I love it and my mom is just happy I got good grades
Brad T
Android user
Not only did it help me find the answer but it also showed me alternative ways to solve it. I was horrible in math and science but now I have an a in both subjects. Thanks for the help🤍🤍
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
I found this app a couple years ago and it has only gotten better since then. I really love it because it can help with written questions and photo questions. Also, it can find study guides that other people have made as well as flashcard sets and practice tests. The free version is also amazing for students who might not be able to afford it. Would 100% recommend
Aubrey
iOS user
Best app if you're in Highschool or Junior high. I have been using this app for 2 school years and it's the best, it's good if you don't have anyone to help you with school work.😋🩷🎀
Marco B
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This app is phenomenal down to the correct info and the various topics you can study! I greatly recommend it for people who struggle with procrastination and those who need homework help. It has been perfectly accurate for world 1 history as far as I’ve seen! Geometry too!
Paul T
iOS user
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
I think it’s very much worth it and you’ll end up using it a lot once you get the hang of it and even after looking at others notes you can still ask your Artificial intelligence buddy the question and ask to simplify it if you still don’t get it!!! In the end I think it’s worth it 😊👍 ⚠️Also DID I MENTION ITS FREEE YOU DON’T HAVE TO PAY FOR ANYTHING AND STILL GET YOUR GRADES IN PERFECTLY❗️❗️⚠️
Thomas R
iOS user
Knowunity is the BEST app I’ve used in a minute. This is not an ai review or anything this is genuinely coming from a 7th grade student (I know 2011 im young) but dude this app is a 10/10 i have maintained a 3.8 gpa and have plenty of time for gaming. I love it and my mom is just happy I got good grades
Brad T
Android user
Not only did it help me find the answer but it also showed me alternative ways to solve it. I was horrible in math and science but now I have an a in both subjects. Thanks for the help🤍🤍
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
I found this app a couple years ago and it has only gotten better since then. I really love it because it can help with written questions and photo questions. Also, it can find study guides that other people have made as well as flashcard sets and practice tests. The free version is also amazing for students who might not be able to afford it. Would 100% recommend
Aubrey
iOS user
Best app if you're in Highschool or Junior high. I have been using this app for 2 school years and it's the best, it's good if you don't have anyone to help you with school work.😋🩷🎀
Marco B
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This app is phenomenal down to the correct info and the various topics you can study! I greatly recommend it for people who struggle with procrastination and those who need homework help. It has been perfectly accurate for world 1 history as far as I’ve seen! Geometry too!
Paul T
iOS user
Anna Zheng
@annazheng_rpos
How does the mind store and remember information?Memory involves three key processes: encoding, storage, and retrieval. Encoding is how information enters memory, storage maintains it, and retrieval recovers it when needed. Attention plays a crucial role in encoding. The... Show more
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
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Memory Storage and the Stage Model
How are memories stored according to the popular stage model theory? This model proposes three distinct stages of memory storage:
Sensory memory briefly preserves information in its original sensory form for a fraction of a second. Short-term memory has limited capacity and duration.
Definition: Short-term memory is a limited-capacity store that can hold information for about 10-30 seconds without active rehearsal.
What part of the brain controls memory, and concentration? While the stage model doesn't specify brain regions, it highlights the role of attention and rehearsal in maintaining information in STM.
Highlight: Miller (1956) famously proposed that STM can hold 7 ± 2 items, known as Miller's Magic Number.
How does the human brain store and retrieve memories research paper? Key findings on STM include:
• Capacity of 5-9 items (average 7) • Duration of 10-30 seconds without rehearsal • Can be extended through active rehearsal • Capacity can be increased through chunking
Vocabulary: Chunking - Grouping individual items into meaningful units to increase STM capacity.
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Working Memory and Long-Term Storage
How are memories stored in the brain on a molecular level? While this transcript doesn't delve into molecular mechanisms, it introduces the concept of working memory as a more complex model of short-term storage:
Working memory consists of multiple components:
Definition: Working memory is a theoretical framework that expands on the concept of short-term memory, incorporating multiple specialized components for different types of information processing.
How does the brain retrieve memories? The process of retrieval involves accessing stored information when needed. While not explicitly covered in this section, the stage model implies that information must be transferred from short-term to long-term storage for later retrieval.
Highlight: The distinction between short-term memory and working memory represents an evolution in our understanding of temporary information storage and manipulation in the brain.
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
Levels of Processing Theory in Memory
Levels of processing theory in psychology proposes that the depth of processing during encoding significantly impacts memory formation and retention. This theory, developed by Craik and Lockhart, suggests a continuum of processing depths:
Example: Analyzing the font of a word (structural) leads to weaker memory than considering its meaning in context (semantic).
Levels of processing theory in memory example: • Structural: Counting vowels in "ELEPHANT" • Phonemic: Rhyming "ELEPHANT" with other words • Semantic: Thinking about elephants' characteristics and habitat
Highlight: Research consistently shows that deeper, semantic processing results in stronger, more durable memories compared to shallow, structural processing.
Levels of processing Psychology definition: The theory positing that the strength of a memory depends on the depth of cognitive processing during encoding, with deeper, more meaningful processing leading to stronger memory traces.
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Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
Types of Memory Encoding Processes
Types of memory encoding processes in psychology include various strategies to enhance the formation of new memories:
Definition: Encoding is the initial process of memory formation where information is converted into a form that can be stored in the brain.
Encoding memory example: • Elaboration: Linking a new vocabulary word to a familiar concept • Dual-coding: Visualizing a historical event while reading about it • Self-referent: Relating a character's experiences to your own life
Semantic encoding involves processing the meaning of information, which typically results in stronger memory formation compared to structural or phonemic encoding.
Highlight: The effectiveness of encoding strategies can significantly impact learning and memory retention, making them crucial for educational and cognitive psychology.
Process of memory in Psychology involves the interplay of encoding, storage, and retrieval. Effective encoding sets the foundation for successful storage and later retrieval of information.
Vocabulary: Retrieval - The process of accessing and recovering stored information from memory when needed.
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
Memory Processes and Encoding
How does the brain store memories psychology? Memory formation begins with encoding, which involves forming a memory code from incoming sensory information. Attention is crucial for successful encoding - without focused awareness, information will not be properly encoded into memory.
The levels-of-processing theory proposes that deeper, more meaningful processing leads to stronger memory formation:
Highlight: Studies show semantic encoding produces the strongest memories, followed by phonemic, with structural being weakest.
Several techniques can enhance deep encoding:
• Elaboration - linking new information to existing knowledge
• Dual-coding - encoding information both verbally and visually
• Self-referent encoding - relating information to oneself
Example: Using imagery to visualize a concept while learning about it engages dual-coding and improves memory.
Vocabulary: Imagery - The creation of visual mental images to represent words or concepts.
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
Our AI companion is specifically built for the needs of students. Based on the millions of content pieces we have on the platform we can provide truly meaningful and relevant answers to students. But its not only about answers, the companion is even more about guiding students through their daily learning challenges, with personalised study plans, quizzes or content pieces in the chat and 100% personalisation based on the students skills and developments.
You can download the app in the Google Play Store and in the Apple App Store.
That's right! Enjoy free access to study content, connect with fellow students, and get instant help – all at your fingertips.
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Notes: Chapters 1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9
Explore comprehensive mindmaps covering key concepts in cognitive psychology, including the multi-store model, working memory, long-term memory, and essential research methods. Ideal for students seeking to understand theories, studies, and experimental approaches in memory research.
Explore key research studies that support and challenge the Multi-Store Model (MSM) of memory. This presentation covers case studies of HM, Clive Wearing, and patient KF, as well as experiments by Glanzer & Cunitz and Baddeley. Understand the implications of these findings on the distinctions between short-term memory (STM) and long-term memory (LTM), and the overall credibility of the MSM framework.
Explore the three distinct types of long-term memory: episodic, semantic, and procedural. This summary covers key concepts, including their characteristics, clinical evidence, and neuroimaging studies that support the differentiation of these memory types. Ideal for psychology students studying memory models and their applications.
Explore key research on memory coding, capacity, and duration, including studies by Baddeley, Jacobs, and Miller. Understand the differences between short-term and long-term memory, and the implications of artificial stimuli in memory research. This summary covers essential concepts for psychology students.
Dive into the intricacies of the Working Memory Model (WMM), focusing on its components such as the phonological loop, visuo-spatial sketchpad, and central executive. This summary highlights key strengths, including case studies like Clive Wearing, and discusses the model's limitations in experimental application. Ideal for students studying cognitive psychology and memory theories.
App Store
Google Play
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
I think it’s very much worth it and you’ll end up using it a lot once you get the hang of it and even after looking at others notes you can still ask your Artificial intelligence buddy the question and ask to simplify it if you still don’t get it!!! In the end I think it’s worth it 😊👍 ⚠️Also DID I MENTION ITS FREEE YOU DON’T HAVE TO PAY FOR ANYTHING AND STILL GET YOUR GRADES IN PERFECTLY❗️❗️⚠️
Thomas R
iOS user
Knowunity is the BEST app I’ve used in a minute. This is not an ai review or anything this is genuinely coming from a 7th grade student (I know 2011 im young) but dude this app is a 10/10 i have maintained a 3.8 gpa and have plenty of time for gaming. I love it and my mom is just happy I got good grades
Brad T
Android user
Not only did it help me find the answer but it also showed me alternative ways to solve it. I was horrible in math and science but now I have an a in both subjects. Thanks for the help🤍🤍
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
I found this app a couple years ago and it has only gotten better since then. I really love it because it can help with written questions and photo questions. Also, it can find study guides that other people have made as well as flashcard sets and practice tests. The free version is also amazing for students who might not be able to afford it. Would 100% recommend
Aubrey
iOS user
Best app if you're in Highschool or Junior high. I have been using this app for 2 school years and it's the best, it's good if you don't have anyone to help you with school work.😋🩷🎀
Marco B
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This app is phenomenal down to the correct info and the various topics you can study! I greatly recommend it for people who struggle with procrastination and those who need homework help. It has been perfectly accurate for world 1 history as far as I’ve seen! Geometry too!
Paul T
iOS user
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
I think it’s very much worth it and you’ll end up using it a lot once you get the hang of it and even after looking at others notes you can still ask your Artificial intelligence buddy the question and ask to simplify it if you still don’t get it!!! In the end I think it’s worth it 😊👍 ⚠️Also DID I MENTION ITS FREEE YOU DON’T HAVE TO PAY FOR ANYTHING AND STILL GET YOUR GRADES IN PERFECTLY❗️❗️⚠️
Thomas R
iOS user
Knowunity is the BEST app I’ve used in a minute. This is not an ai review or anything this is genuinely coming from a 7th grade student (I know 2011 im young) but dude this app is a 10/10 i have maintained a 3.8 gpa and have plenty of time for gaming. I love it and my mom is just happy I got good grades
Brad T
Android user
Not only did it help me find the answer but it also showed me alternative ways to solve it. I was horrible in math and science but now I have an a in both subjects. Thanks for the help🤍🤍
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
I found this app a couple years ago and it has only gotten better since then. I really love it because it can help with written questions and photo questions. Also, it can find study guides that other people have made as well as flashcard sets and practice tests. The free version is also amazing for students who might not be able to afford it. Would 100% recommend
Aubrey
iOS user
Best app if you're in Highschool or Junior high. I have been using this app for 2 school years and it's the best, it's good if you don't have anyone to help you with school work.😋🩷🎀
Marco B
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This app is phenomenal down to the correct info and the various topics you can study! I greatly recommend it for people who struggle with procrastination and those who need homework help. It has been perfectly accurate for world 1 history as far as I’ve seen! Geometry too!
Paul T
iOS user