Alternative transcript:

Review: The Declaration of Independence is written in the form of a petition to king George III Consisting of: : the preamble, rationale, 27 grivances, redress • Is non-justicable, organic law of the United States of america Best understood as a frame to understand the principles underlying our government structure Based on Lockian ideas of a Republican form of government based on consent of the governed through a Social contract (people have he right to rebel if their natural rights are not protected L Consent of the governed is expressed via regular elections appointing representatives by the electorate -vocab addressed later video. three CA task verbs Concept Application: FRQ • Identify-establish the character or personality of an individual thing. Name it. ex. (living room) • Define - set the meaning of a term. What it means. ex (room in which...) Describe- give a representation of the subject in words by classifying or looking at characteristics looks/works/behaves like this or it can be grouped with these other things. ex (2 brown couches, TV.... etc) •Explain - to make known how or why something connects to another thing. affects, changes, interacts or is important. ex (important to my family b/c...) Skill Identify Define Describe Explain Course Example • Declaration of Independence the declaration of ind. is a foundational document of american govern. ment expressing american political ideals • asserts that when natural rights of life, liberty, and property are violated by the government, People have the right to abolish the government cause effect • justified american independence, british violated natural rights in dissolving local legislatures & levying taxes that take away property. Without consent of the colonists Stimulus Reading 1.) Skim, reread, then annotate proper nouns 3.) Task terms 27 grievances:* Llisted grivances w/ the actions and decisions of king George III with regard to the colonies in north america * Redress L> to set right, heal (similar to a conclusion) 12 types of democracy video. one: • the declaration of independence framed principles: Popular Sovereignty, Republicanism the constitution will determine the processes and institutions of governance Consent of the governed. Natural Rights Differing theories of representative democracies Pluralist Elitist Policy-making institutions are influenced by non-governmental groups Participatory •Policy-making institutions are influenced by Citizens directly less filtered, more personal ex) Participatory voting jury duty Walkouts/protest testifying local meeting Behaviors associated with democratic theories Pluralist L₂ Voting writing letters Civic group Volunteering donating food Policy-making institutions are influenced by the wealthy & powerful Brutus deals with many reasons to not ratify the consitution. You must know all of Brutus' arguments for the exam. Elitist testifying calling representatives meeting w policy makers Campaign donations more power More filtered, less personal M Video two: How did these theories shape the debate about the constitution? large territory Source analysis author Perspective authors background argument? evidence used? reasoning? • one of the first documents (Brutus No.1) • talks about consent of the governed & republicanism Brutus No. 1: participatory democratic theory! 1.) we have a problem representing interests over such a 2.) Baron Montesquieu (would agree) ? ↳ believes geography influences: culture, economy, politics & other aspects of human name Community drop lead to major →differences in interests geographical diversity L>"small republics" are better than large ones as it is easier to know one's interests, and interests are homogenous. 3.) we have a geographical problem natural growth ↳ 3 million "Souls" Population should have rep. of similar interests 4.) We have a problem knowing interests ↳ heterogeneous issues = chaos ↳ makes it hard to create helpful policy Brutus democratic theory Claim of the author? evidence Provided reasoning used to justify Participatory Small republics make it easier for the government to understand & act on behalf of citizens. present 13 states have nearly 3 mil People & it will continue to grow interests of people are too varied representatives cannot know the remote Culture & interests of all • It is too hard for the people to influence the government video three: Federalist 10: Madison & Pluralism 1.) Humans are trifling; we love our factions a) factions are self interested d.) factions ins destroy liberty. Federalist 10 concentrated homogenous no minority rep Pluralist The interest of citizens can be best Protected when factions found in a large republic b.) they are a consequence of our natural rights C.) the most common source is inequitable property distribution homogenous appoint representatives whose interests compete wy other interests equally. • the majority in relatively small district elect representatives locally minority still low, some rep Reprsentatives interests compete with other representatives interests nationally • minorities are protected by likeminded representatives from other districts. •More ideas means less likely to hurt minorities. a small organized dissenting group within a larger one 4.) The best way to minimize tyranny is through a federal republic 5.) Extend the sphere and make a marketplace where ideas compete to prevent tyranny. 2.) Government could control them, or destroy them, but that destroys liberty too ↳ what are alternate methods to control factions in a large state? 3.) Democracies can allow for citizen inputs, but direct democracies are flawed. big Minority representating Compete in hetero- genous national body Minority has more rep (locally) group different ideas 1.3 government Revisiting the debate between Federalists and Anti-federalists Ĵ L Several major decisions were made at the Constitutional Convention that dealt with how to Structure a government . Representation: do we represent free white males? the enslaved? State interests? Taxation: how will taxes be levied to support the national government? Balancing Interests: What structures, processes, and institutions best prevent tyranny? Delegating effective powers: how shall powers be distributed to make government effective & responsive? Order versus liberty: how can government provide the right balance of ordered liberty? Key answer is the creation of a federal system Distributing Power Chapter 1: Unitary Power delegated from god Power granted to centralized government L₂ • ● government power and individual rights drafting of a new constitution Distributing power chapter 2: Confederal Power delegated from the people Power granted to state governments • States appoint representatives for National Congress . forming I single. or uniform entity a . Initially granted to king ↳ Glorious Revolution included Parliament and king as sovereigns. ↳ Revolutionaries believed this violated colonial charters allowing legislative rule in colonie- Tyrannical Lo colonists were not granted representation in parliament relating to or denoting confederation a Source of authority Limited powers granted to national government w/o the ability to independently fund or support initatives Ineffective different government Structures create in fighting *Class infighting: yeoman farmers, debtors, merchants, bankers, real estate Speculators, and owners of plantations and the enslaved State intense competition or conflict, often bitterly personal Source of Distributing Power Chapter 3: Federal • Power dele gated from the people • Limited power granted independently to state and national governments Powers government authority delegated to gov All powers delegated to gov. central government Some powers granted to national gov * National government delegated limited and express and enumerated powers Mostly concerning economic and defense policy • States and people are reserved powers undelegated via 10th amendment Elitist? places election mostly away from citizens large population makes it difficult to influence Pluralist? • Uses structures with multiple points of influence Dilutes majorities Challenges of video the Articles of one: Confederation Madisonian System of government ↳ Seperation of powers, checks & balances, federalism, Selection of gov. Control of the majority Federalist 10 factions are most dangerous at local lvl 1.4 What are the articles of Confederation? ↳ differing perspectives. Constitution • basic principles and Ilaws of a nation, State, or social group that determine the pwrs and duties of the government and guarantee certain rights to the ppl. State. What problems does this solve? Representation, Pelegation of purs, Balanced Interests, Order vs liberty pennsylvania Constitution 1776 Massachusetts constitution 1780 Brutus 1 small republics are best for governments virgina Articles of Confederation 1781 Treaty •a contract in writing between 2 or more political authorities (such as states. or sovereigns) formally signed by representatives duly authorized and usually ratified by the lawmaking authority of the • را constitution 1776 South carolina constitution 1776 L₂ Source of authority mostly economic & defensive powers national or federal government ur state mostly purs over health, safery, education and Morality State government State Sovereignty is left in place legislation passed w offices beyond direct. Out of the state of Nature.... thirteen sovereign States create a Confederation. L₂ Vote per amendments need 100% Support in Congress from state legislatures 100% support money cannot be forcibly collected from states Standing armies cannot be raised w/o state support 2/3's in Congress; one & Strong concern about a tyrannical central gov. Corruption • Cultures, economies, & politics of individual states limitedly impacted by national body Problems abound for those w/ political power compulsory: required by law * • . no compulsory ability to fund debts or policies Cannot regulate interstate or international trade Cannot raise a no executive to compulsory army all states had one vote regardless of population or economy size" BOD carry out laws no judical branch (SCOTUS) to settle disputes between the states • too difficult to pass legislation or amend the articles Settlement of vermont by Green Mountain Men ECONOMIC RESSION video two: SHAYS REBELLION •MA Constitution reflected elite, merchant interests over mostly poor and indebted yesman farmers • Several thousand individuals from mostly western towns shut down courts and tried to seize a federal armory •Fear that class insurrection would spread through the states legislature mem. Of congress voting in congress vote needed to pass leg. term of leg. office term limit of TERRITORIAL DISPUTES • frustration between land speculators and settlers bring states to threats of war • Yankee Pennamite war in NW pennslylvannia ·leg. Congressional pay why fail?? office did the Articles of confederation when congress is not in session executive States pay back debts wealthy american and foreign investors at different rates, which throws econony into turmoil • Trade with British Stagnates threatening economy • Poor veterans paid in deeds to land often sell deeds for depreciated value to maintain financial obligations national judiciary Stagnates: Slugglish & dull Further threats to the independence of the 13 American states were thought to be due to the ineffective structures in the Articles. Namely, the confederal Structure. Structure Articles of confederation disputes between States Several events between the close of the revolutionary war and 1787 frighten the elites of several states. •Land disputes in Georgia led to illegal Speculating on Native lands Unicameral, called Congress Between two and seven members per state One vote per state 2/3's with some exceptions on certain powers One year No more than three out of six years. Paid by states A committee of states has the full powers of congress none national maritime judiciary only; states establish own courts Congress amendment navy army taxes ratification agreement from all states Congress builds a navy; states can equip Warships to counter privacy congress decides on size of a force; request troups from states proportional to state population apportioned by congress, collected by states. Unanimous consent required Ratification of the U.S constitution 1.5 James madison and his allies convinced the Constitutional Convention that protecting liberty is the best protected from tyrannical factions by structural barriers as opposed to a bill of rights. Representation become critical video. one • no single source of authority is tyranny-proof • therefore, create a republic that forces rule by all, rule by few, and rule by one against each other. make qualifications, terms, constituents, and powers of each branch different via seperation of powers but interdependent checks & balances The Great Compromise • Large states preferred representation of their Population (via counting •ple in a Census or by tax reciepts) •Small States preferred equal representation as featured in the articles Great Compromise: house of commons democracy house of representatives house of lords Oligarchy Senate king Monarchy Presidency Bicameral legislature * House of representatives by population selected by the people; Origin laws" raising revenue" (Article Lo Senate features two seats per state to be selected by the state legislature (Article I section 3) 2 Structural checks • Only office elected by people is the House (until the 17th amendment) • Congress will be most tyrannical, intrabranch check in bicameralism requires unity in passing bills Electoral College • founding fathers created a single executive with robust expressed powers for effective execution of law. La restraint via elections every four years without term limits until passage of 22nd amendment ↳ fearful that a democratically elected executive would be tyrannical Electoral College • States select method of appointing electors from the office of the presidency ما L> Some States appointed electors from the state legislature; some selected via popular election by 1828, method settled on elections. * Constituents: being part of a whole • electors apportionment determined by the number of representatives and number of Senators Bicameral legislature: two houses (house of being a member of a voting community or organization reps & senate) • electors vote for president within electoral college; 1 Send votes to congress to be counted • House breaks tie for president; senate for vice president Structural check Selection of president is not done by people; instead by a body of representatives • Only office with a national Constituency · Three-Fifths Compromise •Northern States: did not want representation for enslaved African Americans ↳ chattel Slaves will not vote-viewed enslaved as exchangeable for oxen or horse ↳ Over-representation of Southern economic interests in congress •Southern: did want representation for enslaved African Americans ↳chattel Slavery is economic backbone of the south ↳ South will walk out of Constitutional Convention if compromise is not met · Three Fifths compromise For . "( every 5 enslaved people, 3 will count towards representation Resulted in upwards of 1/3rd additional seats in congress & the electoral college- Slavery continued to proliferate as south at an advantage. Overwritten by 14th amendment "Representatives & direct taxes shall be apportioned among the several states which may be included within this Union, according to their respective numbers, which Shall be determined by adding to the whole Number of free persons, including those bound to service for a Term of Years, and excluding Indians not taxed, 3/5ths of all other persons." Importation of Enslaved Africans • Northern States : pass legislation that seek to terminate enslavement in future Labolitionist Concerns of quakers, et al geography does not, 4 4 justify enslaved work force legal I action to terminate systems of enslavement L increase of enslaved persons will increase political power for south • Border Southern States: have large population ↳ Frequent threats insurrection via slave revolts L> tobacco not as lucrative; changing to grain crops ↳do not desire to increase proportion of enslaved via importation. Lenslaved persons escape without the ability to recover enslaved persons growing domestic market for the sale of enslaved persons • Deep Southern States: more reliant upon enslaved persons for production of rice & indigo ↳ concerns over slave revolts & fugitive enslaved persons demand for enslaved to clear western lands video two: Constitutional amendments, actions of federal & state governments, and actions of individuat and interest. have expanded democratic purposes groups Amendment Process Proposal: National Level Ratification: State level +som Powerful least KON 0⁰ MDCX DÍPI us congress national convention State legislatures State Conventions 2/3 vote insurrection: a violent uprising lucrative producing a great deal of profit 3/4 vote Plantation owners desiring to sell tobacco, rice, and indigo and buy enslaved persons What principles & theories are embedded in the amendment process? Federalism, Popular Sovereignty, Republicanism The bundle of compromises found in the constition only satisfied the 55 delegates Investors who loaned money for the American Revolution Land speculators invested in Native American lands Merchants & traders desiring to buy & sell with foreign nations Artisans who manufactured goods within the 13 states Poor, indebted farmers in want of debt relief & farm land Some groups were unrepresented by the 55 delegates to the Constitutional Convention Ratification Debates indicate unresolved interests Amendments attached by states represent unresolved interests that were necessary for ratification 8/12 ratifying states forwarded 210 proposed amendments ↳ Compromise was Struck by proposing & ratifying ten amendments know as the Bill of Rights first 8 are rights - bearing for individuals last 2 are reservations of power for states and individuals, respectively These amendments reflect concerns of interests fearful of a powerful national gov. & the preservation of powers for states in the federal system and the importance of compromise between factions Congressional Action: legislation, regulations, & operating procedures that change the functioning of constitution Presidental Action executive actions taken that change the functioning of the constitution Court Action: judical actions that change the functioning of the constitution Party Action: the functioning of political parties in the electoral process that changes the functioning of the constitution Content Application FRQ 1.6 Principles of American Government الرر ع كرد Federalist No. 51- James Madison ↳ explains and attempts to persuade the reader that the underlying principles of the then proposed Constitution would provide safeguards aganist abuse of power ↳ political scientists refer to the structure into three branches of gov as the model." madisonian ↳ madison acknowledges the concerns raised in becoming too powerful & then he offers solutions/"remedies" • Madison says Seperation of powers allow liberty. · legislative strongest executive weakest legislative: make laws, declare war, collect taxes, regulate commerce, coin money executive : make treaties (advise & consent of Senate), commander in chief of the armed forces, grant pardons and reprieves judical: the court has jurisdiction (the authority to hear) all cases in law & equity arising under this constitution Brutus 1 about a strong federal gov gov. design. Seperate branches w/ distinct purs • key elements: Articles 1,2,3 key Points Federalist 5) was significant in swaying citizens to vote for ratification of the constitution. "remedy" for the concerns in Brutus No. 1 each branch has its own pwrs and checks & balances. The U.S constitution - Checks and Balances Congress-Countering the executive branch - House Senate - can override a presidental vets with a 2/3 vote in both houses Sole pur of impeachment the pur to try any impeachment (interbranch check) Senate- may approve/disapprove the presidents nominations for federal offices may approve / dis approve the presidents nominations of judges I justices for the supreme court & federal courts may approve/disapprove treaties that the president has negotiated President countering the legislative branch - can veto legislation approved by both houses of congress As civilian Commander in Chief, exercises supreme control in the operations of the armed forces as a Counter to Congress's power to declare war Judiciary - Countering executive and legislative - can determine that the laws of congress & actions of the president are un constitutional Access points: Opportunities or places where stakeholders and institutions can interact with parts of gov. local officals, Stakeholders &. voters, interest groups, state and institutions businesses, non-profit organizations that have an interest in the policies gov. creates Multiple Access points for Stakeholders & institutions Congress - how Stakeholders and institutions can interact with gov. - meet with a member to discuss the impact of congressional actions/ inactions on your people or group elect members of congress who share your interests. -join an interest group who the mem. of congress Supports -get attention of congress through media (protests, marches) President intract w/ gov - meet one on one with the pres. to express interests/ concerns to the reelection campaign of a donate pres. - money Federal courts - interact w/ gov. Authors . Who Implications of the system of seperation of purs and checks & balances good things: ppl have several avenues to attempt to influence policy making. bad things: • One branch disagrees w another → no compromise = grid lo lock • one branch might refuse to work with the other on matters that are important to the people. * - Submit amicus curiae briefs to influence a courts opinion Stage larg e protests in front of supreme court building . perspective: 2. What Source Analysis * explaining an authors argument or perspective is step #2 for an argumentative essay 1.7 3. why amicus curiae: Someone outside of court giving information 4 What does the author think Relationship between the states & federal government USA what is federalism? L, relationship of power between the national and state governments L> constitution lists the exclusive powers for each Some very important pours granted or left to the states: education, health, marriage, issues regarding "Morality" and "police powers" morality-legal age for alcohol, gambling, or lottery • as societal norms changed and populations grew, states had more responsibilities Concurrent powers: purs shared by the national and state gov ·levy taxes-. L> - Some states have their own income taxes, most have Sales taxes Lo maintain roads and through fares Lo create courts L> Borrow Money reserved purs Important notes : The distribution of pwr between the States & national gov Continues to Shift • In some cases, Political beliefs about the role of federal gov prompted distribution of pur change in the . Coin money regulate commerce} محسوس → State • In other cases, national disasters or specific needs of a state drive the changes national gov State ·gov declare war education exclusive purs States. L> revenue sharing or cooperative federalism • both the states and federal gov put. • States use it 2 main types of grants: public health ·local policing rum The Federal government collects taxes & distributes some of the $ back to the • revenue sharing has been used to exert more control over States. Types of Grants, Mandates, and other forms of aid → federal money into projects →safety, education, civil rights, clean air, clean water, health care, community development etc devolution: revenue sharing has been expanded, been consolidated, or given back to the states to control a . ● 1 Categorial Grants- • Money to state that is accepted with strings attached (specific congressional guidelines) 27 Spending is usually connected to specific areas of need-state healthcare, road construction, elder care 2. Block Grants •offer larger sums of money for some larger purpose (education, community development etc) without Strings attached like categorial grants Mandates- federal monies requiring states to follow a federal directive (rules). Compliance leads to the 'reward' of funding (incentives). Unfunded mandates require states to comply but without any funding to do so. Societal changes leading to shifts in the national government state gov. relationship • Congress did little regulation of commerce. Dual federalism (layer cake federalism) ● States became centers of manu facturing & business fed gov. More interested in commerce . 16th amendment → pwr to tax • Local problems became national problems Examples of societal changes population growth TEELE • groups demanding protections- labor, business, Civil rights, women . national concerns - disaster preparedness, ↑ crime, joblessness, food security, environmental protection • presidents with their own agendas: I taxes, states handle their own issues Nixon-devolution, welfare reform Reagan- new federalism, small. gov., Clinton-Welfare reform, congress cannot issue unfunded mandates ↳> Obama- Race to the top incentives for states to adopt new education standards. Thesis L includes line of reasoning L) (what reasons justify, what evidence, what counterclaim) 1.8 • Article 1 section 8: necesscarry & proper clause - fed gov. has more pairs than listed in the constitution Constitutional Interpretations of Federalism Artice VI- national gov is supreme ·10th amendment purs not delegated to us by const. are reserved to the states/ppl 14th amendment-protections fed gov should be offering to the citizens (bill of rights) Public will 10th amendment 14th amendment necessary & proper constitution & Bill of rights commerce Clause Supposed to be equal · Supremacy interpret 10th & 14th differently debates State vs national → forever . Shift from states handling affairs → fed •Shift to more State pur intervention U.SV Lopez (1995) clauses: article VI, Commerce clause (article 1 Section 8) background: Congress passed Gun Free School Zones Act, making it illegal to have a gun within 1000 Ft of a school. (Lopez violates law, is tried, and appeals). holding gun ownership in Schools cannot be properly regulated under const. reasoning Found in GFSZA (gun free school zones act) effect: law re-legislated to focus on guns brought over state lines in School zones as it effects interstate commerce, holding limits the extent to which the commerce clause can be used to reach reserved purs 1.9 Federalism in Action Some shifts back towards State purs •right to privacy • right to free excersise of religion • federal support For religions • freedom of speech. • fed. protection on voting rights · Articulating a defensible Claim ↳ RESPOND don't just restate it Linclude reasoning/claims find evidence from main docs. 272 pieces - relevant and accurate Pwr from State to nat. ·gov. State USA gov. purs T: national Pur moving back to states From fed. gov. gov. purs Unit 2 ☆ 2.1 Congress- # of members # of members per state Minimum age requirement U.S residency requirement length of term Constituencies · ● . • The Senate & house of representatives house of rep a 27 min of I Interactions Among titt Coalitions. . 435 determined by ", population 25 orconference 7 years 2 years Citizens within in geographic in state most districts serve average of 700,000 people Branches of all the citizens district of a state an the senate 100 2 30 a years 6 years • Senate Lless centralized L> no strict hiearchy L> can speak as long as they want to (excludes filabusters) government • house of reps Ldebate is limited しつ no more than 1 hr to speak, can be Shortened L) can only amendments L> Speaker of the house pur to chooses the speaker (3) L> rules commitee can "Speed up", "Slow down", or "kill" a bill before it gets to the floor cacus^ sub-groups form within each party Crace, ethnicity, or gender) bipartisan: groups w both parties same states on what might benefit their state (farming, fishing, 011) group around different causes/ interests members of each house who belong to the same party. enumerated Stated in const. (Articlel Section 8) implied-necessary & Proper clause regulation POWER OF THE PURSE offer of firearms using commerce clause (² "to coin money" Concept application a compare 2:2 • Structure of . 12 ● دا having to know background information Lo choose their Structures, Powers, & Functions of Congress Congress is left largely to congress ´s and other officers →vice pres. Pres. pro tempore. Speakers pres. Ly determine rules (punishments, 2/3 expel members) purs of the house Lintroduce revenue bills Limpeach federal officers L> select a pres. if no candidate wins the electoral college L7 tax policy } identify and purs of the senate L advise and consent for presidential appointees 27 try and remove federal officers L> treaties (2/3rds vote) L> approve ambassadors & high ranking military personnel. L> filabuster rules of the house L> debate limited to one hour L speaker of house controls who speaks L> germane amendments only L> discharge petition. L rules committee d roles of the Senate Is Unlimited time for debate 27 Cloture rule L> can add amendments on any subject. Lunianimous consent L> hoids ● house of reps. speaker of house . house majority leader house. majority whip ● majority conference/ caucus O house minority leader minoritu whir 1 minor conference/caucus Senate vice pres. proposal plan for fiscal. considers pres. proposal pres. pro OMB (office of Management & budget) helps the pres. Created a budget for their agenda 2 examines: senate majority. leader 1 senate majority whips tempore revenues after created → made public + sent to congress congress reviews current budget (congressional Budget office CBO) Sept. 30) - 1 majority conference / cousus • needs and wants of all federal departments and agencies ♡ economic philosophy of the pres. Federal Same - thing just minority уг Coct 1 makes its own • Sources of revenue (money coming into gov.) L> taxes gov. spending ment insurance, Lo mandatory Spending (Medicare, social security, unemploy- gov assistance) other Lo interest on debt L₂ discretionary spending 2019 ↳ pork barrel spending political motivation for individual members Learmarks: Spending bills on specific lin item which is added to funnel money to a particular vendor or business. min. to be paid on outstanding debt -40% of total budget in · . • L> grants-in-aid: Financial prog rams made to facilitate cooperative relationships (fed and state) to achieve policy goals outlays: actual payment of $ from U.S treasury Quantitative Analysis FRQ Lanayizing data 2.3 • influences on congressional behavior L> partisan: believing and acting on the ideas of a political party or group L> trustee : votes independently on his/her own judgement of the circumstances L delegate: Votes based on views of constituents L Politico: all roles balanced •Partisanship Party دا Congressional Behavior beliefs or goals, based on their ideology (liberal, conservative, lib- ertarian) L Shapes beliefs about role of government. ✔ liberal intervention by fed. gov. is necessary to promote "gen- ideals of equality are upheld eral welfare of citizens and Conservative - gov. Should do less, allowing the people to have more freedom, promote free markets, fewer restrictions libertarian-high regard for civil liberties, opposing gov. regulation or intervention gridlock- unwillingness to compromise so that bills can move Forward in the legislative divided government 47 gov. (executive branch) held by one party and one or both houses of Congress, representing the opposing party • results . · congress may work against a president inititaves Congress may not confirm the appointees of a "lame-duck" president Congressional dysfunction - congress is unable to do its job, the "business of the People" • executive orders 0 0 O Results of gerrymandering Loddly shaped districts. L₂ Safe seats (lack of competition) cases of gerry mandering/ redistricting state lines ↳y majority / minority districts L> political gerry mandering Shaw v Reno & Baker ✓ carr 2.4 Found in Article 2, Sections 182, Article 1 section 7 lists formal purs of the president Roles & Powers of the president foreign policy- formal (commander in chief & treaties) and in- Formal (executive agreements) give the president the ability to conduct foreign policy and influence relations w/ other countries Bargaining & Persuasion- informal coming in part from the formal. and respect given the office as leader of the country purs . Executive orders- implied from the "executive pur" or powers delegated by congress. The president can use these to bypass congress and essentially make law independently. ● Executive agreements- implied from the "executive pur" or purs delegated by congress, bypass congress advise and consent to make agreements with foreign nations signing statements- informal por, informs congress of the pres. interpretation of laws already passed by Congress and signed into law, allows pres to voice concerns on law. Assertion of executive privlege- rights of pres. to keep some communications private (Nixon). could not be claimed aganist criminal investigation ● • find trends in data 2.1 -) describe to 2.4 notes Finished notice trends