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Regions Southwest/Desert: • Developed sophisticated irrigation systems to sustain their farms since there was very little rain. ▪ Three-sister farming o Permanent settlements Multi tiered houses and large cave complexes o Key Tribes: The Anasazi, the Hohokam, and the Pueblo people (pueblo revolt 1680) Pueblo houses (multi tiered stone buildings) ■ Pueblo people known for agriculture and pottery Northeast/Woodlands: Farming → stable rainfall Three-sister farming Timber from the woodlands to build long, wooden houses and mound building Large settlements O High population O Key Tribes: Iroquois tribe Known for their sophisticated government system, also the Shawnee and Ottawa Mississippi River Valley: 0 Used the river to their advantage Trading →→ Cahokia was a center of trade Key Tribes: Choctaw and Tunica The Great Lakes Region: Fishing O Canoes and boats for travel Key Tribe: The Chippewa tribe The Great Plains/Great Basin: O Focused on buffalo and bison hunting ■ Later on used the horses provided by Europeans to become mounted hunters Due to following the herds they didn't have permanent settlements O Key Tribes: Cheyenne and Sioux (great plains). Shoshone (great basin) 2 ● Pacific Northwest/Plateau: o Fishing O Elk Hunting Key Tribe: Chinook tribe strict social class system + head flattening Causes Of European Entry Into The New World: Spreading of Christianity/religions Spanish prioritized spreading Catholicism O They wanted more wealth ■ Which included looking for a quicker route/shortcut to asia Competition with other European countries o Wanted more territory + explore the world Newly found nationalism encouraged exploration o New Technology allowed them to travel farther ■ Sextant: An instrument for determining the angle between the horizon and a celestial body such as the sun, moon, or stars. Used celestial navigation to determine latitude and longitude. ■ Compass. Globe, and Rudder ■ Caravel: a small, fast Spanish or Portuguese sailing ship of the 15th-17th centuries. . Effects Of European Entry Into The New World: The Columbian Exchange European population growth O Colonization of the Americas 3 ■ Quadrant: A quadrant is an instrument used to measure angles up to 90°. Different versions of this instrument could be used to calculate various readings. such as longitude, latitude, and time of day. ■ Maps of foreign countries + Marco Polo's writings 0 Transformed European Economy because of the sums of gold and silver o Native American population loss due to labor, enslavement, armed conflicts, disease, etc. ■ In the centuries following Columbus's landfall, as many as 90% of the Native Americans perished. ● Europe Received: ● O O • Animals - Turkeys, buffalo, rattlesnakes, raccoons, guinea pigs • Disease - Syphilis The New World Received: 0 Food - Wheat, sugar, rice, coffee, barley, citrus fruit, tea, bananas, okra, oats, and wine grapes Animals - Horses, cows, pigs, goats, sheep, oxen, rats and chickens. O Disease -Smallpox, measles, typhus, bubonic plague, influenza, scarlet fever, and malaria The Columbian Exchange Food-Corn, potatoes, pineapples, pumpkins, tomatoes, tobacco, beans, vanilla. chocolate, strawberries, and quinine O O Religion - Christianity → Catholicism + Protestant Weapons and Tools - Swords, guns, and iron tools 1492-Christopher Columbus arrived to the New World O He landed in current-day Bahamas When the Europeans first arrived, Spain was the major leading power • Spain founded multiple coastal towns in Central and South America They prioritized converting the Natives to Catholicism ● Spanish Colonies: First permanent Spanish colony was established in 1565→ St. Augustine, Florida They settled in St. Augustine to block other European nations (mainly France) ambitions of taking Spain's land. As well as to protect the sea-lanes that led to the Caribbean They forced labor of Natives, especially using the Encomienda System Encomienda System: The crown granted colonists authority over a specified number of natives; the colonists were obliged to protect those natives and convert them to Catholicism, and in exchange, the colonists were entitled to those Natives' labor for such things as sugar harvesting and silver mining. o As disease spread, the Native's began to die. This change is when we start to see the shift to African slaves and labor. O The Spanish often mixed with the Natives and African slaves. This led to them developing a unique caste system. • Europeans (at the top, considered superior and were the wealthiest) • Mestizos →→ People of mixed race (Natives + Europeans) • Zambos → People of mixed race (Africans + Europeans) • Africans/African slaves (considered the most inferior and at the bottom) o Spain's navy. The Spanish Armada, was very strong and kept other European nations from having a hold in the New World ■ 1588-The English navy defeats The Spanish Armada = French, English, Dutch, and others begin to colonize America • Conquistadors: A conqueror, especially one of the Spanish conquerors of Mexico and Peru in the 16th hundred. ■ Vasco Nunez Balboa, Ferdinand Magellan, Juan Ponce de Leon, Francisco Coronado, Hernando de Soto, Hernán Cortés, Francisco Pizarro O Spanish Mission System: Spanish explorers swept through the American Southwest, determined to create Christian converts by any means necessary, including violence. 5 Timeline + Important Events ★ 1491-Year prior to European arrival ★ October 12, 1492-Christopher Columbus makes his first voyage to the New World 1492-The Columbian Exchange ★ 1494-Treaty of Tordesillas signed by Spain and Portugal. This treaty divided the territories of the New World. Spain received most of the territory, compensating Portugal with lands in Africa and Asia. * 1500s-Start of the Atlantic Slave Trade * 1512-Encomienda System established by the Spanish ★ 1517-Martin Luther launches Protestant Reformation in Europe (discussed in Period 2) ★ 1519-Hernán Cortés, a Spanish conquistador, captured the Aztec capital, Techochititlan. He captured it because he wanted to take their wealth ★ 1530s - King Henry VIII separated England from the Catholic Church (discussed in Period 2) * 1532- Francisco Pizarro conquered the Incas ★ 1550s-Juan de Sepúlveda and Bartolomé de Las Casas, proposed widely different views on the treatment of Native Americans in the New World. However, both still believed that Europeans were superior. • Sepúlveda believed that the Natives needed Europeans to rule over them and that they should be treated poorly. Las Casas believed the Natives were already well off prior to the Europeans' arrival and that they should be treated fairly. O * 1585-Roanoke Colony was established by Sir Walter Raleigh 1590- The colony randomly vanished ★ 1607- First permanent English colony is established → Jamestown (Virginia) ★ 1680-Pueblo Revolt/Pope's Rebellion: The Natives (specifically the Pueblos) were mad at the Spanish for attempting to convert them to Catholicism which got rid of their own religious customs. As well as tired of being enslaved. The Pueblos led a revolt. They burnt Catholic churches in Santa Fe, New Mexico and killed many Spanards. They chased the Spanish off their land and it took Spain 50 years to reclaim the area. Important Vocabulary JAMES FORTE JAMESTOWNE 6 VIRGINIAT. → Canadian Shield: A zone of undergirded ancient rock. First part of the North American landmass to emerge above sea level. → Incas: A highly advanced South American civilization that occupied present-day Peru until it was conquered in 1532 by Spanish forces under Francisco Pizarro. They developed sophisticated agriculture techniques, such as terrace farming, in order to sustain large, complex societies in the unforgiving Andes Mountains. → Aztecs: Native American empire that controlled present-day Mexico until 1519, when they were conquered by Hernán Cortés. The Aztecs maintained control over their vast empire [prior to European contact] through a system of trade and tribute. They had advances in mathematics, writing, and their use of human sacrifices for their religious ceremonies. → Three-Sister Farming: (defined on page 1) > Matrilineal Culture: Group adhering to a kinship system in which ancestral descent is traced through maternal instead of paternal lines. (belongings pass down through women) 7 → Nation-States: The term commonly used to describe societies in which political legitimacy and authority overlay a large degree of cultural commonality. Not powerful enough to be a country but not so small to be just an area. → Encomienda System: (defined on page 4) ❖ Conquistadors: (defined on page 5) > Caravel: (defined on page 3) > Christopher Columbus: An Italian explorer and navigator. Sailed many voyages and one of them led to the discovery of the New World. → Treaty of Tordesillas: (defined on page 5) → Black Legend: False notion that Spanish conquerors did little but butcher the Natives and steal their gold in the name of Christ. → Ferdinand of Aragon + Isabella of Castile: Their marriage united the Spanish kingdoms into the nation of Spain. Gave the Spanish people a sense of nationalism that boosted/encouraged exploration. → Francisco Coronado: A Spanish conquistador and explorer. He led a large expedition from present-day Mexico to present-day Kansas. → Francisco Pizarro: A Spanish conquistador, who is best known for his expeditions that led to the Spanish conquest of Peru and the conquering of the Incas. → Bartolomé de Las Casas: A 16th century Spanish landowner, priest, friar, and bishop. Arrived in the New World as a layman then became a Dominican friar and priest. Known for his debate with Sepulveda. → Robert de La Salle: French explorer and fur trader in North America. Explored the great lakes region, Mississippi River and the Gulf of Mexico → Giovanni Caboto (John Cabot): Italian navigator and explorer. Sailed to North America under the commission of Henry VII. First European explorer on coastal North America since the vikings. → Spanish Armada: An invincible' fleet of Spanish ships that attacked England. However, the English fought back and won. Thus began the downfall of the Spanish Empire.