More Southeast Asian Kingdoms and Empires
The Sukhothai Kingdom was the first Thai state established in territory previously controlled by the Khmer. The Thai people, an ethnolinguistic group originally from Southern China, were led by notable rulers like King Ram Khamhaeng, one of the greatest leaders in the kingdom's history. Theravada Buddhism served as the kingdom's main religion.
The Ayutthaya Kingdom 1351−1767CE was founded by Othong in 1351, who became King Ramathibodi. This powerful state made Ayutthaya its capital city and developed into a major trading center.
Dai Viet under the Le Dynasty (1428-1788) was established by Le Loi (also known as Le Thai To). This Vietnamese kingdom maintained independence despite pressure from neighboring powers.
Amazing connection! The "Maritime Jade Road" was an ancient trading network that connected Taiwan to the Philippines (Luzon, Batanes, Palawan) and Southeast Asian countries. Jade ornaments called "Ling-Ling-O" have been found throughout the region!
The Toungoo Empire (1486-1752) emerged from Pagan along the Sittang River. Kings Minginyo and Tabinshwehti expanded the territory with Pegu as its capital, trading textiles and salt.
The Srivijaya Empire 683−1298CE controlled maritime trade from its base in Palembang, Sumatra (Indonesia). Called "Janbo Tsai" or "San Fo Tsai" by others, this Buddhist maritime power controlled vital trade routes.
The Majapahit Empire (1293-1527) flourished on Java Island. Its name means "bitter fruit." Under leaders Hayam Wuruk and Gajah Mada, they developed impressive irrigation systems and built structures like Candi Pari temple.
The Sailendra Kingdom in central Java practiced Buddhism and constructed the magnificent Borobudur Temple under King Samaratungga. They maintained important trade connections with China and India, attracting Buddhist scholars to the region.