Unit 1: Colonization

Get ready to travel back in time to when Europeans first set foot in the Americas. We'll discover why they came, how they interacted with Native Americans who already lived here, and how these encounters shaped our world today.

You'll learn about the different Native American tribes across North America, their unique ways of life, and how European explorers were motivated by "God, Gold, and Glory" to sail across dangerous oceans.

This fascinating story is full of brave explorers, cultural clashes, and the beginning of what would eventually become the United States.

Did you know? The colonization of the Americas represents one of the biggest population migrations in human history!

Section 1: The Original Americas

Before Columbus or any European arrived, North America was home to hundreds of diverse Native American nations. These weren't just small groups - they were complex societies with their own languages, governments, and territories.

From the fishing Kwakiutl in the Pacific Northwest to the farming Iroquoians near the Great Lakes, Native Americans adapted perfectly to their environments. Each tribe developed unique skills based on where they lived.

The original Americans had been here for thousands of years, developing rich cultures and traditions long before Europeans arrived with their ships and strange technologies.

Native American Nations Map

Wow! Look at how many different Native American nations lived across North America. This map shows just a portion of the hundreds of tribes that inhabited the continent.

In the Northwest, tribes like the Kwakiutl and Nootka developed fishing cultures, while Plains tribes like the Blackfoot followed buffalo herds. The Northeast was home to powerful confederacies like the Iroquois, and the Southeast had agricultural societies like the Cherokee and Creek.

These weren't just random groups - each had their own language, territory, government system, and cultural practices. Some were nomadic hunters, others built permanent farming settlements.

Amazing fact: There were likely over 1,000 different languages spoken in the Americas before European contact!

European vs. Native American Worldviews

Europeans and Native Americans saw the world completely differently! These differences created major misunderstandings when they met.

Europeans viewed land as something to be owned, fenced off, and used for economic gain. They believed in private property and organized their societies around powerful states and empires.

Native Americans had a spiritual relationship with the environment. They didn't think anyone could "own" the land itself - you could only own what you produced from it, like crops or hunting rights. Their governments were typically based on tribal or family relationships.

These opposing views about land ownership became a huge source of conflict as Europeans began establishing colonies in North America.

Section 2: The First Explorers

Now we'll discover who the first European explorers were and why they risked their lives crossing dangerous oceans to reach unknown lands.

These brave (and sometimes greedy) men sailed in small wooden ships without modern navigation tools, often facing storms, disease, and uncertainty. Some became famous heroes, while others died on their journeys.

The Age of Exploration changed world history forever by connecting continents that had developed separately for thousands of years.

Why Explore?

The European explorers were motivated by three big things: God, Gold, and Glory!

God meant spreading Christianity to new peoples. Many explorers and their royal sponsors believed they had a mission to convert others to their faith.

Gold was all about finding wealth. Europeans desperately wanted to find trade routes to Asia for spices and silk, along with new sources of gold and silver to make their countries rich.

Glory represented the fame and adventure that came with discovering new lands. During the Renaissance, there was a new spirit of curiosity and desire to learn about the world.

Think about it: How might these motivations have influenced how Europeans treated the lands and people they encountered?

Where To?

Everyone wanted to reach China and the riches of Asia! The stories of Marco Polo, who traveled the Silk Road in the 1200s, made Europeans dream of eastern treasures.

By the 1400s, the traditional land routes to China (called the Silk Roads) were becoming unsafe due to political changes and conflicts. This created a huge problem for European merchants.

This problem had a major impact - it forced Europeans to look for new sea routes to Asia. Little did they know they would bump into two entire continents (North and South America) along the way!

Who Explores?

Spain and Portugal led the race for exploration in the 1400s.

Spain's King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella hired an Italian navigator named Christopher Columbus to find a western route across the Atlantic Ocean to China. Columbus was convinced he could sail west to reach the east!

Meanwhile, Portugal's Prince Henry the Navigator opened a special school to train explorers and fund voyages. His goal was different - he wanted to find a route around Africa to reach Asia. Portuguese explorers slowly worked their way down the African coast.

Both countries wanted the same thing - to beat their rivals to the valuable trade with Asia. Their competition would change the map of the world forever.

Spain and Portugal Divide the World

Can you believe two countries just decided to split the entire world between them? After Columbus's voyage, Spain and Portugal nearly went to war over who would control new lands.

The Treaty of Tordesillas in 1494 drew an imaginary line down the Atlantic Ocean. Spain got rights to lands west of the line, while Portugal received lands to the east. This is why Brazil (east of the line) became Portuguese while most of the rest of South America became Spanish.

Later, they signed the Treaty of Zaragoza (1529) to extend this division around the globe. The treaties created the first global colonial empires, with trade routes circling the planet.

Surprising fact: The Pope helped create these treaties, showing how powerful the Catholic Church was in European politics!

European Competition Rises

Spain and Portugal couldn't keep their monopoly forever! By the 1500s, other European powers wanted a piece of the action.

The English, French, and Dutch (from the Netherlands) began launching their own explorations. They ignored the Spanish-Portuguese treaties and established competing colonies across North America.

This competition created a patchwork of European territories across the Americas. The Spanish controlled Mexico, the Southwest, and much of South America. The French claimed Canada and the Mississippi Valley. The English established colonies along the Atlantic coast. The Dutch, Russians, and Portuguese also grabbed territory where they could.

The stage was set for centuries of conflict as European powers fought for control of American lands and resources.