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senate -spread to North Africa & the Mediterranean -large navy which helps expand into Western Europe, North Africa, Med. (200 C.E: max) -warrior society, greek god focus, extreme patriarchy (lessens for the rich later on) -constantly in war -1st emperor: Octavian, Augustus -Rome was disguised as a republic when it was really a dictatorship Byzantine -Roman empire 2.0 -schism between Christianity and head of state Justinian I: rebuilt Constantinople, made roman legal code (Justinian code) Society & Politics -similar to China -religious leaders-government leaders wealthy scholars become political leaders (corrupt) -Wealthy elite lead the way because of their good edu. (greek classics, philosophy, science) -heavily tax lower class -birth of silk road -peasants provide most of the goods which made food cheaper for the poor--more tax $$ -changed other religions and cultures to fit Roman Culture Muslims -crusade fighting back and forth with Romans and Muslims over religion and land 1.2 Developments in Dar Al-Islam (1200c.-1450c.) Dar al-Islam: _a territory where Muslims are free to practice their religion Arabia: homeland of Islam, present-day Persia, 1 of the most adv. Civilizations, trade was important and had a central location between Byzantine and Sassanid 5 Pillars: 1-faith, 2-prayer, 3-giving, 4-fasting, 5-journey Ramadan: celebration of Quran being given to Muhammad Sunni: caliphs are rightful, religious, and political Shi'a: leadership should descend, regulate every aspect of life, a combo of political and religious rule -Abbasid caliphate broke up and new political entities form Innovations: math, literature, medicine (600 C.E) Islam was supposed to merge with Christianity or Judaism but didn't Muhammad 570-632 C.E: prophet born in Mecca, famous speeches (most destroyed) Quran- No abuse of women, hoarding, exploitation of power, neglect, or corruption Exchange -Islamic civilization was big on exchange and commerce was very valued, its central location improved its ability to trade. -rice, sugar cane, wheat, bananas, lemons, limes, watermelons, palms, spinach, artichoke Spread -military success -religious appeal, promised material gain, marriage alliances -Islam was a religious and political state 1.3 Developments in South/South East Asia Bhakti: didn't discriminate, used local languages Sufi Missionaries: big impact on Islam, -north india= Islam, South India=Christians -Champa used by vietnam known for hinduism Khmer: Hindu-Buddhist empire in SE Asia (capital Angkor, Cambodia) -hinduism easily spread to Champa and Kher, appealed to SE Asian ruler, forced hierarchy 8-12 C.E: expansion of Buddhism Angkor Wat: Social system based on tradition, converted hindu temple to buddhist temple Majapahit: maritime empire in SE Asia, most powerful in Indonesia/SE Asia, Islam got here by trade. 1.4 State Building in Americas Meso-america: between mexico and South America Tenochtitlan: Aztec capital (present-day Mexico City) -mayans, aztecs, incas -- all have large impact - empires -- created by Mexica and Incas Mayans (200-900): developed advanced society, cities linked by trade, strict social structure, polythesitic, advanced science and arts, patriarchal, used architecture as calendars. Aztecs: use glyphs, new weapon technology, killed 10k people every year, ↳ strengths: war, tribute, control large trade network, fierce warriors, ↳ polytheistic and sacrifices, astronomy, calendars, detailed record and oral tradition. Incas: (cuzco:capital), machu picchu, controlled huge empire and has strong central government, well organized economy, no merchants, government officials administer goods and leftovers stored. ↳ conquered by Francisco Pizarro in 1537 ↳masonry, road network, pottery, jewelry, weaving 1.5 Developments in Africa Bantu Migration: migrate south, linguistics, iron metal making, agriculture techniques, shaped region -no central power due to kin-based governments, governed themselves and patriarchal -many in Africa speak many languages due to trade Mansa Masu: got control of big trade routes and spread Islam, got rich because of salt and gold but didn't share his $ with citizens. Great Zimbabwe: zimbabwe capital, palace and city for elite, huge walls (impressive for time) Ethiopia: protected by mountains and distance from muslim powers, believe they descend from King Solomon. Ties to christianity Hausa Kingdom: no central authority, each city-state had its own specialty, thrived from Trans-Saharan trade. -increased trade resulted in more money, more political power, and diversity Ghana 5c.: centralized government with nobles Mali: most powerful, founder was Sundiata, thriving gold trade Zimbabwe: most powerful of East African kingdoms, agriculture grazing, trade, and gold --Slavery, patriarchy, women are gatherers and do domestic chores, visual arts important 1.6 Developments in Europe Feudalism: decentralized political arrangement (land for loyalty) Fief: an estate of land, usually held under conditions of feudal service Vassal: someone who owed service a person of higher statu Code of Chivalry: unwritten set of rules for conduct (honor, courtesy, bravery) 3-field system: 1 planted with wheat/rye, 2nd used for peas, lentils, or beans, 3rd unused Great-Schism: church divide Monasticism: function like manors, women can become nuns Manorialism: system of economic and political relations between landlords and their servants, serfs get protection from landlords Estates-General: body that advises king Political/Social System -monarch/king gave fiefs to lords, lords became a king's vassals, lord give land to knights, knights become lords vassals, pledge to fight for lord and king -lords give land to the peasants that they are obligated to farm -women are put on a pedestal but still aren't given rights Political Trends: monarchies enforce own gov. and military (France:1st to develop real bureaucracy) -Christians vs Muslims Roman Catholic -church is dividing, church is also holding powers in feudal system -clergy has political influence Crusades: series of military campaigns in Middle East ↳1st crusade, european army conquers jerusalem Economic/Social Change -long distance commerce, population growth, patriarchal Bourgeoise: middle class of elite nobles and clergy grows -religious discrimination against jews and muslims Russia: trade in furs, fish, and grain, Mongols having locals collect taxes, beginning of modern state of Russia Unit 2 2 Networks of Exchange 2.1 The Silk Roads Caravanserai: a roadside inn where travelers could rest (be Barter Economy: goods and services are traded directly for one another -Connects Asia, Europe, and parts of North Africa (Egypt/Libya) -demand for luxury goods and people start trading outside of their regions -trade in hands of men but women in charge of product production Role of Silk: elite demand makes it expensive in China more organized) Stirrups: milestone in saddle development, invented by northern chinese nomads, help riders Spread: smallpox and measles, black death spread from China to Europe Economy: growth of commerce, forms of credit and develop money economics ↳rise of money leads to end of feudalism 2.2 Mongol Empire Broad Historical Context: related to 16 mil. People today because of wives/mistresses Shogun Tokugawa lesada(1853-1859): 1st shogun of Japan Shogun: military dictators in feudal Japan -Central Asian nomadic tribe, skilled warriors and good with short-bow Leaders: Genghis, Ogedei, Kublai -mongols united by Genghis Khan which made largest land-based empire ever -Kublai Khan conquered Song Dynasty establishing the Yuan Dynasty Yuan Dynasty: elevates merchants and stops civil service exams - plits mongol into Khanates that facilitate trade, enhance world trade, invigorate silk road, spread technology and disease (Mongols left no lasting legacy) Trade: opened routes on Silk Road, protect travelers/merchants, flow of products, spread knowledge and disease. Spreads religions Tolerance: of religion, ideas and culture. Interest in native belief systems -no central government or plan for conquest. - alienated chinese and hired foreigners instead of natives 2.3 Exchange in Indian Ocean Diasporic Communities: merchants introducing their culture into indigenous peoples cultures Lateen Sail: new sail that allows boats to sail against winds Astrolabe: used to determine latitude of ships at sea -trade routes flourish and new trade cities start forming -back and forth influence on merchants and indigenous cultures -trade depending on environmental knowledge like direction of monsoon winds -traded for a mass market instead of just for luxury. Expanding range of trade Ming Admiral Zheng He: captained large maritime expeditions, wanted apart of Chinese tribute system, muslim -islam friendly to merchants, muslims provide goods, established trade communities New Tech: compass, astrolabe, ships, junks, arab, dhows Trade Routes: silk road, mediterranean, Trans-Saharan, Indian Ocean Basins 2.4 Trans-Saharan Trade Networks Caliphate: leader of a muslim community Bantu: 300-600 ethnic groups in africa who speak bantu -camel saddles and caravans are technology that help with trade -expansion of Mali West Africa -Islam spread via conquest through establishment of caliphates -spread to West Africa and Southeast Asia by trade by muslim merchants and Sufi Missionaries -camels are changing North African trade - ivory and slaves in demand in Mediterranean, in return Sudan got horses, cloths, salt -- helped spread Islam -Salt was native to Africa and slaves mied salt which was a luxury item -Sundiata won Ghana and started Mali empire -decentralized stable government and taxed merchants 2.5 Cultural Consequences and Connectivity Syncretism: blend Chinese Popular Region: syncretism of Daoism, Confucianism, and Buddhism Angkor Wat: Hindu temple found in Cambodia (SE Asia) due to religion spread by trade -influence on Buddhism in East Asia, spread of Hinduism/Buddhism into SE Asia, spread of Islam in Sub-Saharan Africa and Asia. -gunpowder and paper from China -trade routes had role as conduits (carrier of culture) -Buddhism (India) spread through Central and East Asia due to merchants on S.R -merchants prefer buddhism because of the caste system Mahayanna: branch of buddhism did well on S.R, buddha seen as divine -o.g buddhism politically conservative (theravada) -ilsamic civilization immense arena of exchange -Muslims. Arabs, and Persians dominant in Afro-Eurasia trade routes Islamic Green Revolution: ecologic change and agriculture products, increase food production. 2.6 Environmental Consequences and Connectivity -diffusion of crops and pathogens, epidemic diseases along routes EX: bananas in Africa, New rice varieties in E. Africa, Citrus spread in Mediterranean -trade spreads unfamiliar diseases (smallpox and measles) -increased appeal of Christianity in Europe and Buddhism in China because they offer compassion during suffering. -decline of urbanization and trade and labor shortages -peasant revolts under Serfdom and Feudalism -Song China grows because of Champa rice, ripened fast and drought resistant, -Indonesians settle madagascar and permanently change cultural and racial makeup -deforestation, overgrazing, soil erosion 2.7 Comparison of Economic Change -improved commercial practices led to increased trade and extending range of routes. -growth of interregional trade in luxury goods is encouraged by change -demand for luxury goods increases in Afro-Eurasia, Chinese, Persian, and Indian artisans -merchants expand production of textiles Black Death yersinia bacteria -helped employment for women, helps europeans find new route to asia -High death rates, pneumonic plague, so its spread by coughs Unit 3 Lar Manchu: Central & East Asia Mughal: South & Central Asia Ottoman: South Europe, Middle East, & North Africa Safavids: Middle East Land-Based Empires The Manchu Qing Dynasty Tribute System: a set of highly regulated, ritualized exchanges Cosmopolitan: including people of many different nations -government starts wanting a central control and using tax collection systems -civil service exam losing importance and paper money didn't work -Yuan Dynasty overthrown by Ming- Ming overthrown by Qing (manchu) -Yuan try to remove foreign rule and promote confucianism Ming China: put strict limits on import trade and foreigners, replace paper money with silver (bad idea), reestablish civil service exam, highly centralized government 15th c.: China starts recovery and was well governed and prosperous -porcelain was big during Ming dynasty Maritime Expeditions: establishes Chinese power and prestige in I.O, utilize tribute system, (stop in 1433) Decline: problems defending borders, weak emperors, peasant rebel, starts new era for China Qing Dynasty Kangxi: talented military leader Qianglong: prosperity, canceled tax collection 4 times -late 18th c. China reaches largest size in history; largest in world -don't like the idea of a maritime empire so they make a huge land empire -diverse population, also don't assimilate conquered people, respect cultures ---expanded power/influence of China, ends silk road tradition, trade controlled by Russia and China now. -Manchu rulers want to preserve ethnic identity -Kangxi and Qianglong (sophisticated Confucian scholars) strengthen dynasty -prosperity based on agr. rice, wheat, millet (growth supported by trade and silver) -preference for male children (confucian ideals of patriarchy) -gentry--peasants--artisans--merchants--slaves - CHAMPA FUCKING RICE Islamic Land Based Empires (Gunpowder Empires) Devshirme: system of forced labor Sultanate: government ran by sultan Bureaucracy: system of government where decisions are made by state officials instead of elected representatives. Zamindars: governors of region, responsible for collecting taxes and military participation Janissaries: boys, trained to fight for Sultan, converted to Islam and castrated (elite fighting force) -political and religious disputes led to conflicts between states (Safavid vs Mughal) -develop armies, expand territory, invest in expansion, isolate empire -rely on armies, roads, and and inland cities, made use of guns, -height of muslim political and military power in World History Ottoman: Sunni Islam, Turkish, Islamic sultanate, diverse, sophisticated, women had power, too large to be maintained, corrupt local governments, taxed peasants, gunpowder weapons, large bureaucracy ---threaten catholic lands with expansion ---incorporate many languages and people ---heavy taxation, agriculture, ---sent christian boys to be in military at 8 Safavid: Shi'ite muslims, Persian, gunpowder empire, military expertise, religious authority, support trade, live in rural areas and farm, arts are important, nomadic, Gunpowder empires: dominate pts. of Europe, Africa, and Asia. (Safavid-Iran, Ottoman-Turkey, Mughal-India) Mughal: muslim, tolerance for diveristy, succesful, tolerance for money, zamindars, gunpowder weapons, --- #1 producer of manufactured goods like cotton textiles (16-17th c.) -British pits Hindu princes against each other, gives British complete economic/political control. Tokugawa Japan Shogun: military dictators in Japan Daimyos: one of the great lords who were vassals of the shogun Bushido: way of the warrior, an unwritten law code -organized politically and economically into feudal hierarchies emperor---shogun(top military authority)---daimyos (local control) -samurai focus on frugality, loyalty, martial arts, and honor till death -social hierarchy was influenced by confucianism because it meant obedience -samurai got screwed over, couldn't join other professions or work during peace -daimyos established central gov. People thought it'd be emperors replacement (wrong) -political unity helped economic growth, agriculture (irrigation and fertilizer) -control population with forms of birth control--limited space--limited geography -women who had more powers in some areas could now inherit property, lost status after 12th c. -adopts strict and isolating policies to limit consequences of European dominated trade Renaissance and Protestant Reform Protestant Reformation: christianity separating into the protestant church (1517) Martin Luther: (monk) debated about controversies in Roman Catholic church--95 theses -church was becoming corrupt by selling indulgences (removes sins with payments) -he gets banned from the church and he's shunned Peace of Augsburg (1555): meeting where princes stated that religion of each german state was to be decided by rulers -the reformation didn't offer women a better role, only seen as wives and mothers Calvinism: influential french theologian, believes in predestination (god pre decides who goes to heaven) Anglicanism: Henry 8th king of England, wanted current marriage annulled, asked pope but he said nah, passed Act of Supremacy that made him the head of Anglican church Catholic Reform: Pope Paul 3rd led it, called a meeting in Trent to deal with protestants, ban indulgences. Inquisition: 1542, church judges convicts, kill or prison ones with "bad" views -Jesuits try to appeal christianity to Chinese The Renaissance (1300-1600) -rebirth of Greek and Roman ideas, new ideas in art, government, litera e, science, etc Florence, Italy: wealth from trade -labor demands are increasing after Bubonic Plague -kings begin to tax merchants and the money was used to build armies and big nations Hundred Year War (1337-1453) conflict between England and France(name explains all) -catholicism maintains importance but isn't the MOST important anymore -social status is no longer based on family your born into but wealth and ability Humanism: study of classic Greek/Roman texts that emphasize education and improvement -men are seen as well educated, can dance, write poetry and play music, women are the same but lack ability to seek fame or power -printing press helps spread literature and knowledge farther than before Classical (500 B.C.E-500 C.E) -sculptures, pottery, murals, and mosaics -importance of leaders and gods -perfect, active bodies, nudity, bland faces, heroics, no backgrounds Medieval (500-1400 C.E) -stained glass, sculptures, manuscripts, paintings, tapestries -meant to teach religion to illiterate Religious, flat/stiff, clothed, solemn faces, vibrant, 2d, no realistic space Renaissance (1400-1650 C.E) -sculptures, murals, drawings, paintings -importance of people and nature -perfect, active/movement, nude or clothed, real tasks, real people, nature, full, symmetry Unit 4 Sea-Based Empires Early Modern Area: rebirth, europe become more involved in world affairs, Causes of Atlantic Slave Trade: Traditional peasant agriculture increased and changed, plantations expanded, and demand for labor increased. These changes both fed and responded to growing demand for raw materials and finished products. 4.1-4.2 Technology and Exploration Carvel: small fast Spanish or Portugal sail ship Astrolabe: used for astronomical measurements, calculates latitude Sextant: instrument with sighting mechanism that measures angles Carrack: large European merchant ship Flugt: dutch sailing vessel for transporting cargo Joint Stock: investments from multiple parties who fund a percent and get a profit in return Trade-post empire: meant to control trade routes rather than territory Portolan Map: marking distance based on time traveled in 1 direction Cartaz: permit for trade -islam and the spice trade -better maps, weaponization of gunpowder, easier navigation (know wind patterns) -growth of European maritime exploration, turns Europe into a dominant world force in military and trade. GOD, GOLD, GLORY, SPICES -spreading christianity, increase in riches from natural resources -exploration is expensive, requires joint stocks -explorers funded by Prince Henry in 1443 to find a route around Africa to Indian Ocean -portugal captures port cities and force to buy cartaz, lets them control trafficked routes -Spanish, British, and Dutch capture areas in 1.0 (Dutch create cape town) -europeans don't offer many goods ran trade for big $-- enhances existing trade networks -Portuguese make 'trade post empire' (Old World) Spain make conquest empire (Americas) -spain get silver/gold from New World colonies by cash crops--dominant world power Portuguese: explored West African coast trading hubs, slave trade centralized to West Africa, guns introduced to West Africa 4.3 The Columbian Exchange -East hemispheres: Afro-Eurasia "Old World" -West hemispheres: Americas "New World" domesticated animals: horses, pig, cattle Food: from slaves like okra and rice The Great Dying: lacked immunities to "Old World" disease (smallpox, measles, influenza, yellow fever) -disease spread to Mexica/Aztecs (1519) --- populations in Mexica go 17 mil-1.3 mil --- up to 90% native populations die from European and African disease (recover in 17th c.) Columbian Exchange: "great dying" causes labor shortages, makes room for new immigrants (Europeans and African slaves), creates a new society with a diverse culture Revolutionary Animals: horses, pigs, cattle, goats, sheep, introduced to the americas and help allow ranching America Africa Europe -europe manufacturing goods -bring them to Africa, trade for prisoners and slave -bring to Americas by middle passage -plantation goods go back to Europe -animals increase population and food supply -livestock destroys vegetation but also supply wheat, milk, hides, and wool -horses allow travel, effective hunting, and a new way for warfare -HOLY POTATOES the calories in potatoes and corn help increase population - columbian exchange resulted in a new interaction between four continents -benefits are unequal, western europeans are dominant force and have the most benefits -changing global balance of power with the western europeans previously marginalized are now in control of a trans-continental trade (big money moves) -sugar in demand in Europe but grown in Brazil NW-OW: potatoes, corn, vanilla, peppers, tobacco OW-NW: sugar cane, bananas, grapes, olives, onions, livestock, disease, grain Colonial Labor Systems Encomienda: spanish labor system that rewarded conquerors with the labor of certain groups of conquered non-christian people Decimated: kill or remove large part of Spanish forced labor system: land given to "deserving" subjects of king, encomenderos were supposed to keep order, establish military and taught about catholicism -encomienda system decimated Indian populations New Laws (1542): slavery of Indiands banned, Encomiendas got banned Mit'a: Incan System- all males 15-50 years old, work part of year on public projects Spanish System- communities provide 1/7 of male population, do public work, mining, and agriculture, abuses common, used to subsidize (fund) private interests Hacienda: land grants made to minor nobles, grant includes all Indians on the land, copy of feudalism in Europe, most are ranches, some are plantations, mines, and factories, designed to be self-sufficient Indentured Servants: years of service for passage to America, 5-7 years, promised land and property but few actually finish their service Transatlantic Slave Trade -labor supply is insufficient and sugar is a labor intensive crop -supply of indentured servants decreased Middle Passage 1600-1850: forts on west coast of Africa, slave caravans to the forts, selected by the Europeans and branded, held in dungeons till they were put on ships (6-8 weeks), high mortality rates, prisoners of war into slaves. -coastal countries get involved, inland countries move away (displacement) -Mali Kingdom and Asante kingdom, Kongo Kingdom, -many died during middle passage, 10-16 million forcibly transported 2 million died Slave mutinies: beatings, rapes, brutalization. Covert Resistance: (attempted suicide) jumped overboard, refusal to eat. -bulk of slaves go to Carribeand and Brazil 4.5 Maritime Empires Develop Capital: material wealth available to produce more wealth -wealth measured in gold Commercial Revolution: the transformation to a trade-based economy using gold/silver -this started from development of overseas colonies, new ocean trade routes, population growth, and inflation -The dutch east india company was a joint stock and used faster and lighter ships, huge profit in Spice Islands -triangular trade between Africa, Europe, and Americas NORTH AMERICA WEST INDIES SOUTH AMERICA raw goods manufactured goods sugar, molasses ATLANTIC OCEAN rum GREAT BRITAIN, enslaved Africans 1,000 miles 1,000 kilometers SPAIN AFRICA -new monopolies, granted merchants or governments an exclusive right to trade -traditional regional markets are flourishing, peasant and artisan labor Atlantic Slave Trade: weakened several West African kingdoms, slowed population growth, trade competition results in violence in african societies, and becoming economically dependent on europeans -african societies that were involved in slave trace became richer and had a new way of warfare with the introduction of firearms -polygamy practiced -impact of new foods -indigenous political structures in latin america were replaced by spanish and portugal administrations. -combination of different religions -many enslaved africans practiced islam -spanish and portuguese make effort to erase exiting cultures and social structures -syncretism, santeria: african faith popularized in latin america, 4.6 Internal/External Challenges to State Power Cossack: member of people of southern russia noted for horsemanship and military skills. -1624 Ana Nzinga became ruler of Ndongo, in south central Africa -her and her people flee west and take over Matamba. Started a rebellion and offered freedom in Matamba to enslaved Africans. -ruled for a long time making Matamba an economically strong state. Resistance in Russia: wars in 14-15th c. weakened russia's central government and increased power of nobility, demands for grain increase so nobled put serfs in harsh conditions, russian princes heavily taxed peasants for protection and to support the military. Peasants lose land and are forced into serfdom. Serfdom: benefits the government keeps peasants under control. Provided free labor for landowners. . serfs are basically slaves. -village communes called mirs controlled even the small landholders among peasants -near Black Sea peasants who were skilled fighters lived on grassy steppes, they could be hired as mercenaries. -cossack called Yemelyan Pugachev started peasant rebellion against Catherine the Great in 1774 for giving nobility control over the serfs on their land for political loyalty -Pugachev Rebellion caused Catherine to increase her oppression of the peasants in return for support of nobles to help her avoid future revolts Rebellion in South Asia: mughals centralized government and spread Persian art and culture as well as Islam. Revolts in Spanish Empire: Pueblo revolt in 1680 against spanish in present New Mexico. Pueblo and Apache killed colonizers trying to force religions on people. Struggles in England: enslaved people in the caribbean fought to gain freedom in Maroon Wars first recorced slave revolt was the Gloucester County Rebellion. Metacom's War: final effort to drive the british from New England Glorious/ Bloodless Revolution: strengthened power of parliament which passed a law forbidding catholics to rule england. Mercantilism: belief in profitable trading, nation's wealth was measured by its possession of silver and gold (america's very profitable b/c of this), EXPORT MORE THAN IMPORT -colonies are a product of this, colonies job was to give resources to parent country Slavery -some slaves in islam world had political/military status and women were preferred over men -slaves in rome could earn freedom become apart of politics/business and get $$$ -pope gave the portuguese go ahead to enslave pagans and muslims -Africans were interested in guns and goods from Portugal, African cities traded war captives, criminals, and other individuals. -demand grew so more europeans joined the trade, established bases on african coast -european merchants benefit -european demand for slaves drive african supply -african sellers wanted european goods like: tobacco, guns, metals, textiles, and alcohol -plantations in america help peak slave trade (slavery in americas more based around agriculture) -slavery caused loss of millions of men which increased demands on women Unit 5 1900 Revolutions from c.1750-c. -new technology, growth of global trade network, industrialization, foreign controls 5.1 The Enlightenment Nationalism: intense loyalty to similar people Empiricism: belief that knowledge comes from experience Laissez-faire: french for "leave alone" government takes less control over business decisions Capitalism: means of production are owned privately and operate for profit Deism: emphasis on reason, divinity simply set natural law into motion Feminism: movement for women's rights and equality. (SENECA FALLS CONVENTION: demand more rights) Utopian Socialism: system of worker ownership of means of production, sharing, Fabian Society 19th c. gradual socialists (favored reform by gov.) Classic Liberalism: belief in natural rights, constitutional government, laissez-faire economics, and reduced spending on military and churches. Abolitionism: provide rights and extend freedom to enslaved peoples. Ending atlantic slave trade and freeing all ensalved people. Suffrage: right to vote in public elections General Will: will of people to make decisions for common good Separation of Powers: no influence of power exceeds others -emphasis of reason over tradition and individual over community (change) -individualism, freedom, self-determination, search for purpose and religion -trying to understand natural world, rethink religion, thinking about philosophy "The Age of Isms" John Locke viewed life as the result of a social contract, people naturally live a gritty life but by agreeing to a social contract give up some rights to a central government for rule and order. Adam Smith supports government regulations but advocated for laissez-faire. Wrote wealth of nations. - Governments reduce intervention in economic decision, foundation for capitalism -revolution and rebellion against governments world wide -education can help people become happy (knowledge transforms society) -Hobbes thinks everyone's mean and evil so we need a central government -Locke and Rousseau think laws should be made to protect us, give up rights to gov. Montesquieu: French philosopher, separation of powers, Francis Bacon: empiricism, relies on reasoning from personal experience not tradition. Mary Wollstonecraft: writer, feminist philosopher. women less educated 5.2 Nationalism and Revolutions Free Market: economic system based on supply and demand with little gov. Control Mercantilism: maximizing exports minimizing imports Nationalism: loyalty and devotion to particular nationality, pride in your nation Key Ideals: progress, reason, natural law -physiocrats providing defense of free market ideas instead of mercantilism. -american colonists more independent politically -now that they are farther away from parliament and the king they want independence -mad about Britain taxing them for their war and putting British soldiers in colonial homes Declaration of Independence (Jul. 4, 1776) expressed colonists' fight against Britain, rights to life, liberty, pursuit of happiness. The New Zealand Wars had been occupied by polynesians (Maori), after colonization by British English control they started to control Maori affairs, a series of wars between British/Maori. British Won French Revolution liberty, equality, fraternity. France was in debt, the National Assembly (a group of commoners that broke off to form a new body) pushed out government officials. Establish constitutional republic -Reign of Terror, time of no gov. In France, Robespierre (bad guy)weakened the Catholic Church, and changed the calendar. Haitian Revolution enslaved africans begin to kill owners, joined by escaped/freed slaves (maroons), Toussaint L' Ouverture led revolt. Haiti made a constitution that gave equality and citizenship to all residents. -haitian and french revolution both grew out of the idea that men had natural rights. 7 Year War world's first global conflict covering multiple continents, Starts in Europe with Austria, Russia, and France vs. Prussia (German State), Great Britain supports Prussia in hopes for France's land, British use naval force to secure French colonies, help Prussia win -British upset citizens by taxing them for war, King George II turned back on promises to reward soldiers with land grants. Latin America Revolution Simon De Bolivar (Creole) studied enlightenment ideals, organized revolution in Latin America, began movement to break from weakened Spain, defeated Spanish force and created the state of Gran Colombia, continued along the coast, Liberated rest of South America from Spanish Rule. Filipino Nationalism 1800s, Creole people had developed their own identity after more than 300 years of Spanish Rule, U.S defeated Spanish and took over Philippines as U.S territory instead of granting independence, Filipino people fought against U.S for independence in 20th c., after WWII the U.S granted independence. Tanzimat Reforms growing ethnic discontent and nationalism in the Balkans, abolish dhimmis status and granted more liberties and equalities to non-muslims. Upset Muslim populations, Saw reforms and gov. Direction as Western influenced, European Balkan principles and new nations took remaining Ottoman territory in Europe Unification of Italy unifying smaller common states, Count Cavour in N' and Garibaldi Giuseppe in S', unified italian states in 1860s, complete process in 1871 and forming the Kingdom of Italy Unification of Germany Otto Von Blasmarck of Prussia cooperated with smaller german states against France in the Franco-Prussian War of 1871, nationalist, German Empire was formed by many German States unifying together lead by Prussia Realpolitik: Power is more important than principles 5.3 Industrial Revolution Begins -new technology reshaping society Industrialization: the increased use of machines in production, and social changes that develop with this Specialization of Labor: each worker focuses on one task increases productivity shift. Capital: money available to invest in businesses Enclosure Movement: government fences off commons to give exclusive uses of it to people who paid a lot for the privilege or who purchased the land ↳EX: Columbian Exchange, rise of maritime trading empires, increased agricultural production, and more personal wealth among individuals Urbanization: people leave rural areas for urban ones Specialization of Labor: each worker focuses on one task increases productivity -agricultural revolution in 1700s led to increased productivity -crop rotation and seed drill-increase food production -intro of potato gave people more calories, and populations grew. -improvements in medical-longer life spans -British develop thriving cotton industry -factory system/assembly line popularized BRITAIN ADVANTAGE near Atlantic Ocean and seaways great for imports/exports, also near coal deposits, abundant rivers for transport, strong fleets for trade, growing pop+urbanization, access to resources from colonies -new technology and modes of transportation 5.4 Industrialization Spreads Human capital: workforce Capital: money available to invest in a business -cotton is more valuable -french revolution/wars-delayed Industrialization in France -Germany spread into small states- slow industrialization & leader in steel and coal. -U.S in 1900s, leading industrial force, immigrants provide labor force -Russia focus is railroads and exports, Trans-Siberian Railroad from Moscow to Pacific Ocean, makes trade easier -Japan was first in Asia, built up military and economic strength -British naval and ship power removed the Indian navy. -British colonial rule in India also affected mineral production, leading to decline of India's ability to mine and work metals. -India and Egypt big for textile production -The Indian textile market overpowered Britain's, so Britain taxed their market. -Europe's growth = Egypt loses market in textiles and domestic market 5.5 Technology in the Industrial Age Bessemer Process: blasting molten metal with air as a means of removing impurities and keeping medal from hardening -second industrial revolution came in the late 19th century and early 20th century -telephone and radio made communication easier -ships no longer depend on wind -steam powered ships could travel upstream -coaling stations-critical points on trade routes -coal made the mass production of iron possible 2nd REVOLUTION developments in steel, chemicals, precision machinery, and electronics. -kerosene came from new commercial oils being drilled. -auto and airplane developments -developments in electricity -Transcontinental Railroad connects Atlantic and Pacific ocean helps U.S industrial growth INVENTIONS The Telegraph: invented in 1837 by Samuel Morse. Allows communication The Telephone: invented in 1876 by Alexander Graham Bell The Lightbulb: invented in 1879 by Thomas Edison. Internal Combustion Engine: invented in 1855 by Gottlieb Daimler. The Radio: invented in 1890s by Guglielmo Marconi Steam Engine: invented in 1765 by James Watt 5.6 Industrialization: Government's Role Zaibatsu: powerful Japanese family business organizations -Ottoman Empire suffered from industrialization and eventually collapsed -20c. China becomes a republic but central gov. to weak to push industrialization -Japan's central gov. is stronger trying to stray from western pressures -Japan seeks western innovations, hopes equality to Western countries -Ottoman weakening b/c of lack of modernization and overexpansion -Ottoman tries to control Egypt, helps Muhammad Ali rise to power+ become new governor of Egypt, takes over military and westernizes it -Ali taxes peasants heavily making them give up lands, allowed gov. to control valuable cotton and agri. products. Used religious lands for farming. Pushed Egypt into industrialization. -Euro. powers push to sell goods in Japan, Japan forced to submit by US navy MEIJI RESTORATION effort to adopt western culture to protect own culture, overthrew shogun and restore power to emperor Japan: abolished feudalism, establishes constitutional monarchy based on Prussia, established equality in law and abolish cruel punishment, made military after Prussian model, created new schooling system, built railroads/roads, industrialized in tea, silk, weapons, shipbuilding, rice wine (sake) -Japan attracts investors due to tech. (like automatic loom) 5.7 Economic Developments/Innovations Corporation: a business chartered by a government as a legal entity owned by stockholders Stockholders: individuals who by partial ownership directly from the company when it is formed or through stock market Dividends: sums of money stockholders receive from corporation when its making profit Monopoly: control of specific business and elimination of all competition Transnational companies: those that operate across national boundaries Hong Kong and Shanghai Banking Corp.: A British owned bank opened in Hong Kong, focused on finance, corporate investments, and global banking. (HSBC) Unilever Corp.: British and Dutch venture, focused on household goods, soap mostly Sole Proprietorship: a business owned by single person Partnership: small group of people who make all business decisions Limited Liability: capital suppliers not subject to losses more than their investment Transferability of Shares: voting rights in enterprise transferred from one investor to another Juridical Personality: corp. Acts as "person" and can sue and be sued, make contracts, and hold property -under mercantilism government and guilds control everything under businesses -move away from mercantilism to competitive market -competition ensures business who offers good prices and/or good products stay - trade increases so does availability, price, and variety of goods. -manufacturers start forming giant corporations to reduce risks -companies start forming monopolies (John D. Rockefeller=oil) -connect all British-held colonies with transport = easier governing (help conduct war) -HSBC and -transnational companies gain wealth/influence (ie. Unilever Corp) -corp. is a more flexible structure for large econ. activity. -Risk divided among business instead of on one person -more banks b/c more demand -consumerism/leisure popularize among working class -companies push employees to exercise and stay healthy (sports for work ethic and discipline) FACTORS OF EUROPEAN WEALTH more money supply, more available money, reduce in regulation and taxation due to private property rights -investment + innovation = more money in circulation -Smith thought wealth was made with cheap labor, with low prices, sold more, and makes more jobs FREE MARKET SYSTEM INVISIBLE HAND-self interest was that the desire of suppliers to profit would result in the needs of society. 5.8 Reactions to Industrial Economy Labor Unions: organizations for workers that advocated for the right to bargain with employers and put agreements in contracts. Utilitarianism: "greatest good for greatest number of people" Proletariat: working class, working in factories/mines for lil compensation Bourgeoisie: middle class and investors who own machines/factories where goods are made Communism: all class distinctions end -industrial work is harsh provoking calls for change -trade unions form to push for higher pay and better conditions Voting Rights more men who can vote, (Britain: 1918 all men can, 1928 all women can) Child Labor 1843: under 10 cant work in mines, 1881: edu. Mandatory for kids 5-10 John Stuart Mill fought for labor unions and limiting child labor, safe working conditions Karl Marx german who likes socialism, "scientific socialism", Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels published Communist Manifesto, an extensive critique of capitalism, that said competition in the market made the middle class exploit the working class. WANT TO OVERTHROW CAPITALISM -socialism later replace by communism -Communism/Marxism is idea that class conflicts and property are the root of all bad Marx Solution everyone should share property and should be owned by government Phases of Marxist: Revolutionary(proletariat takes private property), Socialist (gov. Temporarily controls all private property and distributes Communist: borders eliminated and all humans share all private properties/goods. OTTOMAN: Ottoman empire losing political power, Mahmud II reforms Ottoman system. Abolish Janissaries and form new artillery. Tanzimat or reorganization after Mahmud, benefits men more than women. Sultan Abdulhamid keeps control over empire but supports reform CHINA: 19 c. self-strengthening movement, improving military tech, helped by French and British, China sets up its own customs service to collect taxes on imports and exports, Emperor Guangzhou led the Hundred Day Reform. Abolishes civil service exam, eliminates corruption, spread western ideals. JAPAN get rid of samurais, some resist, and some serve government as statesmen, new schools improve literacy, the economy industrializes, and develops traits of democracy. Later army officers dominate gov. -basically, everyone is just following the western way and trying to also become industrialized. OTTO VON BISMARK everything needs to be government-controlled. Unifying nation-states under Germany. (Accident Insurance and Pension Programs) -During industrialization they do not give a shit if you are injured or disabled. IDEOLOGIES CONSERVATIVE: preserve past, pro-monarchy, anti-revolution, anti-enlightenment LIBERAL: Pro natural rights, Anti-monarchy, Limited Suffrage, Right to land RADICAL: advocate voting rights, outright democracy, reforms for lower class, strict anti-monarchy. ANARCHISM: let people live, natural balance. 5.9 Society & Industrial Age -kids in factories, women working domestic jobs, middle-class women have no responsibilities. -urban areas grow too fast to be maintained so lots of people end up living in bad conditions. -people crowded so diseases like cholera spread very fast,. Crime, fires, and violence spread too. -cities form police and fire departments, drainage and sewage systems form for public health, building standards reduce hazards. WHITE-COLLAR: middle-class workers, business owners, and professionals. -normalization of domestic household, women are submissive and breedable, men are strong and dominant -industry harms environment with pollution -mass production makes goods cheaper and more abundant 5.10 Continuity/Change in Industrial Revolution WESTERN EUROPE abundant natural resources, transoceanic routes, financial capital + increase in population results in W' Europe's leadership in industrialization. -more railroads and ships = easier trade -production of minerals and crops SOUTHEAST ASIA source for spices, rubber, tin, and timber. -capitalism results in short lives and bad conditions -office labor is also made a part of the middle class UPPER-CLASS wealthy owners of industrial companies have control -growing interest in labor laws and more democratic governments by workers -fights for voting rights and the protection of workers -protests & revolutions cause political reforms ↳ an important factor in reforms is the size/influence of the middle class -new political parties to represent working-class "Labor Parties" ↳ advocate for minimum wages, shorter workday, paid sick and holiday leave, better working conditions, and insurance Social Developments of Industrial Age MIDDLE in between nobles and peasants, starting to have political and economic power (UPPER MIDDLE) factory owners, mine owners, bankers, and merchants WORKING make money through manual labor and don't have skillset (start urbanizing) ↳ too many people in one place because of urbanization, awful living conditions FAMILY men go to work, women stay home, Domestic living. ↳ families with working mothers or children were "Lower Class" SOCIAL OUTCOMES harsh conditions, child labor, min. labor laws. ↳ Leads to labor unions -urbanization and slums, pollution, and lack of resources. ABOLITIONIST enlightenment ideals push W' monarchs to abandon trade WOMEN'S RIGHTS pushing for equal edu. and suffrage ↳ women didn't have the same economic demands and limited to household roles -in 1840 40% of the population were under 15 and most had to work (called the white slaves of england) Unit 6 6.1 Rationales for Imperialism IMPERIALISM extending a country's "superior" powers by force over "weaker" nation Consequences of Industrialization ↳REASONS ECONOMIC natural resources, new markets MILITARISTIC global bases for steam ships, show off new weapons POLITICAL nationalism, state building IDEOLOGICAL social darwinism (theory of evolution by natural selection), religious conversion -environmental factors contributing to development of global economy SOCIAL DARWINISM survival of the fittest, ideology for imperialism. Belief that humans are based on these ideals. Civilizing the world (white man's burden) -colonial powers believe they are naturally superior to foreigners -native americans forced into schooling RELIGION missionaries participate in colonization, set up schools to help students pursue big careers. ECONOMIC MOTIVES to maximize profit big companies ran by european governments sign treaties wirth local rulers in India, East Africa, and East Indies. Allows Europeans to establish trade in these countries. EAST INDIA COMPANY given royal charter by english monarch which gave it a monopoly in England's trade with India. Traded cotton, silk, indigo, and spices. DUTCH EAST INDIA COMPANY 1602 dutch gives them a monopoly on trade between the Cape of Good Hope and the Straits of Magellan. 6.2 State Expansion -Europeans export guns and alcohol to Africa and import natural African resources -PALM OIL IS IMPORTANT (used for textile machines) Quinine: a medicine that treats malaria SUEZ CANAL 100 mile canal that saves the trip around Africa. Done in 1869, completed with egyptian workers forced to work as form of taxation. BRITISH COLONIES many colonies established in West Africa. (Sierra Leone, Gambia, Lagos, and acquired Ghana and later the Asante Empire.) -Britain used diplomacy and warfare to expand. -France drove the Ottoman out of Algeria and made it a settler colony -British and Afrikaners (children of Dutch settlers) fight over land leading to Boer Wars (1880-1881), (1889-1902) British won forcing Afrikaners into concentration camps. CONGO King Leopold II of Belgium powered invasion of Congo to convince the Belgian government to support colonial expansion. Employed a ruthless system of economic exploitation that made him big money. 7 YEARS WAR (1756-1763) drove the French out of India, Britain gains control of India -Europe carved out spheres of influence in China where they had exclusive trading rights and access to natural resources. -Malaya was biggest producer of natural rubber CASH CROPS: tobacco, pepper, palm oil, rubber. SIAM siamese began to industrialize but avoided European imperialism. AUSTRALIA Britain made a penal colony. Most economic activity came from housing convicts at first. Later produced fine wool -U.S forced relocation of Eastern Woodlands peoples from the Southeast to an Indian territory. Forced migration known as the trail of tears Manifest Destiny: a natural and inevitable right to expand to the Pacific Ocean -U.S bought Alaska from Russia in 1867. VICTORY U.S victory in the spanish-american war (1898) brought Guam, Cuba, Puerto Rico, and Philippines under U.S control. RUSSIAN EXPANSION Russia pushes into Central Asia during the 19th century, leading to rivalry between Russian and British empires. They compete for Afghanistan. THE GREAT GAME State Expansion from 1750-1900 6.2 -U.S and Europe have wealth, production, and tech advantages, start taking advantage of world -use territory for raw materials and new markets -either control territory directly or force a government into submission POWER start taking over big parts of world for resources and money from selling goods WESTERN DOMINANCE Parts of Europe and the U.S have more developed economies, rich populations, and better tech and production than anyone else ↳bolt action rifle, steamships, factories provide more money and production -Portugal and Spain struggling to follow and lost most non-American colonies to Europe AFRICA IMPERIALISM europeans conquer most of Africa in a few decades (scramble for africa) ↳infamous private colony Belgian King Leopold II in Congo, had bad practices like torture on africans that didn't meet production quota BERLIN CONFERENCE bunch of European states meet together to decide how they're going to divide up Africa, organized by Otto Von Bismarck in 1884 OTTOMAN DECLINE failed to industrialize, France, Italy, and Britain takeaway Ottoman holdings in North Africa Russia and American Imperialism 6.2 -Russia and U.S use industrial adv. to expand territory -railroads and industrialized weapons allowed Russia to conquer bigger areas -Russian Conquest of Central Asia muslims because they resistes Russian rule. -Russia claims Alaska MANIFEST DESTINY spreading american borders and culture coast to coast ↳ have to buy and conquer territory from Britain, Spain, France, Mexico, Russia and all Native Americans that were left. ↳civilization enlightens "savages" MEXICAN-AMERICAN & INDIAN WARS U.S had a part in several military campaigns in 19 c. ↳MEXICAN-AMERICAN WAR (1846-48) Mexico won independence from Spain in 1820s but boundaries were unclear with the U.S, Both declare war hoping to expand boundaries INDIAN WARS (1872-90) settlers encounter hostile Natives when traveling to CA for money (Apache & Sioux) U.S army and American settlers battle several tribes of native Americans in the Midwest and N' U.S, wars are known for being brutal. -similar cases of military intervention by U.S to protect their corporate interests happen through Latin America. US Invasions of Latin America -Puerto Rico and Cuba, 1898 -Mexico, 1914-1918 -Haiti, 1915-1934 -Guatemala, 1954 -Cuba, 1961 -Dominican Republic, 1965 -Nicaragua, 1981-1990 -Grenada, 1983 6.3 Indigenous Response to State Expansion -ottoman start losing territory in Balkan empire, causes Balkans to fight for independence (ethnic nationalism) -Russo Turkish war ends in 1878, treaty of berlin frees Bulgaria, Romania, and Montenegro but puts Bosnia and Herzegovina in control of Austria-Hungary -British issue Proclamation of 1763 reserved all land between Appalachians and Mississippi for Native Americans. CHEROKEE assimilated to white culture, adopted the constitution and most are literate. ↳discover gold in 1829 on land in Georgia, want Cherokee gone for money INDIAN REMOVAL ACT 1830 Cherokee and other SE' Native Americans relocate TUPAC AMARU II incan, executed colonial admin, led to last Indian revolt against Spain -In 1863 a group of Mexican conservatives conspired with Napoleon III of France to overthrow gov. of Benito Juarez. Mexicans end up forcing the French away -mid 19c. Majority of British armed forces in India are sepoys or Indian soldiers employed by Britain. INDIAN REBEL OF 1857 Hindus mad because British use cow fat for rifle carts, muslims mad because pigs are used. Britain wins and exiles the Mughal empire. INDIAN NATIONAL CONGRESS formed in 1885 by British educated Indians called for self-rule. PHILIPPINE REVOLUTION 1896 filipinos have nationalist plans and education, SPANISH-AMERICAN WAR 1898, Filipines join in hopes of support from U.S, TREATY OF PARIS ended war transferring power over Philippines from Spanish to U.S PHILIPPINE-AMERICAN WAR angered over treaty, filipinos fight, U.S wins and keep philippines in possession until 1946 TREATY OF WAITANGI 1840, Britain promised to protect property rights of Maori of New Zealand. By 1900 after many struggles for land, most Maori land was in British hands PAN-AFRICANISM western-educated africans identity and nationalism -Xhosa Cattle Killing Movement in S' Africa Xhosa kill British cattle after contracting diseases from them, results in famine and deaths of thousands ANGLO-ZULU WAR british fight Zulu kingdom on S' African coast. The British win and their lands become part of the British colony of S' Africa. SAMORY TOURE'S WAR in West Africa 1868 he led warriors to establish a kingdom in Guinea. Repeatedly fights the French to extend kingdom, eventually caught and exiled. MADHIST REVOLT E' Africa 1881 Muhammad Ahmad said to restore glory of Islam. Political movement turned religious. Madhists overran British-Egyptian forces only to later be defeated. YAA ASANTEWAA WAR British try to control Asante Empire. 1st 4 attempts unsuccessful. 5th succeeds. Makes Asante part of Gold Coast Colony. IMPERIAL RULE: Forms Direct: sending their own officials to administer to the colonies (France initially) Indirect: use sultans, chiefs, or other local rulers (Britain) Protectorate: local rulers were left in place but expected to follow european advice Sphere of Influence: outside power claimed exclusive investment/trading privileges. Economic Imperialism (1750-1900) 6.5 -U.S and European businesses began to sprout up elsewhere in the world and dominate international markets UNITED FRUIT COMPANY cooperates unlawfully with Latin American dictators by providing financial support and arms for benefits like tax exemption, fertile land, and cheap labor. -West passes China and India in production (GDP). Gross domestic product is total market value of all finished goods and services made in a countries borders. 6.4 Global Economic Development -Western nations exploited Asians and Africans for raw goods and labor that helped further industrialization Tech Developments RAILROADS railroads lowered costs of transporting raw goods to be shipped to Europe and opened up colonial markets for manufactured goods. Often argued that these railroads helped Africa and Asia but benefited western societies much more. Means of taking as many resources from these lands while paying laborers very little. Cecil Rhodes: (1853-1902) founder of De Beers Diamonds, big investor in a railroad project to stretch Cape Town in S' Africa to Cairo, Egypt. This would connect colonies held by Britain making governing easier and help in future wars. Never got finished because Britain never gained control of all the land it needed. STEAMSHIPS required lots of coal for fuel but transported people, mail, and goods in rivers like Ganges (S' Asia) and Congo (Africa). (1870) ships became better for longer distances. TELEGRAPH invented in 1832. Speeds up communication and telegraph lines often follow railroad routes and eventually cross oceans underwater. Agricultural Products Subsistence farming: raising enough food to live on -imperialist powers made subsistence farmers grow cash crops instead. Cash Crops: grown for commercial value rather than for use for those growing them ↳tea, cotton, sugar, oil palms, rubber, and coffee. -cash crops start replacing food crops which makes food crops rise. -european middle class created a demand for meat. ↳cattle ranches in Argentina, Brazil, and Uruguay make beef for exports. Sheep herders in Australia/New Zealand export lamb and mutton. Guano: bat and seabird excrement (feces) is rich in nitrates and phosphates, making it a good fertilizer Raw Materials -demand for raw materials that could be made into goods and shipped away turned colonies into Export Economies. COTTON after banning Indian cotton in 1721 due to competition Britain's southern colonies in America shifted production by providing the raw goods (slavery) and England would make textiles. (80% of cotton from the U.S )During the civil war warships blocked confederate ports cutting supply to Britain. Causes farmers everywhere to replace food production with cotton. India and Egypt benefit. RUBBER natural rubber is made from latex sap in trees/vines. (1839) Charles Goodyear developed a process, vulcanization, that helped create the modern rubber industry. Rubber trees are native to the Amazon and in vines in Central Africa. In both places "rubber barons" forced the natives into slavery and killed those who didn't meet quotas. PALM OIL machinery in Europe needed lubrication creating a demand. Originated in W' Africa where it's used as a food product. Used as currency in African cultures and an important cash crop. Europeans make palm plantations in Malaya & Dutch East Indies. IVORY tusks of elephants provide ivory. Most ivory trade was in Africa. Important for beauty and strength and used for piano keys, billiard balls, knife handles, and carvings. Ivory Coast was named that because of the trading posts there for trade of ivory and enslaved peoples. MINERALS mineral ores used around the world in manufacturing gained value. Mexico produced silver. Chile produced copper used for telegraph cables and power lines. Northern Rhodesia (Zambia) and Belgian Congo produce copper. Bolivia, Nigeria, Malaya, and Dutch East Indies produce tin which helps the food industry. Australia and S' Africa, W'Africa, Alaska produced gold deposits. DIAMONDS Cecil Rhodes was sent to S' Africa in 1870 joined family and joined the diamond rush and formed the De Beers Mining Company in 1880. By 1891 De Beers had 90% of the world's diamond production and had stakes in gold fields. -Rhodes became the prime minister of the Cape Colony and made way for the apartheid (racial segregation) Global Consequences -Urban populations grow → demand for food met by imports (possible with refrigeration) -Industrialized nations grew wealthier → stock exchanges developed allows for people to invest →more need to protect global markets and investments grew COMMERCIAL EXTRACTION farmers only allowed to grow cash crops called monocultures (lack of agricultural diversity). Deforestation to make room for farming affecting biodiversity and climate. Crop diseases and pests spread easier. *Some places still unable to diversify lands 6.5 Economic Imperialism -agricultural influence: from Asia and Latin America to industrialized states like Britain, U.S, France, Germany, and Japan. Economic Imperialism: foreign business interests have economic power/influence developed as businesses took advantage of resources outside their borders. ↳ Resources: people, raw materials, and refined materials -cash, crops, and minerals were made on a big scale Economic Imperialism in Asia INDIA the East India Company formed to take part in the spice trade. Opposition by Dutch. By the 1700s they dominated the textile trade. DUTCH EAST INDIES the Dutch East India company had a monopoly on trade with the Dutch east indies where spice islands were located. Dutch gov. Introd the Culture System (forced farmers to choose growing cash crops or doing unpaid labor) CHINA porcelain, silk, and tea had a demand in Britain. The Chinese didn't want British goods so to make up the east india company forced farmers in India to grow opium and sold it to China for silver. OPIUM WAR (1839-42) chinese gov. Seized opium warehouses from the British and the British destroyed a Chinese blockade blocking ships from China's only port where foreign trade was allowed. -Industrialized nations in Europe would dominate/defeat states that lacked military tech to defend themselves. TREATY OF NANKING required China to open up 4 more ports to foreigners, give Hong Kong to Britain, and bay damages. Forced free trade in China (included opium) 2ND OPIUM WAR Chinese officers boarded a British ship, searched it, lowered the flag, and arrested Chinese sailors. TREATY OF TIENTSIN followed the war and allowed foreign leaders to stay in Beijing. Opened new ports to W' trade and helped Christian missionaries. -W' nations force China to give them exclusive trading rights in spheres of influence. The Open Door Policy from the US allowed the system of trade in China open to all countries equally. Economic Imperialism in Africa -land goes from growing food to making cash crops. -food production declines b/c of cash crops causing food shortages. Egypt cotton was their main export Sudan cotton was the main cash crop. Plantation Syndicate dictated land for farmers Uganda enslaved people and ivory were replaced by cotton as the main export. Gold Coast cocoa was their big cash crop. SLAVERY IN AFRICA Slave labor was used for many cash crops (mostly oil palms) The slave trade stopped trade with some places like Cadbury's. Economic Imperialism in Latin America ROLE OF US fund infrastructure like railways, shipping and banking and finance mining, guano, and meat processing in Latin America. ARGENTINA Britain invested a lot in Argentina. Richest country in Latin America. Developed large scale farming on plains called Pampas. CHILE Spain colonized Chile who was dependent on agriculture exports. Copper and Chile's mining sector helped their exports. BRAZIL lost its rubber industry to lower costs of rubber in Malaysia. Trade was only for the benefits of Europe and the U.S. CENTRAL AMERICA/CARIBBEAN new banana republics that were controlled by foreign corporations. Dependent on their economy on exports of limited-resource products like bananas and minerals. British Imperialism of India -fights began over use of cow and pig fat offending islam. -British called Britain mutiny -rebel leaders who died fighting became national heroes -British massacre of the whole city British Raj: time period where britain took direct control over india was a colony -1857 British east india company ends and transfers all of india's power to Britain -india's two important functions to Britain were its source of raw goods and was a big market for goods produced in Britain (frequently with raw materials from India) -helped India modernize and insustrialize but exploited India for it's goods depriving them of their own resources -brought educated Indian men together for the Indian National Congress. Gained free press when Britain released restrictions. Helped spread ideas. Global Economic Development 6.4 & 6.5 WORLD TRADE BOOST world trade increases because of a manufacturing increase. China and India were the main producers. Goods from the Americas were used to produce goods on a big scale in Europe. Made a large demand for raw goods that smaller nations provided. Makes Europe and the U.S the largest producers, trade route activity increases to get materials to Europe. SINGLE-EXPORT ECONOMICS -expansion of plantation systems, colonies economically dependent on selling raw goods to Europe. (Mexico- metals, Peru-guano (cat shit), Brazil-coffee/cocoa, Argentina-beef, U.S- cotton/tobacco -goods were used for production in factories and to meet the needs of growing populations. -countries involved initially benefit from this exchange, plantation owners get wealthy by selling goods to the U.S and Europe. -economic growth was small in countries selling manufactured goods and they had little econ. Growth. -lower classes not paid as good as working class in Europe and U.S, economic growth was very slow -plantation owners/manufacturers get wealthy and demand luxury goods. ↳diamond mines in S' Africa and precious metals in Americas, demand for these raises 6.6 Causes of Migration in an Connected World -demand for goods enslaved workers had produced still increased. MIGRATION EX. Indian laborers ⇒ British colonies in Caribbean, S' & E' Africa, & Fiji Chinese laborers ⇒ California & British Malaya to build railroads and serve as farmhands Japanese laborers ⇒ Hawaii, Peru, & Cuba for work on sugar plantations. SLAVERY slavery was abolished but continued, Africas continued enslaving one another into 20c. Turn to other coerced labors. INDENTURED SERVANT people who work for a set number of years before becoming free. Most plan to leave but stay bringing their cultures with them. ASIAN CONTRACT LABORERS many asian people were used to substitute trade. They were unskilled laborers who were exploited and worked for small wages. BRITISH PENAL COLONIES shipping convicts to Australia. Did hard labor and faced bad treatment. Transport home was expensive so many stayed in Australia. FRENCH PENALS colonies in Africa, Caledonia, and French Guiana. Forced to do hard labor and had harsh treatment. Diaspora: mass emigrations from country or region over many years. Result of poverty, political conditions, or famine. -poverty forced many to leave India. Replaced slave workers as indentured servants. -Chinese were instrumental in the construction of the transcontinental railroad. Many were indentured servants. -people left Ireland because of political reasons. Religious discrimination after abolishment of Irish parliament. Results in Great Famine. -Most Italians left due to poverty. Most were men with traditional skills. -those who moved abroad permanently went to settler colonies. Many as soldiers in the British army as government officials in Colonial Service. Technical Experts engineers and geologists migrate to S' Asia and Africa. British engineers spread western science and technology throughout the world. Blended current knowledge with experience of colonial lands. Global Migrations of 1750-1900 Unit 6 -imperialism seen in European religions spread to South American countries and australia. -people move where the money is. Huge diaspora of Chinese people to India for trade markets and Indian people throughout S' Africa and Americas. -steamboats making migration easier, more job opportunities, -more labor in other places for more money. Businesses need cheap labor -people leaving because of political conflicts, poverty, or famine. -industrialization led to more job opportunities and offered more stable incomes than other places. -Environmental Factors: different places have different native crops, different resources like minerals and crops, Less land in some places because of overfarming, the gold rush and pollution. -migrants usually male leaving women to take new roles -migrants create ethnic enclaves around the world planting cultures in different places. Push Factors: Factors that compel people to leave a certain area (poverty, famine, political conflicts or changes, pollution, illness, isolation, lesser freedoms, rights) Pull Factors: Factors that compel people to move to a certain area (job/money opportunities, weather, and family, reduced disease, sanitation, communication, independence, freedoms, less persecution) -improved food production and better medical conditions leads to increased population. 7 ww1 Unit 7 7.1 Shifting Power Democracy, nationalism, livelihood. 20thc. Russia is falling behind ↳did not change their education, transportation, and resisted political reform Bolsheviks: an organization that represents the working class in Russia (under Lenin) ↳soviet gov. abolished private trade China collapsed, ethnic tension, famine, natural disasters, low gov. revenues Can't maintain roads/bridges/canals. -industrialization threatened china, europeans interested in trade w/ china but china wasn't 1911: last chinese dynasty is overthrown, want to continue confucianism stuff -The Ottoman empire relied on its position in trade. -Young Turks advocate for turkification ↳effort for all citizens to identify with Turkish culture. -europeans impose trade privileges that harm the Ottoman -mexico controlled by dictator Porfirio Dlaz. Mexican peasants were landless -Mexican revolution starts b/c ppl dislike Diaz's policies ↳accommodation to foreign powers, and opposition to land reforms. -Mexico adopts a new constitution ↳land distribution goals, universal suffrage, and public edu. -Industrial party revolutionary pact formed in 1929, Shifting Power After 1900 -internal and external factor contributions -west dominating global political order but threatened by land/maritime empires. -Ottoman, Russian, and Qing empires collapse b/c of internal/external factors. -Changes in Russia lead to revolution. End of Ottoman Empire -one of longest lasting empires -at peak, it covered 15 mil. people & 2 mil. square miles. (basically the mediterranean) - try to imperialize the Mediterranean sea to allow them to tax more people. -empire spreading upset other nations -ottoman empire lost ground and enforced tanzimat/ enforce turkification (forcing turkish traditions) -the first world war gave the ottoman the opportunity to reclaim land. Revolution in Russia -huge state in 1850; very diverse; lacking industrial developments; farming based -lost Crimean War (1853-1856) + battles with smaller nations. -early industrial society problems (low wages, long hours, poor conditions) -Russia = cut off from the rest of the world (social structure, views, values) -serfdom is abolished → russia moves to industrialize -sphere of influence in '03, interest in Korea; Fights w/ Japan over E' Asian territories, lost in '05 -popularly elected Duma/ parliament. (limited power) -Karl Marx social equality, no private property, collective living, Proletariat (working class) overthrow Bourgeoisie (rich). -'17 revolution in Russia, ends Romanov dynasty Bolsheviks radical group led by Lenin. Seized power in Oct, '17 during a coup in St. Petersburg. -'21 Bolsheviks were victorious, the Soviet Union was the only country rooted in communism. The Russian Revolution grew off of the French revolution, got rid of the ruling class, disposed of the aristocracy, and the peasant uprising. Joseph Stalin, Leon trotsky, Vlademir Lenin Nicolas II last romanov tsar, whole family murdered by Bolsheviks to end reign of Romanov family. -beginning of WW2 starts because of Hitler's invasion in Poland in 1939. 7.2 Causes of WW1 -European nations are expanding/competing for raw materials in Africa/Asia -Arms races (Germany, Great Britain, & Russia) gave military establishments more influence. -nationalism was a big cause. ↳Conflicts started in the Balkans, Serbian nationalists protested Austria-Hungary's control over territory in Bosnia-Herzegovina, also assassinated Archduke Franz Ferdinand. Lasted from 1914-1918 (Great War) -no previous war involved as many nations or killed as many people. - weakened western European powers, increased nationalism/self-rule in European colonies. -treaties signed at the end of the war contribute to beginning of WW2 -princip was a Serbian member of the Black Hand ↳ nationalist organization devoted to ending Austro-Hungarian presence in the Balkans. -A-H had Germany -Serbia had other slavic countries. -Aug. 1, Germany declared war on Russia, 2 days later on France, next day Britain declares on Germany, Aug. 6, Austria declares on Russia. Long Term Causes MAIN: Militarism, Alliances, Imperialism, Nationalism Militarism European powers competed for dominance, causing investments in the military. Building up armies and navies, recruiting young men, building ships, mass-producing weapons, Alliances European nations start forming secret alliances, When one member was attacked the others were expected to jump in. Triple Entente (Allies) Britain, France and Russia. Opposed to Germany Triple Alliance (Central Powers) Austria-Hungary, and Italy. Ottoman and Bulgaria join the triple alliance. Imperialism owning overseas colonies helps nations gain power. European nations claimed most land so they started fighting over all of it. Nationalism Serbians wanted to remove Austria-Hungarians from their land and Arabs were tired of being limited by the Ottoman Empire. WW1 Causes/Outcomes 7.2(Slides) "The Great War" Causes: M.A.N.I.A.C: Militarism -glorification of the military, war became festive, became the dream of young men, certain businesses profit. -paired with propaganda enlistment helps glorify war and convince men to enlist. -war-masculinity, Alliances Nationalism Imperialism Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand Conflict in The Balkans -new military tech leads to more war casualties. -first total war (using all of a country's resources for war effort), new strategies used like propaganda, art, and media, and intensified nationalism. 7.3 Conducting WW1 -Dulce et Decorum Est: poem about horrors of war and that it's an honor to die for your country. Conscription: compulsory enlistment in the armed forces -Britain recruited "Pals Battalions" made up of men who knew each other. Advances in War Trench Warfare: trenches were cold, muddy, and had rats. Many soldiers die from disease. Poison Gas: chlorine, phosgene, and mustard gas. Soldiers had gas masks. Causes permanent damage. Machine Guns: fire 500+ rounds per min. Made gaining territory difficult. Submarines: briefly used and caused problems on shipping lanes on the Atlantic Ocean. Airplanes: mainly used to carry observers of enemy lines. By 1915 they were used to fire guns. Tanks: developed by the royal navy, used to cover large amounts of land while still fighting. -U.S entered the war in 1917, Germany launched U-Boat attacks on civilian ships. May 7,1915 a German submarine attacked the Lusitania which carried civilians -interception of Zimmerman Telegram pushed the U.S in the war The document was germany offering to help mexico reclaim territory if they allied with germany Total War (a nation's domestic population committed to win the war) women make materials and supplies. Economies focus on winning the war. Propaganda used to convince people to help Global War -the war was fought in Europe, Asia, Africa, & Pacific/Atlantic Oceans. -main nations own colonies in Asia, Africa, and Americas ↳competing for these was another reason for war. -British seized most of Germany's colonies in Africa ↳Germans held onto Tanzania. ANZAC special corps formed by troops in New Zealand and Australians, fight year-long campaign in Gallipoli (Peninsula in Turkey) -Many troops in western nations enlisted people of color ↳these people agreed to fight in hopes they would get recognition from their colonizer. -British promised self rule to Arabs that fought with the allies if they were victorious Paris Peace Conference leaders of the victorious countries at this conference ↳Big 4 Woodrow Wilson (U.S), David Lloyd George (G.B), George Clemenceau (France), Vittorio Orlando (Italy) 14 Points wilson's principles, wanted to make a League of Nations (org. for nations to discuss conflicts) -US senate voted against & against the Treaty of Versailles (1919 peace treaty with Germany) -Wilson believed conquered peoples deserve to determine their own political future -Germany pays billions for damage caused by the war ↳German economy suffered -Germans resented the Weimar Republic b/c they agreed to the treaty of v ↳allowed the nazis to take power 15 years later. New War Technology -trench warfare used Germany had more advanced trenches than Britain or France, some had electricity or water. Stalemate: neither side could easily defeat the other so no one gets progress. The Eastern Front ½ fronts Germany was fighting, Germany made Schlieffen PLan, trying to avoid 2 front war by invading France and Russia. Propaganda used to convince people to help with war efforts, the government pays for war with taxes, convince people to take jobs helping war, misleading. WW1 Casualties -8-9 million soldiers died -6-13 million civilian casualties -600k- 1.5 million Armenians in turkey (armenian genocide) -spread of the "Spanish Flu" (influenza epidemic) Lasting Effects -expansion of gov. Authority, countries become militarized. -social/cultural changes in G.B and U.S ↳women return to the home, men have ptsd but return to work, women suffrage movements, young middle class women called flappers, more people died so people left could be higher up in society. Political Outcomes -collapse of ottoman, german, russia, and austro-hungarian empires -creation of independent Poland, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, and Yugoslavia. -Bolshevik revolution in Russia leads to communist movement -middle east was divided by mandate system 7.4 Economy in Interwar Period -after ww1 a global economic crisis lead into the Great Depression Treaty of Versailles forced Germany to pay reparations to victors. Germany prints more money, which leads to inflation. Global Downturn the stock market crash and agricultural overproduction John Maynard Keynes proposed intentional government action could improve the economy Deficit Spending: government spends more than they take in New Deal policy created by Franklin Roosevelt to bring relief, recovery, and reform -international trade declined during the Great Depression. New Economic Plan (NEP) by Lenin. Reintroduced priv. trade, but kept control Joseph Stalin took control of the Politburo (communist org.) making him a dictator 5 Year Plan makes the soviet union an industrial power. Gulags: labor camps where Stalin imprisoned political opponents. The Institutional Revolutionary Party favors education and jobs for its constituents. Led to improvements in the economy. Facism: political system appealing to extreme nationalism, glorification of military, and blaming problems on minorities. Mussolini Italy got little territory from the treaty, angers many so Mussolini took control of parliament, became a dictator, and wanted to conquer "inferior" nations. Spain the spanish ppl elected the popular front to lead the gov, opposed by many Popular Front: a coalition/alliance of left-wing parties -the German/Italian bombing of Guernica (n' spain) was one of the first times an aerial bombing targeted civilians. Francisco Franco led the insurgents (Nationalists) in the spanish civil war against the Republicans (Loyalists) ↳he won and ruled as a dictator 7.5 Unresolved Tensions after WW1 -breakup of empires in Europe, communist success in Russia, anti-immigration ideals spreading in the U.S. Effects of the War -inspired resistance to Britain/France -colonies have rising expectations, decolonization The Big 3 (David Lloyd George, Woodrow Wilson, and Georges Clemenceau) didn't want to free colonies. Granted self-determination to white countries, fueled nationalist movements among colonies. League of Nations, established a mandate system to rule colonies of the Central Powers. -Arab states angered by being controlled by European countries began a nationalist movement, Pan-Arabism, called for the unification of lands in N' Africa and the Mid-East. Balfour Declaration issued by the British gov and stated that Palestine was a permanent home for jews in europe. (those who support this called zionists) Amritsar indian nationalists gather to protest arrests, colonial forces fired shots and killed 379. Mohandas Gandhi led the Satyagraha Movement. Encouraged Indians to break laws and serve time. Salt March Britain had made it illegal for Indians to produce their own salt. Gandhi led people to pick up salt in protest. 2-State Solution creating separate state (Pakistan) for Muslims done by Muhammad Ali Jinnah. March 1st Movement (Korea) Koreans began a series of protests against Japanese rule. Demonstrates the power of Korean nationalism. May 4th Movement (China) China supported the allies so they would help them reclaim German controlled land. Brit/France side with Japan. Nationalists/communists fight for power. The Long March China's Communist Party was attacked by Chiang, they retreat ↳nationalist Kuomintang ruled most of China. Unit 7: Rise of Totalitarian States -in soviet union the government controlled through 5 year plan Effects -heavy reparations -war guilt -Disarming of weapons, no protection (allowed 100k men in military) -so Hitler forms his own army, -unfulfilled promises -unemployment Changing Art & Architecture -stock market crash and rise in unemployment Facism: authoritarian gov (not communist) glorify the state over the individual and are destructive to human rights, extreme nationalism Nationalism vs. Patriotism Totalitarianism: one party in control, state control of the economy. Artifact 1: Mussolini's Young Fascists A bunch of young boys wearing military clothes holding guns in orderly lines. Conditioning young children to believe what the government wants. Also, having young children in battle would make parents care more. Artifact 2: Osip Mandelstam He was arrested because he questioned Stalin's methods. The poem talks about how Stalin is a bad ruler and how he has gained control over so many. By putting him away in the Gulag the government silenced him from speaking out. Artifact 4: Propaganda Poster A poster that says " One for all, all for the Duce". Shows an ax which is often a symbol of faciscm. Artifact 5: "Giovinezza" - Fascist Anthem Italian for youth, easier way to spread ideals. The song makes it seem less violent than it really was. Artifact 6: Children's Notebook Cover Children are required to use notebooks with fascist drawings. If the children grow up surrounded by these ideals they will be conditioned to believe these things. 7.6 Causes of WW2 -economic instability causes problems for Italy/Germany -Mussolini and the National Facist Party came to power in 1922 b/c of the promises to renew the Italian economy. Adolf Hitler believed in the superiority of the Aryan race. His visions for German civilization led him to persecute jews. The Weimar Republic replaced the monarch rule of the kaiser. Appeared weak to german people and was unpopular during the great depression Mein Kampf a book that hitler wrote about his anti-semitic views. -Hitler was invited to join the government by the German president. When Paul von Hindenberg died he took control. Instilled fear by faking the burning of a german parliament building. The Nuremberg Laws hitlers anti-jew campaign to discriminate. Was passed in 1935 forbid ma age between jews and gentiles (non-jewish). Rome-Berlin Axis military pact with facist italy. They shared political ideology/economic interests. Anti-Comintern Pact Germany's pact with Japan about distrust of communism. -These Alliances created the Axis Powers -under the treaty there was a strip of land btwn Germany/France where Germans couldn't station troops. -Britain gave in to German demands to try to keep peace. 3rd Reich new german empire idea from Hitler. He threatened austria with invasion to give more power to the Austrian Nazi Party. The Munich Agreement allowed Hitler to annex the Sudentland in return for a promise that Germany wouldn't take more Czech territory. -Hitler was interested in a Polish port but Britain started to protect Poland. -Germany negotiated with the soviets to not attack each other. Causes Diplomatic: imbalance of the treaty, failure of appeasement, failure of League of Nations Economic: global depression and the treaty of versailles Political: Japan militarism, Germany's militarism, and the rise of Hitler. 7.7 Conducting WW2 -japanese looking to expand but it caused conflict with their territory in china when they got sanctioned and lost access to resources (oil/scrap iron) -Hitler conquered Denmark, Norway, Netherlands, Belgium, & France. Destroyers-for-Bases Agreement U.S promised delivery of 50 destroyers for 8 british air/naval bases. -in efforts to weaken Britain, britain was bombed repeatedly. -Hitler failed to invade Britain so he turned on the Soviet Union and attacked them. Pearl Harbor Japan launched an attack on the U.S naval base. -Jap seized Philippine Dutch E' Indies, British Malaya, ma, and multi pacific islands. -Japan thought attacking the U.S would make them negotiate with Japan but the U.S fought back. -U.S relied on intense factory production -Germany relied on forced labor Allied Powers U.S, Britain, and the Soviet Union. -German 6th army was defeated in the battle of stalingrad. -1st allied victory was at the battle of the coral sea where the U.S navy stopped a japanese fleet set on invasion. -Also defeated 4 Japanese aircrafts at the Battle of Midway island. Technology resource production, aircraft carriers, propaganda and motivation like Rosie the Riveter. D-Day June 6, 1944, 150k allied forces launched an invasion from England to the beaches of Normandy in northern france. Allies established a base to start the march to Paris. Battle of the Bulge Germany's final push, the Allies won and weakened Germany further. -Allied air raids started to destroy Germany's infrastructure. Battle of Kursk largest tank battle of the war, Victory in Europe April 30, 1945 Hitler killed himself in a bunker. Mussolini was killed by Italian resistance members earlier. -Germany surrendered on May 8,1945, made V-E Day, Victory in Europe Day. -In an effort to finally destory Japan, President Truman dropped the 1st atomic bomb on the japanese city (Hiroshima), the 2nd bomb was dropped on Nagasaki -japan surrendered on August 14, September 2 made Victory over Japan Day (V-J Day) Blitzkrieg: lightning warfare, use of tank and airpower tech to strike a fast devastating blow. -airforce bombs airfields, towns and cities; other forces fired on troops and civilians Operation Barbarossa: hitler wanted the soviets natural resources, fertile farmland, crush communism, and defeated rival stalin. 7.8 Mass Atrocities -the Armenian genocide started by the "Young Turks" angered by declining Ottoman power Armistice Day germany's surrender to the Allies on Nov. 11, 1918 -WW1 was a first for civilians being targeted Genocide: the murder of a group based on race, religion, or ethnciity Influenza Epidemic caused many deaths and spread fast due to soldiers traveling and became a pandemic Pandemic: a disease taking over a large area or the whole world Lost Generation was a term describing American veteran writers living in Paris or those suffering after effects of the war -WW2 was extremely fatal to everyone involved (attacks on land, air, and sea, government executions, genocide, disease, and starvation) Heinrich Himmler the leader of the nazi special police that oversaw the foreceful removal of people not fit. Nuremberg Laws (1935) banned jews from certain professions and certain schools Holocaust: the murder of 6 million jews in attempt to remove all jews from Europe ("Final Solution") Rape of Nanking Japanese soldiers killed 100k chinese, and enforced "Asia for Asiatics", which forced people into labor programs Bosnian Genocide started w/ ethnic conflict, the creation of new nations with differing religions and beliefs caused conflict. Yugoslavia's Balkanization Serb soldiers raped and pushed out Bosniaks, Kosovars, and croats in attempt to force them into separate states. Rwandan Genocide btwn the Hutus and the Tutsi when belgian colonizers favored the Tutsi. Sudanese Genocide gov. was controlled by arab-muslims, non arabs fought, Sudanese government released soldiers called Janjaweed that killed and displaced muslims. 7.9 Causation in Global Conflict Political -balance of power in Europe shifted through alliances which escalated war when an "ally" got involved, -Nationalism was growing and inspired political change and more extreme fascism -Imperial rivalry caused tension over resources and commerce Economic -acquiring and controlling markets and resources, people made policies to take control of trade and territory. -economic crisis leads global conflict (unemployment/low wages leads to leaders like Hitler) Effects -advances in science, technology, communication, transportation, agriculture, industry, and medicine. -Mass Casualties -want for political and economic change and reform (nations putting new governments in place like russia with totalitarianism) -weakened colonial powers -desire for independence and self rule -the repositioning of power away from western europe and to the united states Unit 8 8.1 Setting the Stage The Big Three: leaders of G.B, U.S, & USSR(S.U) meet to plan for post-war The Tehran Conference the allies agreed that the S.U will focus on freeing E' Europe and Britain and the U.S will focus on W' Europe. Cold War & Decolonization The Yalta Conference leaders focus on plans for rebuilding E' Europe and defeating Japan. Ended with a pledge to fight Japan and maybe free elections in E' Europe. The Potsdam Conference final meeting, arguments over free elections between the U.S and S.U causes tension. Failed to settle issues and set the stage for the Cold War. -Roosevelt (FDR) served for 12 years and then Harry Truman took office after his death -E'/Cen. Europe, USSR, Germany, & Poland suffered after war -Britain and France sustained losses. Europe's power was weakened but strengthened U.S and Soviet -The U.S had the least damage (Allowed marshall plan: giving financial aid to Europe) Atomic Weapon, democratic government. -USSR suffered from WW1/WW2, communist government, atomic weapons, by late 1940's had the power to challenge the U.S. Marshall Plan: giving European countries money to rebuild makes the US look better and makes the European countries more likely to take on a democratic form of government. -The soviet Union and the U.S were perfect matches in political power -Use of penicillin spreads to treat diseases Cold War: a conflict that doesn't involve direct military confrontation between rival states -Conflicts between the U.S and S.U turned small civil wars into bigger events causing more destruction and death -they both developed a hydrogen bomb Military-industrial complex:an informal alliance btwn the government and large defense contractors -colonial powers weakened by the war had fewer resources to resist colony independence -economic prosperity follows each war Truman Doctrine: 1947, provided military and financial aid to Greece and Turkey to prevent them falling into communism and the soviet sphere. 8.2 Colonial Powers -the U.S and S.U have gained territory and influence, struggle between communism and capitalism -needed to improve the League of Nations; lacked support of powerful countries and lacked fast acting solutions to stop conflicts from escalating. United Nations (UN) established in 1945 by the U.S, G.B, the S.U, and China. Iron Curtain: metaphor used by Churchill to show the split between E' and W' Europe Capitalism: economic assets are owned privately, people have freedom to act in their self-interest Communism: economic assets were owned by the gov't, stresses equality and fairness -US chooses leaders through free elections and relies on independent press -SU's elections were not significant, the press was operated by the gov't and one party dominated politics. -the soviets directed many countries to make 5-year plans and develop industry/agriculture -this allowed the USSR to exploit these E' Euro nations to benefit the soviets Satellite countries: small states that are economically/politically dependent on a bigger state -these governments were completely dictated by the SU World revolution: a belief that organized workers would overthrow capitalism everywhere Containment: not letting communism spread farther (advocated by Kennan to limit soviet power and influence) Truman Doctrine a speech in '47 stating the U.S would stop the spread of the communist influence. Pledged to help Turkey & Greece resist soviet domination COMECON after marshall plan the soviets made their own plan to assist europe but in fewer ways, mostly trade/credit agreements Space Race in 1957 Soviet launched 1st satellite, Sputnik, starting the space race between soviet and the U.S Mutual Assured Destruction (MAD) soviets test first ballistic missile capable of devastating US territory. The US also improved. The hope was that equal advancements would keep the peace between the 2. Bandung Conference conference hosted by Indonesia for reps of US, China, India and 27 others. Resolved to abolish colonialism led to the organization of the Aligned Movement. -this movement helps equal interventions be provided during conflicts of groups involved (i.e S.U with Ethiopia and U.S with Somalia) First World: capitalist industrialized nation Second World: communist industrialized nation Third World: developing nations, usually less economically powerful. 8.3 Effects of the Cold War -the threat of nuclear war kept the U.S and S.U both from starting a war Proxy Wars: a war started by a major power that it doesn't get involved in itself - disagreements over how to occupy Germany among the Allies -Germany was divided into 4 zones, soviet, us, britain, and france. -the soviets and us benefit most from splitting berlin -france, us, and gb have similar ideals in running a country but the soviet is different -soviets inflate german money a lot so germans start raining with cigarettes Berlin Blockade the allies divided Germany's capital, Berlin, into 4. 3 W' zones were a free city in the soviet zone of germany. Soviets avoid the west from controlling all of it by setting a blockade of the w' zones to block supplies. Allies avoid confrontation with the Berlin Airlift. -after the end of the blockade germany split into the W' Federal Republic of Germany and E' German Democratic Republic -E' german citizens fled to the west, causing soviets to set up berlin wall with guards to enforce communist government on the W'. NATO: north atlantic treaty organization formed in 1949 as a military alliance in case of conflicts with the soviets. Pledged mutual support within the alliance against conflicts/wars. Warsaw Pact: treaty in 1955 binding the S.U and e' europe countries against NATO and allies (communist bloc) Yugoslavia and Albania were communist systems that avoided Soviet control. -2 currency system -soviets expand empire, focusing on weapons instead of infrastructure (rebuilding, atomic weapons, aiding other communist countries -(SEATO) SE' Asia Treaty org. and (CENTO) Cen. Treaty org. Also formed to avoid communism -U.S forms more and more alliances making it easier to negotiate with smaller states -Korean war and Vietnam war were big proxy wars. Both split into a n' and s' section where the n' section had a communism government. Korean War soviets occupy n' and allies occupy s'. N' invaded S'. The UN defends S' militarily. The U.S provides most military support and overall commander, Douglas MacArthur, S.U only sends money and weapons. Ended w/ N' and S' staying divided. Vietnam War Dwight Eisenhower followed Truman policy, sent soldiers to S' Vietnam to train soldiers and prevent communist spread. The U.S couldn't afford to lose. S' Vietnam's leader was unpopular with Buddhists for favoring catholics. U.S supported coup to overthrow leader Ngo Dinh Diem. Lyndon Johnson sent troops in fear of communism spreading. Domino Theory: idea that if one country in region becomes communist, other countries follow The Bay of Pigs Fidel Castro overthrew Cuban dictator, Fulgencio Batista, in 1959. Castro set up a dictatorship. Cuba nationalized businesses and electric companies. The U.S broke of trade with Cuba b/c of economic losses. -Cuban exiles opposing Castro asked for U.S, J.F.K, support. Resulting in the Bay of Pigs invasion which failed and resulted in Cuban-Soviet alliance. -Soviets support Cuba with arms and military support. Soviet leader Nikita Krushchev shipped nuclear missiles to Cuba. -in 1963 Soviet and U.S leaders set up a hotline to avoid miscommunication after both nations removed their missiles after conflict from turkey and cuba. Hotline: a direct telegraph link between two nations/countries. Nuclear Test-Ban Treaty more than 100 states signed the treaty in fear of nuclear war/nuclear testing. France and China didn't sign it. Non-Proliferation Treaty called on nuclear powers to prevent the spread of military nuclear tech and materials to non-nuclear countries. Angola Portuguese colony in SW' Africa won independence after fighting to end their colonial status. Ethnic group conflict resulted after they were thrown under one government. 3 conflicting cultures each wanted to control the country's diamond mines. (USSR/Cuba: Mbundu tribe, S' Africa:Ovimbundu tribe, U.S:Bankongo tribe. Contra War Nicaragua 1979, 43 year dictatorship by the Somoza family ended. Their opponents, Contras, tried to overthrow them. US backed the Contras ending in thousands of deaths and the Tela Accord in 1989 and stagnation of the Contra and Sandinista armies 8.3/8.4 Effects of Cold War/Communism Spread Nonaligned Nations developing countries that are neutral during the Cold War. These nations try to gain support from one or both superpowers. Ex. of Proxy Wars 1st Indochina War: (Viet Minh vs. France) Viet Minh had communist support and France had support from Cambodia, Laos, and U.S Korean War:( N' Korea/China vs. S' Korea, U.N, & U.S) Algerian War: nationalismt movement in Algeria and France. Ja post WW2 focused rebuilding industry and expanding trade. Keep ties to the West. China Soviet Union were close allies. The great leap forward was the push to industrialize quickly. -Nixon re-establishes relations w/ China. Allowed China to join the U.N. The Middle East nationalism in Turkey and Egypt, Conflicts between Arab Palestininas and European Jews over Palestine. Yom Kippur War (1973) Israel vs. Syria/Egypt, OPEC votes for embargo against US for supporting Israel, Oil was used as an economic weapon (gets other nations to care faster) Environmental Concerns US ignores impact of herbicides, pesticides, auto exhaust, industrial waste, and radiation. In 70s wave of unrest students (Clean air act, creation of EPA, and Earth Day) 2nd Wave Feminism more women working, family rights increase (abortion, divorce, birth control, day care) in '66 the NOW (nat. org. for women) was created. In the 70s women accounted for 44% of workforce. Women uosh for reproductive rights and equality between women and men. -more ownership of consumer goods (tvs, refrigerators, and cars) -higher agricultural yield and interest in genetics led to x-rays, ultrasounds, and immunizations. Shah Mohammad Pahlavi maintained power from the U.S gov't and CIA. He wasn't liked, the gov't was corrupt, brutal and ineffective. People wanted to shift from pro-r narchy to anti-western theocracy. Saddam Hussein president of Iraq from 1973 till overthrown in 2003. Waged war on Iran ('80-'88) Invasion of Kuwait was defeated and pushed back in Persian Gulf. -US, Saudi Arabia, and Pakistan, assist Afghanistan to train and equip the Taliban against the USSR. The rebels (taliabn) take power and create a civil war Asian Tigers (Taiwan, S' Korea, Hong Kong, Singapore) became major powers through labor, training, and capital reserves (amt. of cash on hand) Tiananmen Square in Beijing where students/workers gather to demand political openness in 1989. Crushed by the Chinese military leading to many deaths. 8.4 Spread of Communism 1900-? -feudalism, capitalism, & colonialism; few powerful landowners and many landless peasants Communism in China communists and nationalists fight for control. Communists led by Mao Zedong had more support because they made new institutions and provided land. Communists defeat nationalists and set up The People's Republic of china. Emphasized industry not consumer goods. Great Leap Forward land reform effort by China, Peasant land organized into communes. Communes: large agricultural communities where the state owns the land Cultural Revolution Mao's attempt to improve China's commitment to communism. Critics were silenced. Mao ordered the Red Guards to seize officials and re-educate them. Red Guards groups of revolutionary students -Britain and Russia compete for control of Iran. Both invaded during WW2 to prevent Iran's support of Hitler regime. Forced rediretion of power to leaders son Shah Muhammad Reza Pahlavi. Shah was rejected as a puppet of the W'. -U.S and G.B start an overthrow of new prime minister Mosaddegh and return shah to power White Revolution progressive reforms placed by shah (women's voting rights, social welfare system, and literacy programs) -most important reform was about land. Angered Iranians who were forced to sell their land to be sold for cheaper by the shah to peasants. Advocating for democracy. Iranian Revolution (1979) Supported by iranians. New gov't was a theocracy and valued Islam. All new laws had to comply with islamic law. Theocracy: form of gov't where religion is the main authority Venezuela Land Reform redistributing mass amt's of land, problems with previous land owners and squatters, Caused divide politically between those who benefit and those who don't. Guatemala Land Reform democratic govt under Jacob Arbenz started land reforms but was overthrown by United fruit company lobbying with the U.S. Vietnam Land Reform Vietnam claims independence from Japanese and French control. Agricultural society where few people controlled land. Communists vote to seize and redistribute land. Ethiopia Land Reform w' style political and cultural reforms after success in coffee trade. Land reforms unsuccessfully done. Mengistu Haile Mariam killed previous officials and instated new socialist govt India Land Reform previous G.B rule. Partitioned creating Pakistan and India. Pakistan was muslim and india was hindu. Both struggle to instate economies and start reforms. Try to redistribute land to landless, abolish rent collectors power, protect land renters, and promote coop farming. 8.5 Decolonization after 1900 Autonomy: right/condition of self government -In 1947 India through agreement with Britain became independent but Muslims were a minority. -Indian National congress vs Muslim League -Britain weakened & can't fulfill promises to India, india strengthened and want independence -muslims wanted a independent muslim country so in '47 India and Pakistan get independence -Ghana formed from two colonies (1st independent sub-saharan country) Nkrumah historical narrative focused on past success, advocate for pan-africanism (celebrate african culture) Organization of Africa Unity (OAU) '63 founded by Nkrumah to focus on pan-africanism, overthrown by military coup, Algerian War for independence, french military vs FLN (nat. Liberation front) led the Algerian independence movement, resulting in violent deaths. The French communist party favors Algerian independence. -influx of refugees into france creates a housing problem (violence in algeria continues) -FLN stays in power creating single party state and a socialist authoritarian government Algerian Civil War ('91-'02) violence in reaction to 1-party rule, Islamic salvation front won first election which led to Algerian civil war. Similarities growing struggles under military rule, struggle of 1-party and multi-party states Differences in Ghana and a new constitution made power transfers easier, In Algeria religious tensions worsened, political parties based on religion. -french colonies in w'Africa have indirect control and rely on existing gov't. France invested by building infrastructure, political parties began forming, eventually they got independence. Vietnam N' wants r Vietnam to be united by communist rule by. Peace treaty split N'/S', promise election to unite them that never happened. US troops withdrew and north takes over the south (had some market-based economic reforms and US trade and diplomatic relationships re-established) Egypt British colonialism. Anglo-Egyptian treaty allowed british soldiers to protect Suez-canal. Joined arab league. General Gamal Abdel Nasser overthrew king and placed Republic of Egypt. Nationalizing the canal (gov't takes control of it) starts international crisis. Get ally Israel to attack. Claimed as international waterway run by Egypt by the UN. Nigeria gained independence in '60, series of military coups, '99 democratic civilian gov't Biafran Civil War started in Nigeria in '70 when Igbos (w' christian tribe) attempted secession from north-dominated gov't. Wanted autonomy b/c of attacks by islamic groups. Tried to form Biafra. Canada and England controlled "New France" creating culture/political divide in Quebec, new france was catholic and england was protestant. -quebec is the 2nd largest province, rooted in french culture Quiet Revolution period of intense socio-political/cultural change in Quebec Israel jewish want a homeland in europe. The British and Americans give an independent jewish state centered in jerusalem. Palestinians occupied this land and it was valued by Muslims. Plans to split the land were ignored and refused by arabs. Solution Israelis were industrialized and Palestinians weren't so Isralis controlled the land and allowed Palestinians to settle in smaller territories 8.6 Newly Independent States -new independent states lead to conflicts over boundaries and cultures. Zionist Movement assimilation of jews beielived to be failing so urge to create a Jewish state, this new state was hoped to be in Palestine. British government established Palestine as a "home" for Jewish people but that the religious rights of non jews couldn't be threatened -arabs also promised independent state -Palestine divided and the Jewish section made "Israel" -war started with Israel supported by U.S, G.B, France, and Palestine from arab countries -4 total wars, Six-Day Wars '67 israel gains land (jerusalem, gaza strip, west bank, etc) Yom Kippur War '73 Israel stopped invasion from Egypt/Syria -peace process (Camp David Accords) rejected and conflicts continue and U.S loses some mid E' support by supporting Israel Cambodia Kmher Rouge overthrew right-wing govt, started "cultural revolution" targeting intellectuals. Killed 14 of population. Vietnamese supported and took control of the govt and helped restabilize. Got a constitutional monarch and develops a democratic govt Khmer Rouge: communist guerilla org lead by Pol Pot -indian and pakistan conlifct over Kashmir, where most were muslim, both claimed this region. -females begin taking leadership roles in S' Asia (Sirimavo Bandaranaike: Sri Lanka, Indira Gandhi: India, Benazir Bhut: Pakistan) Tanzania begins modernization, 1st pres intro'd african socialist political/economical ideals, based in equality. Advanced economy away from foreign aid. -large ammt of refugees from smaller newer countries to established ones often working. Kept strong ties between colonial and independent powers economically/culturally. 8.7 Global Resistance -resistance to british imperialistic powers EX: Mohandas Gandhi (marches, boycotts, fasts) Martin Luther King Jr, Nelson Mandela (non violent protests, supports some sabotage and violence) -Brown v Board of Education (banned racial segregation of schools in US) -Boycott of public buses in Alabama (ended segregation in public transit) -Massive marches (march on washington) -Civil Rights Movement Anti-Soviet (Poland) demanding better conditions, Wladyslaw Gomulka secretary of Polish communist party, loyal to S.U. Forced collectivization in Poland owned by USSR (communists) 1968 (many on school campuses, tension post-WW2, higher edu demands, civil rights, womens/workers rights, vietnam war, protesting cold war policies ie.draft) Yugoslavia: student march against authoritarian gov't Poland/N' Ireland: protest over religious issues Brazil: marches demand improvements in public education and worker treatment Japan: protests of university financial policies and gov't support for US in Viet. war -younger generation wants social reform and peace France student movement resulting in violence and the largest strike ever happened. US rights for women and african americans, most about Vietnam, Kent State 4 unarmed students killed by national guard during anti-war demonstration. Northern Ireland roman catholics and protestants, Belfast, Peru shining path organized by Abimael Guzman on ideas of Mao Zedong/Khmer Rouge US terrorist acts (white nationalist/extreme right-wing) attacks on Muslisms, Blacks, Jews. IRA: Irish Republican army, catholics fighting, some use violence and terrorism. Funamnetalists: interpretation of Islam (widely condemned by mainstream muslims) Military Industrial Complex many built up strong militaries for defense, many didn't produce their own weapons which expanded international weapon trade, connection between government defenses and private businesses that supply weapons. 8.8 End of the Cold War -the soviet union collapsed and cold war ended -only a few governments still call themselves communists -the want to limit nuclear weapons lead to end of cold war -after bay of pigs relationship btwn U.S and S.U improved called detente Detente: relaxation of strained relations between two nations Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty signed by Richard Nixon and Leonid Brezhnev to freeze the number of ballistic missiles each power could own. -Nixon also visited China, a first in china's communist era -USSR is struggling, limited trade, E' euro soviet countries wanted freedom from moscow, skirmishes with china along shared border -u.s economy suffering effects of vietnam war, relations with china would open markets for U.S. -U.S gives grains to S.U benefiting American farmers. The Soviets invaded Afghanistan and the grain sharing stopped. This ended the detente -the soviet afghan war ended in soviet withdrawal but conflict stayed in afghanistan -during Ronal Reagan's presidency tensions worsened. U.S gave afghanistan resources and angered S.U Strategic Defense Initiative missile defense program created by Reagan. Supposed to destroy S.U missiles targeted at U.S and allies. Mikhail Gorbachev more progressive communist Soviet leader that came to power in '85. Favored perestroika and glasnost Perestroika: attempts to restructure soviet economy to allow parts of free enterprise Glasnost: policy of opening soviet society and political process by grating more freedom Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty new treaty between U.S and S.U which restricted intermediate-range nuclear weapons -soviet union gave other communist countries more freedom so democratic reform movements spread thru E' euro nations in '89. The Berlin wall was torn down. E' and W' Germany reunited. -soviet republics start to overthrow rulers and declare independence. Warsaw pact dissolved 8.9 Causation in Age of Cold War/Decolonization -U.S makes a military, economic, and political effort to avoid spread of communism -cold war divided world into three "1st World" U.S and allies "2nd World" S.U, soviet bloc countries of E' euro, and other communist nations. "3rd World" (non-aligned nations) countries w/ no close military/ideological ties to the others -w' euro was democratic and free-market mostly -e' euro was autocratic and communist (divided two by germany) Arms Race S.U and U.S begin developing nuclear weapons and begin arms race. Tenses Europe. Effect was NATO and soviet allies formed by the Warsaw Pact. -want for self gov't fuels colonial rebellions accelerated by world wars - tensions rise with fights for independence while the U.S supports colonial power or opposition groups but S.U supports the communist power. -w' euro countries rebuilt w/ help of marshall plan, e' euro countries struggle to transition from communism to free-market -welfare state (healthcare, public housing, pension plans) to counteract communist system that promised these things. -state controls over prices removed in S.U and businesses privatized, russia struggled and transitioned faster to free-market but china transitioned gradually. -colonial nations strive to gain complete control of their resources and be independent from countries that colonized them. -w' culture rebirth; scientific research, art, music, architecture flourish. -cultural spread and blending REVIEW modernization, self-reliance, globalization, trade, 9 Glo Unit Globalization -advancements in technology (communication tech, transportation) -increased populations increased poverty in many places -new diseases and epidemics -global economy: many countries opting for free-market economy (private businesses control the pieces of things with competition) -calls for reforms against systemic policies and for equality based on all aspects (rights, feminism, education and politics, environemenal and economic movements) -emergence of green party