India's Location and Geography

India's geographical features played a crucial role in the development of its classical civilizations. The region referred to as "India" historically encompassed a larger area than the modern country, including parts of present-day Pakistan.

Definition: India is sometimes referred to as a "subcontinent" due to its large size and protrusion from Asia into the Indian Ocean.

Key geographical features:

• Located in South Asia
• Home to the Indo-Gangetic Plain, a vast area of fertile soil
• Major rivers: Indus and Ganges

Highlight: The Indo-Gangetic Plain, with its fertile soil and important rivers, was the birthplace of many of India's civilizations.

The Indus Valley Civilization and Beyond

The fall of the Indus Valley Civilization (3300-1700 BCE) led to the emergence of new settlements known as the Vedic Civilization. These new civilizations were possibly founded by people who migrated into India from the northwest.

Example: Several small kingdoms and tribes, often at war with each other, eventually merged to form larger political entities.

Two major belief systems developed during this period:

1. Hinduism: The dominant belief system in India today, with important texts including the Vedas and the Mahabharata (containing the Bhagavad Gita).

2. Buddhism: Founded by Prince Siddhartha Gautama (later known as "Buddha") in 537 BCE. While related to Hinduism, Buddhism rejects many of its core beliefs. The Maurya Empire embraced Buddhism, leading to its spread throughout Asia.

Highlight: The first confirmed permanent settlements in India appeared 9,000 years ago, marking a significant historical turning point in the region's development.