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such as the DOI and the Constitution got their ideas directly from the enlightenment o Many of America's "Founding Fathers" studied the ideas of the Enlightenment thinkers during the Revolution Rene Descartes: "I think, therefore I am" O Enlightenment thinkers rejected authority and upheld the freedom of individuals to think for themselves Enlightenment and Government o Enlightenment thinkers criticized accepted ideas about government. Some questioned the medieval belief in the divine right of kings. o Many Enlightenment thinkers stressed individual rights that government must respect o Enlightenment thinkers also felt like people should have a say in their government Enlightenment and Religion o Many Enlightenment thinkers believed humans were capable of discovering truth for themselves o Many believed in an all powerful deity (or god), but not in a specific Holy church or book. Some called themselves Deists o Right and Wrong should be based on rational insight Q Thomas Hobbes o Hobbs believed people are naturally selfish, cruel, and greedy O Published Leviathan in 1651 there he wrote that people are driven by a restless desire for power O Without laws, people would always be in conflict O In such a "state of nature”, life would be "ansty, brutish, and short" His idea: O ■ Governments were created to protect people from their own selfishness o One of the first thinkers to apply reason to the problem of politics O His ideas were harsh, but it was based on his observations of human nature and reasoning Later Enlightenment thinkers did not agree with Hobbs o Q John Locke O Wrote Two Treatises of government in 1690 o He believed the purpose of government was to protect people's natural rights ■ He said that government should protect his "Life, Liberty, and property-against the injuries and attempts of other men" o His idea: ■ The true basis of government was a social contract between people and their government. If the government didn't respect people's rights, it could be overthrown. o In exchanging protection, people gave the government the power to rule on their behalf. This is called the Consent of the governed o Lasting Impact: The idea the government could be overthrown if it failed to respect people's rights had wide influence and was ultimately echoed in the DOI o Locke was in favor of constitutional monarchies. This meant laws or a constitution limited the power of the monarchies (or kings) o In 1689, the English set down a new set of rules called the English Bill of Rights. This strengthened the power of the people and their representative in Parliament (an English congress) Baron de Montesquieu o Like Locke, Montesquieu was concerned with how to protect liberty from a bad government o He wrote The spirit of Laws in 1748. ■ Described how governments should be organized o His idea ■ The separation of powers . By dividing different powers among more than one branch of government, no one group in the government could grow too powerful o Each branch of government checked the other branches. When powers were not separated in this manner, Montesquieu warned, liberty was soon lost. He said: "When the legislative and executive powers are united in the same person...., there can be no liberty" ■ Checks and balances o Lasting impact ■ He greatly influenced the men who wrote the U.S. Constitution. We now have a separate legislative (Congress), Judicial (courts), and executive (president) branch Q Voltaire o Enlightenment writer ■ His most famous novel was Candide, in which he poked fun at old religious ideas o Volitaire was especially concerned with freedom of speech. (thought and expression) His idea O ■ Strong belief in religious tolerance and free speech. Tolerance - The acceptance of different beliefs and customs o "I disapprove of what you say, but I will defend to the death your right to say it" o Lasting impact ■ Voltaire met with B.Franklin, and his ideas of freedom of religion and speech, were added to our 1st amendment Cesare Beccaria: The Rights of the Accused o In the Middle Ages, torturing criminals was common. The rack was often used, as well as devices such as the thumbscrews Beccaria, an italian, wrote a book called On Crimes and Punishments where he argued argued against brutal punishments o His ideas ■ A person accused of a crime should receive a fair and speedy trial. Torture should never be used. Capital Punishment (death sentence) should be done away with o "For a punishment to be just it, should consist of only such gradations of intensity as to suffice to deter men from committing crimes." This means that “punishment should fit the crime" and not be more than necessary to stop someone else from doing it again o Lasting Impact ■ Beccaria's impact was adopted straight into our Constitution's Bill of Rights. In fact our 8th amendment "cruel and unusual punishment" for crimes, and our 6th amendment provides for a speedy trial. O Adam Smith • The only execption is the Death Penalty, which we still hhave in the United States today o Free market economics ■ “Laissez-faire" economics (aka capitalism) o A global economy the is controlled by a monopoly o The absence of economy allows one to monopolize off of their own ideas ■ Everything that is not natural is an opportunity in a sense o His Idea ■ As long as you have the capacity to think, then you have the capacity to market o Competition ■You buy not only the product, but the experience too Q Impact of the Enlightenment on Government o Modern views of government owe a great deal to Enlightenment thinkers. The Enlightenment influenced monarchs in Europe, especially "enlightened despots," and greatly affected revolutions in America and France Enlightened Rule by Monarchs o Despot - A king or other ruler with absolute, unlimited power o The Enlightenment did NOT change Europe overnight. Many countries still had kings. Some of them become enlightened despots by using enlightenment ideas in their countries ■ Some kings ended the use of torute, started universities, used religious tolerance, and used religious tolerance. They Wanted to keep the people happy without loosing their power o Absolutism and Expansion of Power Key Locations: o France (Paris more specifically) o Germany o Britain o Austria (Vienna) o Russia o Spain O Holland o Portugal The French Revolution Overthrowing of a monarchy The beginning - 1789 o The French government was poor and in dept at this time ■ France supported the american revolution, putting them into this situation ■ The seven years war further drained the french government's wealth o Despite this, Louis XVI and Marie Antoniette lived a lavish lifestyle in the palace of versai ■ While the nobility were living in this way, the bulk of the French population was suffering from a famine due to the lack of food production o The Enlightenment pushed people to believe that they could rule/govern themselves in a sense ■ Example: The American Revolution The Convocation of the Estates General O A meeting of the Three Estates of France ■ The three major social classes of france • The Clergy - .5% of the population • The Nobility - 1.5% of the population • Everyone else - 98% of the population O Had to pay most of the taxes, died in the wars, and produced all of France's Wealth o They were afraid of more of the tax burden being put on them o The Clergys and the Nobility each had 300 representatives while the general public had 600 o The general population lost the argument and were forced to organize as an independent estate o This caused the people to form the National Assembly of France causing Louis XVI to lock the doors of the assembly The Tennis Court Oath o Not only were the people declaring to be the National Assembly of France, but they also proclaimed that they all pledge to not stop until a Constitution of France is created o People began to notice troops converging in Paris ■ Though the troops were under the authority of the french military, they were foreighn troops • Ideal to put down any type of insurgency or rebellion Jacques Necker o Louis XVI's main financial advisor o Sympathetic to the plight of the third estate ■ Suggested louis to budget the countries money a bit better o Louis fires Jaques after this recommendation The storming of The Bastille (July 14, 1789) o Contrary to popular belief, there were only about 7 political prisoners present in the Bastille at the time The real value to the Bastille to the revolutionaries was that there was a major arms cache there o The very beginning of the chaos of the French revolution o The governor of the Bastille had a standoff with the troops and called a cease fire O ■ Once the revolutionaries got to him, they cut his head off and put it on a pike. They then proceeded to shoot the mayor of Paris o July 14 is now known as Bastille Day in France August 1889 O Declaration of The Rights of Man was declared ■ Their version of the Declaration of Independence o Their statement of the things needed to govern an kind of country The Women's March (October 1789) o Suspicions that the royals were hoarding grain o People marched to and stormed Versai and forced the royals to move back to Paris o Caused uprisings and nobles were immigrating out of France 1791 o June - Royals tied to escape ■ They were captured in Verin and sent back to Paris to be on "house arrest" in the Twilleries o July - ■ Q 1972 ■ • Interpreted as abrogation to the throne Champ De Mars Massacre The Jacobins started getting petitions in the Shop Del Mar to get people to say that they no longer needed a royalty The national assembly sent in troops • Shots were fired and 50 people died o August - The Declaration of Pillnitz ■ The rulers of Austria and Prussia saying that they dont like whats happening to the royals france Didn't like the idea of people rising up against royalty because this could happen in their own nations ■ Though it wasn't taken seriously, this made people in France significantly more paranoid o The national (constituan) assembly actually created a constitution ■ The Constitution of 1791 ● ● Established France as a constitutional monarchy o April ■ To solve the problems mentioned previously, Luis declared war on Austria ■ This war was essentially a win-win situation for Louis • If France did well in the war, it could make Louis more popular and help them plunder the wealth of other countries • If France loses the war, Austria and the other people in the war, which were controlled by monarchs, are going to get rid of the revolutionaries and put Louis back into power France instantly tried to attack the Austrian Netherlands because is was disconnected from the rest of Austria • Got caught up and the attack wasn't very successful ■ Prussia entered the war on Austrias side and makes headway into France The Duke of Brunswick (general of the prussian army) made the brunswick manifesto o Basically said that the general intended to overthrow the revolutionary government and install the king back into place ■ All of this made the revolutionaries even more paranoid about what the king is up to • They thought that Louis had a secret deal with the prussians o August ■ The Commune (government) of Paris was taken over by more revolutionary people, mainly jacobins The storming of the Tuileries ● The revolutionaries and imprisoned Louis XVI and Marie Antoniette • They were also able to donationation oof parts of the national assembly ■ The assembly declared a republic . Basically declared the Louis XVI is no longer king and this nation will have a king and is now a government without a king, or a republic o Gangs formed around Paris that tried and killed people who seemed to be allied with the o September monarchy in any way s ■ Killed/executed over 1400 people The stalemate at Valmy ● The intent to create a new constitution Q 1793 o Recap: The king is now deposed + imprisoned and France is at war with other countries that have stated + have intent to put the king back into power o January ■ The first thing that France does is execute Louis XVI ● Guillotined o February ■ The national assembly (revolutionary government) declared war on Britain and the Dutch Republic ■ The revolutionary government also declared the Levée en masse in order to keep up with the number of countries that they were in war with • Essentially the first version of the draft • Said that every able-bodied man in france who is unmarried will now be in the army . This allowed them to quickly gather thousands, maybe millions, of soldiers • Provided France with the largest army in Europe o April ■ The national assembly created the committee of public safety • The Defacto government Maximilien Rosière . Basically if they found anyone who was too radical, not radical enough, or just unliked was pretty much guillotined o The start of The Reighn of Terror ■ The Reighn of Terror 16,000 people were guillotined o July O 1794 ■ o July October ■ Our girl Marie Antoinette was executed (9 months after her husband) ■ • 40,000 people were generally executed . Anyone who was viewed as not 100% loyal to the revolution was executed There was a revolt in the port of tulan against the revolutionary government led by Napoleon Thermidorian Reaction • The revolutionary government created a new calendar renamed July as Thermador and changed the number of hours in a day 10 hours a day 100 minutes an hour O 100 seconds a minute ■ Maxamillion was later guiatonned because the people were over his crap Conservatism O O 19th Century Isms o Social Classes Attracted - ■ Aristocracy Landed Gentry These are the people that held the most property during the old regime o People who believed in this defended the old regime o Key Words - ■ Tradition Institutions ■ Privileges o Conservatism is a backwards looking movement meaning that they think that the times were better back then rather than they are now o Conservatism typically mixes fairly well with Romanticism because both tend to value the same things, but it doesn't mix well with Liberalism, Socialism, or Nationalism due to those three being different propositions to the new order ■ Conservatives can occasionally play well with liberals IF they are combating socialism o Big Names - ■ Edmund Burke • Supported the American Revolution because it combined liberal VALUES with the British transition of government Metternich o Important Documents - ■ Reflections on the Revolution in France by Edmund Burke ● Talked about how the Liberalism in the French Revolution is responsible for destroying the order that was in place before o Conservatism believed that a person has their rights because of a connection with the past (Inherited Rights) o Conservatism is based on group privilege while liberals and socialists were in the work to abolish this social and group privilege Q Liberalism O Comes from the root word liberty O Social Classes Attracted - ■ Bourgeoisie (Doctors, Lawyers, Astronauts, Neuroscientists) ● These were the Upper Middle Class or Professional Class people o Key Words - ■ Liberty ■ Laissez-Faire Economics ■ Reform ■ Constitution ■ Choice ■ Individualism ■ Natural Rights ■ Equality ■ Progress o Liberalism and all about taking what's theirs and changing/reforming it into something to fit the time o Liberalism places the first importance on an Individualism O Limited Government kind of philosophy o Liberalism usually mixes well with Nationalism and other forward facing movements and doesn't mix well with Conservatism, Romanticism, and Socialism o Big Names - Adam Smith ■ John Stuart Mill o Important Documents - ■ Wealth of Nations ■ On Liberty ■ The Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizens O Liberalism believed that a person has god-given rights (Natural Rights) o Took values from the Enlightenment into the 19th centuries o Supported technology o Every man for himself Romanticism o A product of the artistic class O Social Classes Attracted - ■ Artists ■ Authors ■ Poets ■ All people o Key Words - O ■ Beauty ■ Nature ■ Nostalgia o Those who practiced Romanticism did NOT like the values of the Enlightenment o Did not see technological progress to be synonymous to human progress o Believed in rights for all people o Romanticism mixes well with conservatism and nationalism while it clashes with Liberalism ■ This is due to liberals being in support of the industrial revolution Key People - ■ William Blake (Poet) ■ Eugéne Delacroix (Artist) o Important Documents - ■ The Sorrows of Young Werther ● About a guy who killed himself over a woman Frankenstein ■ Blake's Poetry in general ■ • Especially when he talks about the DaRK sAta Nic MiLLs of the Industrial Revolution Nationalism o Nationality transcends class structure o Social Classes Attracted - ■ All social classes are involved o Key Words - ■ Spirit (Volksight) ■ Freedom ■ Independence o Nationalism tends to mix well with Liberalism and Romanticism Does NOT mix well with Conservatism o o The french revolution had an element of Nationalism to it o Key People - ■ Mezzini (Italy) ■ Hegel (German Philosopher) o Important Documents - ■ The Duties of Man by Mezzini • Talked about how a man has a duty to god, your family, and your country ■ Grimms Fairy Tales o Liberty Leading the People by Eugine Delacroiz showed a combination of nationalism and Romanticism Socialism O Similar to how it's a scary word in the U.S. today, it was a scary word in Europe at the time ■ This is due to socialists talking about radical aphivals to society o Believed that both the government and people have an obligation to help people become equal ■ Not to be confused with the liberal belief that all men are created equal O Did not believe that a Laissez-Faire government was the best way to promote a society ■ It shouldn't be just about the individual, it should be about the group o Social Classes Attracted - ■ Working/Dispossessed classes (proletariat) o Key Words - ■ Justice ■ Equality ■ Fairness ■Harmoney ■ Cooperation ■ Association ■ Organization ■ Community ■ Freedom Socialism doesn't exactly mix well with any specific group, but socialism does NOT mix well with COnservatism and Liberalism AT ALL o Key People - O Louis Blane Karl Marx o Important Documents - ■ The Commuist Manifesto by Karl Marx ■ Organization of Work by Luis Blane o Collectivism o Did not believe in private property Feminism o Under both the Old and New Regimes, women were given remotely no rights o Feminists did note believe in Gender Privilege o Feminists first began to show themselves during the French Revolution o Social Classes Attracted - ■ Women o Key Words - ■ Gender Equality ■ Natural Rights o Feminism tended to mix well with Liberalism and Socialism, BUT do not mistake Liberals and Socialists to be Faminists because mose were not ■ They EMPLOYED these philosophies o Feminism did not mix well with Conservatism because a rollfor women was not seen within it o Key People - ■ Mary Wollstonecraft ■ John Stuart Mill o Important Documents - ■ A Vindication of the Rights of Women by Mary Wollstonecraft . This book defended women's rights ■ The Subjection of Women by John Stuart Mill • He was aided by his wife when writing this book o The femisnist movement evolved over the next 100 years and saw women being given the right to vote after WW1, being able to own property, and being able to receive a university education Q Bourgeoisie o Upper middle class people Q Constitutional Monarchy o A system of government in which a monarchy shares power with a constitutionally organized government Q Key People: o Maria Theresa o Joseph II o Catherine the Great o Frederick the Great o Fredrich Engels o Napoleon Bonaparte Q Key Terms: o Mercantilism Trans-Atlantic Trade